Harmful Impacts of Pornography

“He admitted to
masturbating to hard-core pornography before raping over 100 women” A critical
review of how feminist criminology seeks to explain the harmful impacts of
pornography and women.
This essay aims to critically discuss the harmful impacts of pornography with a specific focus on females and the shift in mainstream culture from the beginning of the feminist movement to now. This essay will cover the personal impacts of pornography, like the harm and stigmatisation for the performers, the children and adult viewers and the influence it has on the growing pornification in a malestream society. Having read the literature on my chosen topic, this essay will support the theory that women are being distorted and objectified by pornography for male’s sexual pleasure and identify with the inequality and harm towards women through explicit imagery. This is affecting perceptions of sexual violence, particularly rape cases and despite decades of feminist condemnation, the normalisation of semi-naked images of women remains as a worldwide phenomenon.

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Introduction to pornography
The issue of pornography has engendered an intense debate in the feminist community where sexuality was understood as the overriding source of men’s oppression of women (Rodgerson & Wilson, 1991). Criminology is perceived as the ‘study of men’ by neglecting the identification of criminality as a masculine trait, it was feminist criminologists who established new angles with gender central to research (Heidensohn, 2006). Feminist scholars have critiqued mainstream criminology for the invisibility of women (Daly & Chesney-Lind, 1988) alleging that when considered, it is through the eyes, explanations and reflections of men (Gelsthorpe, 2008). Pornography, from a gendered outlook, is the graphic, sexually explicit mass-media that dehumanises women as ‘fuck objects’ to sexually arouse men (Vega & Malamuth, 2007; Everywoman, 1988). In the mid-eighties, feminism protested for legislative change regarding the distribution and production of pornography (Bracewell, 2016) although failing to stop the mass industry completely. There are two conflicting types of work, the antipornography activists who promote gender oppression and sex radical feminists who comprehend porn as exploring sexual desires while empowering performers (Synder-Hall, 2010). This essay will take an anti-porn feminist viewpoint outlining that pornography is the cause of men’s sexual practices within a continuum of sexual violence (Gibson, 2004).  
In a society that is conquered by male power and
patriarchy, degrading females is evident through the prevalence of explicit
imagery and modern advertisement driving the
already-existing eroticisation and
marginalisation of women (Sultana, 2012).
Feminist Pornography is a sex-positive film genre that contradicts mainstream production by enacting consent, communication and the safety of the production
(Liberman, 2013). Regarding the Feminist Porn
Award, the genre includes a woman’s involvement
in production, genuine pleasure captured and challenge to conventional mainstream porn (Nasaw, 2014). Mainstream pornography is
understood to entail sexual violence towards
women, sexually-exploited power
differentials, disembodied penises and unrealistic
scenarios aimed to eroticise male consumers and
a violation of women’s civil rights (Dworkin, 1981).
Liberalism refers to individual’s freedom, equal
rights and human agency implying that
sexually explicit expressions are private and harmless (Bracewell, 2016)
and dismisses social
realities of gender positioning and constitution
of unrealistic power regarding pornographic images (Gibson, 2004). The anti-porn movement
condemns most mainstream content as a violation of women, a reflection of aggressive male desires and
patriarchal sexual relations (Aronowitz, 2014) however, this is vastly
contradictable. A moralist perspective views sex as an act of love so performers
who participate in porn are violating moral values and get decontextualised.
After an introduction to the feminist pornography and differing perspectives,
this essay will follow with the discussion
of male’s sexual perceptions. 
The objectification and oppression of women
Regarding the development of criminological
theories, women and girl’s victimisation has been absent or misrepresented and criminal women were viewed as incompetent for a woman
(Griffin, 2010). Women’s offending behaviour
is generally “demonised, masculinised, and sexualised” and viewed as double
deviancy for breaking the law and gender norms of femininity (Chesney-Lind,
2013). We live in a world that criminalises women who sell sex but not the purchasing
men, women prostitutes were once viewed as participating
in sexual acts because of their hyper-sexed ‘bad’ personality (Davis, 1937). The way society stereotype gender is
concerning, men’s sexual aggression is a structural constraint, but aggressive women are labelled as being
disturbed emotionally and sexually (Stevens, 2006).
This supports the phenomena of a man’s world and hinders trust in men’s stereotypes of women, providing an idea as to victim blaming.
Oppression is the maltreatment of women which effects their
subordination to males, occurring in the following forms: violence,
exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness and cultural imperialism,
pornography is argued to be an example of oppression (Young, 2014).
Objectification focuses on treating women as sexual objects and property of men
(Papadaki, 2012). Feminist critique on pornography focuses on its
role in a system of sexual subordination and oppression of women (Attwood,
2004) but these representations have strengthened a view of body display and
erotic performance as a sign of promoting
women.
Male Privilege is a default in our culture where when
something privileges female interests we notice. Women performers are
universally known to earn more than men, arguably only because they are
performing for male pleasure. Female nudity is so normalised that we don’t
question its content or reasoning, however not all sexual images are treated
the same, especially if it is a man’s nudity which is explicitly showing.

Leopold Museum of art received a flood of complaints about
advertising male nudity on the museums rear for a related exhibition (Doll,
2012). The shocked reaction to naked men explores why female equivalents
dispute a different response. Semi-naked women are being used to advertise
mundane objects, like a bottle of water by a naked Jennifer Aniston. Porn
doesn’t shock us as a society anymore because of our gendered-lense and private
consumption of explicit imagery worldwide which has filtered porn into
mainstream culture and has become the ‘wallpaper of our lives’ because of
diffusing digital media and modern advertisement (Stephanie, 2014).
Linda Lovelace, a 1970s adult performer was exploited by her
husband forcefully to participate in sexual acts, men’s authority in the porn
industry is pervasive, this being a serious example of producers taken
advantage of women (Mock, 2017). The ‘Madonna vs
Whore’ dichotomy depicts pornstars as whores who are “damaged goods” as they have higher rates of psychological problems, childhood
sexual abuse and drug use compared to the representative woman (Griffith et al,
2013). This phenomenon of ‘good vs bad girl’ has been controversial for decades,
female performers are immediately stigmatised and discriminated against using
derogatory language like ‘whore’ to label them. The essay will next explore how explicit
imagery has been normalisation in the Western culture.
The ’pornification’ culture
The
mass media pornographic distribution perpetuates the reality of sexual abuse
and discrimination through legitimising sexual and racialised harassment as a
form of sexual pleasure (Dines et al, 1998) thus holds a strong belief that
victims of sexual assault derive from women’s pleasure in submission and pain
in porn. It is argued that we should all fear the way
in which our patriarchal society defines and practices sex (Jenson, 1997), we
live in a culture where sexualised violence is considered ‘normal’. Porn
has lost a vast amount of stigma over the decades or at least gained cultural
acceptance of themes through the mainstreaming (Kylstra, 2011). In almost every
city in the UK and worldwide, semi-nude females are on display, not to empower
body image but for a sexualised and stimulating nature, it is only when you
start to look around that you notice how distorted the public’s portrayal of
women is (Stephanie, 2014).
The terms ‘mainstream’ and ‘sexualisation’ are used to describe how sex is becoming more visible in modern Western cultures. Feminist criminologists considered what was criminogenic regarding the social construction of masculinity (Gelsthorpe, 2008). A pornified society with uncertainty over the impacts on ourselves, our relationships and for the wider community (Paul, 2005 in Attwood, 2004). The prevalence of material explicit in daily life is used to sexually expose the subordination of women, causing harm through the pictures and words attached (Mackinnon, 1987). The media are condemned for presenting a distorted and unrealistic picture of the world (Buckingham & Bragg, 2004), however, people fail to distinguish what’s porn and what’s reality, where most teenagers will rely on pornography for sex education. Sexual exposure is getting progressively more important, public and normalised to contemporary cultures (Attwood, 2004). Despite decades of feminist criticism on semi-naked imagery as a source of normalised media, women remain to be features of multiple newspapers (Buckingham & Bragg, 2004). Page 3 in the family newspaper, playboy magazines and ‘just a click away’ explicit content, the advancement of porn will only provide injury for the next generation’s body image, relationships and sex education. 

Promoting sexual
violence
The prevalence of pornography is promoting violence and rape acceptance of women in a malestream
culture. An ideology, from the 80s drawn
that women enjoyed forced sex, this is highlighted through porn suggesting that men ignore the
emotional state of the performer and rather concentrate on instant gratification, adding further injury to rape
victims supporting the ‘she wanted it’ myth
(Everywoman, 1988). Recently established is the increasing acceptance of pornography in the media which is a driving force for the normalisation of rape and violence
(Foubert et al, 2011). Greater exposure to porn is found to be
associated with peoples increased acceptance of violence and aggression towards
women (Ramasubramanian & Oliver, 2003). The explicit imagery presented in advertisement
and media is making sexual violence socially acceptable, sexualising a
semi-naked ‘gang bang’ of women to advertise jeans is absurd. The pornification
of society is supporting the promotion of sexual violence and rape myth
acceptance by attributing blame sexually and making it socially acceptable to
rape or abuse a woman when certain characteristics are present (Grubb &
Turner, 2012). Males are generally socialised as the instigators of sexual behaviour
and the dominating and sexually aggressive gender, providing an explanation to
the oppression of women being influenced by stereotypes and supports for
hegemonic masculinity in Western culture (Bridges, 1991). The Cultural
Scaffolding of Rape explores the structuralism difference of ‘men wanting it
and women providing it’ examining the gendered patterns of heterosexuality,
patriarchy and malestream within society (Gavey, 2013).
The link between pornography and sexual violence is a
contradictory debate: supported by feminisms and disproved by others. The Jane
Longhurst case involves a woman who was murdered by her friend’s boyfriend, who
was a necrophiliac and acted out his perverted sexual indulgence (Sapsted,
2004). High pornography consumption added significance to the prediction of
sexual aggression (Vega & Malamuth, 2007). 
Rape myths are widely accepted where identification of rape victims is
still being propagated within society today (Payne et al, 1999). Rape myth
acceptance and traditional gender role attitudes have shaped the way we perceive
victims of sexual offences and mainly view women and girls (Grubb & Turner,
2012).
Legislation and the accessibility
The
current legislation in the UK prohibits the possession of extreme images where
the maximum penalty for the offence is 3 years and/or a fine (CJIA, 2008). Laws
on the production of pornography depend on country, within the UK, it is
prohibited to distribute explicit media which involves dehumanised acts like
rape or strangulation etc. however, these fantasies can still be accessed and
are central in US porn scenes.
One
agreed international law is the prohibition of child exploitation, making it an
offence to produce, own, distribute, or sell explicit materials of a minor
under 18 (Justice.gov, 2018) where increasingly, these laws are being implemented
concerning the internet being an accelerator for paedophilia. UNCRC similarly supports that all children shall be
protected from all forms of exploitation, victimisation and abuse of a sexual
nature (Codd et al, 2016). There is currently no legislation in place to
prevent children accessing adult content online. However, a government
bill has been proposed to apply age-verification controls when accessing
pornographic websites to verify consumer is over 18, in hope to stop the exposure
of harmful content for children (Gayle, 2016; BBFC, 2017). Feminism aims to
reduce explicit content and a tougher take on sex and has providing steps in
the right direction. The internet has made it accessible for sexual predators
to attain illegal or extreme videos by providing a foundation for the
exploitation of child and rape pornography (Waskul, 2004). 
Advancement
in technology has made the internet an enabler for porn, with wider cultural
shifts developing the accessibility and a medium of communication between the
industry and consumers (Brickell, 2012). The increased levels of streaming
online have damaged the porn industry and resulted in less control over what is
available on the internet and dark web. Hollywood made approximately 400 films
a year while the porn industry making around 10,000 (Williams, 2004). The free
streaming sites typically feature gonzo-style porn that predominantly involves
minutes of graphic action that is heavy on violence and degrading women, it is
“always geared towards male fantasy” (Kylstra, 2011). Masturbating to this
unlikely content impacts the women and children around the consumer in a
variety of ways (Mackinnon, 1993). Porn is more accessible than ever now, it is
free and diverse with 9/10 US men accessing content regularly via websites
online (Lim, Carrotte & Hellard, 2016) and with the expansion, comes the
further exploitation of females and children.
The rise of internet dating provides a sexual openness for
the younger generation to participate in sex, sexting and the prevalence of
revenge porn, apps like snapchat and tinder are making it easier to have one-night-stands
(Grigoriadis, 2003). This essay will now explore the harmful consequences on
the sexual performers and adult and children consumers which feminism are quick
to explore the harmful impacts.  
Impacts on performers, adults and children
Performers are subject to all kinds of
psychological and physical consequences which stem from contracting
HIV to committing suicide. The only scientific way to
gain insight into the impacts on adult performers is through in-depth
interviews. Grudzen et al (2008) concluded that women were more likely to expose health
risks, physical trauma on set with many leaving the industry with mental health problems. Adult performers
are subject to the social stigma and reputation which can become
destructive, like August Ames receiving online abuse for rejecting a scene with a bisexual
actor and resulted in her suicide. This case, along with 4 other young females
recently died with concerns being raised over the health of the vulnerable
women in the industry (Saunders, 2018). Further harm performers experienced
besides the degrading and exploitation mentioned
throughout is the HIV outbreaks which
in 2009 there were 16 reported cases in the U.S (The
Telegraph, 2009). There is a need to provide services for adult actors to receive
help and advice and a legislative change for the mandating condom use to prevent infections spreading to monitor
their health.
Other harmful impacts on performers are tearing and the pain inflicted in certain sex scenes. A
woman getting penetrated by multiple men at the same time; anally, vaginally
and orally will be anything but satisfying for the female performer whereas,
for the male viewers, it’s a different story. Getting aroused by these forceful
and dominating scenarios is not surprising in a world that trains males to be
the sexual aggressors and women to be victims (Dines et al, 1998).  The violation of women’s bodies, the pain the
performers tolerate, the tearing anally and
vaginally for females is the requirements some take to satisfy men. 
Porn can affect females body image through heightening
social expectations. From the craze of Brazilian
grooming the private parts to boob jobs which were once on porn sets and now an
example of how public perceptions of body image have shaped (Stephanie, 2014). Especially for young adults who fail to distinguish that
porn is a form of media, and the media presents an unrealistic, contrary and
over-exaggerated representation of events. Intimacy issues and risky behaviour
is more likely in younger adults who the ‘majority’ rely on porn for their
learning of sex and desires (Young-Powell, 2015) with no awareness of the
unrepresentativeness of porn stars body image is about as irrational as the
‘gang bangs’ they are watching.
The most concerning impact of pornography is
that on children as it can easily shape their attitudes, imagination and
developing sex lives because of their vulnerability (Feona, Smith & Barker, 2018). It is argued that
parents and children’s perspectives of the nature of ‘sexualised’ goods are
more multifaceted than assumed within the policy debate, highlighting the need
for an update for public policy and of education (Attwood & Smith, 2015).
Our culture is argued to be saturated and mainstreamed by uncontainable
sexuality mostly resulting from the media
(Hitchens, 2002) where children are
particularly susceptible to distinguishing
reality from fantasy and could be there only
education on sex (Buckingham & Bragg, 2004).
Conclusion
Porn will eventually turn men off the real thing because of
the requirement for unrealistic acts where women won’t be able to compete with
the perfection of a porn star who is submissive and tailored to the consumers
least specification (Wolf, 2003). Because of technology and the prevalence of
the internet, there is seen to be a new position on casual sex where the
internet makes it easy to meet people for sexual needs (Grigoriadis, 2003).
With the evolution of sex toys and dolls, it is likely for sexbots to be
created for pleasure in the future. Overall, feminism
has contributed towards a change in societal attitudes on porn and how women
are being exposed to violence. We live in a pornified, gender-blinded society
who is sensitized to the sexualisation of women because that’s how the world
has been shaped, from a male’s perspective. The downplaying of the importance
of sex and the significance it has in our lives will depict how the next
generation views sex and porn, and what boundaries advertisements will
increasingly push in our everyday lives. The final position I take is that
pornography is a natural event, no judgement of the performers in the industry,
however, more needs to be done to prevent children from being exposed to
explicit adultery material.
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