Traditionally, health care has focused on diagnosis of the problem and treating it. According to Anikeeva et al. (2010),in recent decades, community focus has shifted to include health promotion and disease prevention. The shift has occurred for a variety of reasons including technological change, consumer,political and economic influences.
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Government organisation |
According to Colic-Peisker and Farquharson (2011), any organisation or department that is controlled or under the direction of any or all of the three levels of Australian government (local, state/territory, or federal). |
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Multiculturalism |
According to Duckett and Willcox (2015), the interaction of many cultures in one community where individuals are encouraged to acknowledge and embrace the cultural differences present in the community |
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Non-government organisation |
According to Jamieson et al. (2012), any organisation that is not owned or operated by government enterprise and may include: charitable, church, not-for-profit or for profit groups. These organisations may or may not receive grants or other government funding. |
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Primary health care |
According to Kaveeshwar and Cornwall, (2014)it the first contact an individual has with the health system and is centred on the concepts of social justice, equity, affordable and socially acceptable health care. |
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Preventative care/primary care |
Diagnosis and treatment of disease |
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Secondary health care |
Specialised care used in the treatment of complicated health problems |
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Tertiary care |
Health promotion or disease preventing |
A client presents to the local community health care centre. According to Blount and Mullen, (2015) this is an example ofprimary care.
The General Practioner in a small town decides to refer the client onto the local regional hospital. According to Evers and Goggin (2012),this is an example of secondary care.
A hospital is unable to provide the specialist neurological services required by a client, therefore a clients is referred to a major metropolitan hospital. According to Scott et al. (2010), this is an example of secondary care.
In 1978, 134 countries came together with the World Health Organisation (WHO) to present a manifesto for health. According to Buchbinder et al. (2013),the Declaration of Alma Ata outlined eight essential components of primary health care
Traditionally, nursing has followed the biomedical model of disease, focusing on the disease or disorder. Today, nurses are encouraged to focus on the “whole” individual not merely the disease.Holistic Nursing is the art and science of caring for the whole person. It is based on the belief that dynamic mind-body-spirit interactions are ongoing and impact a person’s ability to grow and heal. The client is encouraged to be an active participant in his/her own care, allowing greater control over personal health and illness. A holistic approach to health care acknowledges that there is a wider range of therapeutic interventions available to the client, these can be a combination of traditional western and non-western interventions.
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Traditional western interventions |
Non-traditional interventions |
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surgery |
aromatherapy |
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pharmacology |
homeopathy |
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mediation |
reflexology |
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hypnotherapy |
psychotherapy |
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physiotherapy |
Improving the health status of Indigenous peoples in Australia is a longstanding challenge for governments in Australia. The gap in health status between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians remains unacceptably wide. It has been identified as a human rights concern by United Nations committees; and acknowledged as such by Australian governments.According to Brownson et al. (2017), social determinants they recognises that the population health and inequality is determined by many interconnected social factors.
Nursing care should be holistic and encourage clients to take responsibility for their own health. An alternative approach to the medical model is the wellness model. Whilst the medical model has focused almost exclusively on physiological aspects of health, the wellness model focuses on maintaining health. This approach is based on prevention and intervention, before deterioration has taken place, to maintain a healthy state and avoid crisis. The wellness approach takes a holistic approach to care, considering psychological, spiritual and social dimensions of health as well as a physiological approach. There are at least four major components of health and wellness for persons with physical impairments and disabilities including the’ mind, body, spirit and context. According to Sriram et al. (2011), the context component includes both environmental and individual factors.
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Environmental factors |
Individual factors |
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Accessibility of accommodation |
Family |
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Social networks |
Knowledge |
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Transportation |
Weight |
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Social history |
Nutrition |
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Consumer knowledge |
Sexuality |
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Alternative/complementary medicine |
Rest |
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Health care providers |
Attitude |
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Physical environment |
Ageing |
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Employment |
Exercise |
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Medication |
Self-determination |
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Culture |
Personal growth and development |
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School |
Identity |
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Community |
Many components and factors of health and wellness are intertwined. According to Lenz et al. (2012), the Wellness Model is promoted due to its emphasis on dignity, maximizing independence in daily living, allowing the client to maintain as much control of his or her life as possible and promoting, maintaining and restoring health.
According to Steventon et al. (2012), the National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs) are diseases and conditions that Australian governments have chosen for focused attention because they contribute significantly to the burden of illness and injury in the Australian community. The AIHW publishes information on the NHPAs and their associated indicators and risk factors, across the Australian population and focusing on particular populations of interest. The table lists the nine NHPAs.
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Cardiovascular Health |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
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Asthma |
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Mental Health |
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Injury Prevention and Control |
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Cancer Control |
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Diabetes Mellitus Indicators |
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Cardiovascular Health Indicators |
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Mental Health Indicators |
NSW Technical and Further Education Commission
According to Wakerman et al. (2017),Primary health care (PHC) funding impacts on the quality, access and coordination of health service delivery. According to Marmot, (2013), Australia’s health system is funded byseveral levels of government, private health insurance, out-of-pocket payments by individuals and injury compemsation insurers.
According to Zubrick et al.(2010), parasitic and infectious diseases were allocated the highest expenditure in 2008 and 2009.
A client is admitted to the public hospital where you are an enrolled nurse. The client and their family is extremely anxious about the costs of treatment and have little understanding of Medicare and the family does not have private health care. What information will you provide to the family and the client about Medicare?
According to Manchikanti et al.(2010),medicare covers free or subsidised treatment by health professionals such as doctors, specialists, optometrists and in specific circumstances dentists and other allied health practitioners and accommodation as a public patient in a public hospital
EN scollaborate and consult with healthcare recipients,their familiesand community as well as RNs and other health professionals,topla n, implementand evaluate integratedc are that optimises out comes forrecipientsand the systemsofcare. According to Runciman et al. (2012), the yareresponsible for the delegated care they provide.
References
Anikeeva, O., Bi, P., Hiller, J. E., Ryan, P., Roder, D., & Han, G. S. (2010). The health status of migrants in Australia: a review. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 159-193.
Blount, A. J., & Mullen, P. R. (2015). Development of an integrative wellness model: Supervising counselors-in-training. The Professional Counselor, 5(1), 100.
Brownson, R. C., Colditz, G. A., & Proctor, E. K. (Eds.). (2017). Dissemination and implementation research in health: translating science to practice. Oxford University Press.
Buchbinder, R., Blyth, F. M., March, L. M., Brooks, P., Woolf, A. D., & Hoy, D. G. (2013). Placing the global burden of low back pain in context. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 27(5), 575-589.
Colic-Peisker, V., & Farquharson, K. (2011). Introduction: A new era in Australian multiculturalism? The need for critical interrogation. Journal of intercultural studies, 32(6), 579-586.
Duckett, S., & Willcox, S. (2015). The Australian health care system (No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press.
Evers, C., & Goggin, G. (2012). Mobiles, men and migration: Mobile communication and everyday multiculturalism in Australia. L. Fortunati, R. Pertierra, & J. Vincent, Migrations, diaspora and information technology in global societies. New York, NY: Routledge.
Jamieson, L. M., Paradies, Y. C., Eades, S., Chong, A., Maple-Brown, L. J., Morris, P. S., … & Brown, A. (2012). Ten principles relevant to health research among Indigenous Australian populations. Medical Journal of Australia, 197(1), 16-18.
Kaveeshwar, S. A., & Cornwall, J. (2014). The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. The Australasian medical journal, 7(1), 45.
Lenz, A. S., Sangganjanavanich, V. F., Balkin, R. S., Oliver, M., & Smith, R. L. (2012). Wellness model of supervision: A comparative analysis. Counselor Education and Supervision, 51(3), 207-221.
Manchikanti, L., Datta, S., Gupta, S., Munglani, R., Bryce, D. A., Ward, S. P., … & Hirsch, J. A. (2010). A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: part 2. Therapeutic interventions. Pain physician, 13(4), E215-64.
Marmot, M. (2013). Universal health coverage and social determinants of health. The Lancet.
PS, R., Verma, S., Rai, L., Kumar, P., Pai, M. V., & Shetty, J. (2013). “Near Miss” Obstetric Events and Maternal Deaths in a Tertiary Care Hospital: An Audit. Journal of pregnancy, 2013.
Runciman, W. B., Hunt, T. D., Hannaford, N. A., Hibbert, P. D., Westbrook, J. I., Coiera, E. W., … & Braithwaite, J. (2012). CareTrack: assessing the appropriateness of health care delivery in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 197(2), 100-105.
Scott, A., Sivey, P., Ait Ouakrim, D., Willenberg, L., Naccarella, L., Furler, J., & Young, D. (2010). The effect of financial incentives on the quality of health care provided by primary care physicians. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011(9).
Sriram, S., Ghasemi, A., Ramasamy, R., Devi, M., Balasubramanian, R., Ravi, T. K., & Sabzghabaee, A. M. (2011). Prevalence of adverse drug reactions at a private tertiary care hospital in south India. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 16(1), 16.
Steventon, A., Bardsley, M., Billings, J., Dixon, J., Doll, H., Hirani, S., … & Rogers, A. (2012). Effect of telehealth on use of secondary care and mortality: findings from the Whole System Demonstrator cluster randomised trial. Bmj, 344, e3874.
Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P., & Jones, J. (2017). A systematic review of primary health care delivery models in rural and remote Australia 1993-2006.
World Health Organization. (2015). Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, September 6-12, 1978.
Zubrick, S. R., Dudgeon, P., Gee, G., Glaskin, B., Kelly, K., Paradies, Y., … & Walker, R. (2010). Social determinants of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice, 75-90.
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