The main aim of this experiment is to calculate the amount of heat transfer in four different types of heat exchangers. For heat transfer calculation, values of overall heat transfer coefficient, area of heat exchangers, mean temperature difference is required which is calculated from inlet and outlet temperature of hold and cold fluid measured experimentally .
Procedure
For aluminium double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is parallel flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
3.6 |
2 |
57.1 |
14.8 |
48.5 |
25.5 |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
7.2 |
4 |
58 |
16.9 |
51 |
26.8 |
¾ Hot / ¾ Cold |
10.8 |
6 |
57.9 |
18 |
51.9 |
26.7 |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
57.4 |
17.7 |
51.9 |
25.7 |
Table 1: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
For copper double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is parallel flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Full hot / Full cold |
4.5 |
8 |
57.7 |
18.6 |
53 |
26.8 |
Table 2: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
For copper double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is counter flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
56.1 |
18.9 |
51.6 |
26.6 |
Table 3: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Data
For Aluminium double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is counter flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
58.7 |
19.1 |
53.3 |
26.8 |
Table 4: Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Data
For shell and tube type heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is counter flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Shell and tube type Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
7.2 |
4 |
58.6 |
18.9 |
51.9 |
28.9 |
Full hot / Full cold |
4.5 |
8 |
55.8 |
20.4 |
51.2 |
28.2 |
Table 5: Shell and tube type Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Data
For Cross flow type heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is perpendicular.The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Cross flow type Heat Exchanger |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
7.2 |
4 |
56.8 |
17.3 |
49.8 |
27.3 |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
56.6 |
18.9 |
50.6 |
28.2 |
Table 6: Cross flow type Heat Exchanger Flow Data
Calculations for heat transfer between hot and cold fluid .
(Ahmed ,Sammarraie ,2017)
– Heat transfer (+ ve for gained or –ve for lost) in KW
– Mass flow rate in Kg/s
– Specific Heat Capacity =4.18 kJ/kgK for water
– Change in Temperature in K
Consider for aluminium double pipe heat exchanger , Heat loss and gain is calculated from values given in table below
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
3.6 |
2 |
57.1 |
14.8 |
48.5 |
25.5 |
Table 7: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
RESLUTS
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
-2.157 |
1.491 |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
-3.511 |
2.759 |
¾ Hot / ¾ Cold |
-4.514 |
3.637 |
Full hot / Full cold |
-5.556 |
4.459 |
Table 8: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchange Parallel Flow Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
Full hot / Full cold |
-1.473 |
4.570 |
Table 9: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchange Parallel Flow Heat Transfer Data
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
Full hot / Full cold |
-5.455 |
4.291 |
Table 10: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
Full hot / Full cold |
-4.546 |
4.291 |
Table 11: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchange counter Flow Heat Transfer Data
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
-3.361 |
2.787 |
Full hot / Full cold |
-1.442 |
4.347 |
Table 12: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer Data
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
-3.511 |
2.787 |
Full hot / Full cold |
-6.061 |
5.183 |
Table 13: Cross Flow Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer Data
Calculations for log mean temperature difference
Formula for LMTD is given below
are completely depend on the type of the heat exchanger
Parallel Flow Heat exchanger |
Counter Flow, Cross Flow , Shell and tube Heat exchanger |
= Th, Inlet – Tc, Inlet |
= Th, Inlet – Tc, Outlet |
= Th, Outlet – Tc, Outlet |
= Th, Outlet – Tc, Inlet |
Table 14: Heat Exchanger Temperature difference (Rennie, Vijaya ,2015)
Figure 2: Heat exchanger temperature difference
Consider for aluminium double pipe heat exchanger ,LMTD is calculated from values given in table below
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
3.6 |
2 |
57.1 |
14.8 |
48.5 |
25.5 |
Table 15: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
LMTD calculation shown below
= 304.67 K
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
LMTD(K) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
304.68 |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
304.91 |
¾ Hot / ¾ Cold |
304.99 |
Full hot / Full cold |
305.48 |
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
LMTD(K) |
Full hot / Full cold |
306.04 |
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
LMTD(K) |
Full hot / Full cold |
305.22 |
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
LMTD(K) |
Full hot / Full cold |
304.07 |
Table 16: LMTD Data for parallel and counter flow
For Shell and Tube heat exchangers and Cross flow heat exchangers, a correction factor is multiplied to LMTD formula
f is the correction factor.
For correction factor ,values of two temperature ratios P and R need to be calculated then their intersection point on graph gives correction factor f (Panchal ,Ebert,2012).
T1 – Cold Water Inlet Temperature
T2 – Cold Water Outlet Temperature
t1 – Hot Water Inlet Temperature
t2 – Hot Water Outlet Temperature
Calculation for shell and tube type heat exchanger
As the getting values are coming out of graph so the correction factor is considered to be 1
= 304.32 K
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
LMTD(K) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
304.32 |
Full hot / Full cold |
302.17 |
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger |
LMTD(K) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
303.98 |
Full hot / Full cold |
303.02 |
Table 17: LMTD Data for cross flow and shell and tube type heat exchanger
Calculation for area of heat exchanger
Area
Heat Exchanger Type |
Area Inside m2 |
Area Outside m2 |
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel |
0.0482 |
0.0609 |
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel |
0.0528 |
0.0609 |
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
0.0971 |
0.111 |
Cross flow heat Exchanger |
0.3694 |
0.4618 |
Table 18: Inner and Outer Areas of heat exchanger
is overall heat transfer coefficient
Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient for aluminium heat exchanger in parallel
1.491 kW
0.0609m2
304.68 K
80.35 W/ m2 K
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient is calculated using the formula
(Warren ,Eckert ,2009)
= 44.85
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
Aluminum Parallel Flow |
|||
Cold water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Quarter Turn |
80.35 |
101.52 |
44.851 |
Half Turn |
148.57 |
187.72 |
82.933 |
Three quarter |
195.79 |
247.38 |
109.292 |
full |
239.66 |
302.81 |
133.780 |
Hot water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Quarter Turn |
-116.24 |
-146.87 |
-64.888 |
Half Turn |
-189.09 |
-238.91 |
-105.551 |
Three quarter |
-243.05 |
-307.09 |
-135.672 |
full |
-298.64 |
-377.33 |
-166.703 |
Table 18: Aluminum Parallel Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Aluminum Counter Flow (W/m2K) |
|||
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
|
Cold water |
230.26 |
290.93 |
128.531 |
Hot water |
-292.68 |
-369.80 |
-163.376 |
Table 19: Aluminum Counter Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow (W/m2K) |
|||
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
|
Cold water |
245.87 |
283.58 |
131.690 |
Hot water |
-79.27 |
-91.43 |
-42.458 |
Table 20: Copper Parallel Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow (W/m2K) |
|||
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
|
Cold water |
231.75 |
267.30 |
124.128 |
Hot water |
-245.48 |
-283.14 |
-131.482 |
Table 21: Copper Counter Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data Table
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
|||
Cold water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
82.50 |
94.30 |
44.003 |
full |
129.61 |
148.16 |
69.133 |
Hot water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
-99.49 |
-113.73 |
-53.067 |
full |
-43.00 |
-49.15 |
-22.934 |
Table 22: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Cross flow heat Exchanger |
|||
Cold water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
19.85 |
24.82 |
11.029 |
full |
37.04 |
46.31 |
20.579 |
Hot water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
-25.01 |
-31.27 |
-13.897 |
full |
-43.31 |
-54.15 |
-24.064 |
Table 23: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger – Overall Heat Transfer Data Table
Conclusion
It is concluded from the calculated results that heat transfer is maximum for counter flow heat exchanger as compared to parallel flow and cross flow .This is mainly due to highest value of log mean temperature difference for counter flow .Both the materials aluminium and copper perform equally good in transferring the heat .So combination of double pipe heat exchanger with counter flow will be optimum to use for effective heat transfer (Kay ,Nedderman ,2010) .
References
Ahmed T. Al-Sammarraie & Kambiz Vafai (2017) ,Heat transfer augmentation through convergence angles in a pipe, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 72:3, 197-214,
Kay J M & Nedderman R M (2010) ,Fluid Mechanics and Transfer Processes, Cambridge University Press
Randall, David J.; Warren W. Burggren; Kathleen French; Roger Eckert (2009). Eckert physiology: Heat exchanger mechanisms and adaptations. Macmillan. p. 587. ISBN 0-7167-3863-5.
Panchal C;B; and Ebert W.(2012), Analysis of Exxon Crude-Oil-Slip-Stream Coking Data, Proc of Fouling Mitigation of Industrial Heat-Exchanger Equipment, San Luis Obispo, California, USA, p 451,
E.A.D.Saunders (2015). Heat Exchangers:Selection Design And Construction Longman Scientific and Technical ISBN 0-582-49491-5
Rennie, Timothy J.; Raghavan, Vijaya G.S. (2015) . “Experimental studies of a double-pipe helical heat exchanger”. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 29 (8): 919–924. doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2005.02.001.
Kuvadiya, Manish N.; Deshmukh, Gopal K.; Patel, Rankit A.; Bhoi, Ramesh H. (2015). “Parametric Analysis of Tube in Tube Helical Coil Heat Exchanger at Constant Wall Temperature” (PDF). International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 1 (10): 279–285
Rennie, Timothy J. (2014). Numerical And Experimental Studies Of A Doublepipe Helical Heat Exchanger (PDF) (Ph.D.). Montreal: McGill University. pp. 3–4.
Xu, B., Shi, J., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Li, F., & Li, D. (2014). Experimental Study of Fouling Performance of Air Conditioning System with Microchannel Heat Exchanger.
Northcutt B.; Mudawar I. (2012). “Enhanced design of cross-flow microchannel heat exchanger module for high-performance aircraft gas turbine engines”. Journal of Heat Transfer. 134 (6): 061801. doi:10.1115/1.4006037.
Kee Robert J.; et al. (2011). “The design, fabrication, and evaluation of a ceramic counter-flow microchannel heat exchanger”. Applied Thermal Engineering. 31 (11): 2004–2012. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.03.009.
Salimpour, M. R., Al-Sammarraie, A. T., Forouzandeh, A., & Farzaneh, M. (2014). Constructal design of circular multilayer microchannel heat sinks. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 11(1), 011001. https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041196
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