Discuss about the Double Inversion Recovery for Paediatric Epilepsy.
The utilization of imaging protocols is key in ensuring that procedures are flowing and consistent with appropriate image quality. Imaging protocols provide key guidance for radiologists and radiographers for sharing secondary and tertiary care for patients.
The identification of structural abnormalities often corresponds to epiletpogenic focus among the children which is often a challenging task, (Berg & Millichapp, 2013). Advances made in spatial contrasts and resolutions are key factors making the detection subtle findings on patients with epilepsy. With the cortical location of the lesions and the blurring of the inert white matter, the MRI sequence highlights cortical and sub cortical pathology which increase the conspicuousness of the white matter which occurs making it suitable candidate for clinical care.
Epilepsy among children is characterised by seizures which has excessive burst on the synchronised neuronal activity which affects the small and large neural networks resulting in clinical manifestations which are sudden, brief and transient, (Cendes, 2013). The characteristics of the epilepsy normally have effects on secondary predisposition which generate abnormal electrical discharges emanating from the cortical grey area, which is often complicated by subsequent neurobiological, psychosocial, occupational and cognitive effects.
Among children, there is a high incidence of epilepsy compared to the other population, . However 70% are being managed medially while the rest of 30% have drug resistant seizures. For this case functional surgeries offers best avenue for treatment which focuses on the localized safe resection thus with this imaging provides critical in identifying aetiology and overall seizure activity and to form guidance during therapy.
Epileptic seizures are often referred to as generalized or partial. Generalized seizures have the onset of the global while the partial its onset is focal. Both have are common among children, (Agarwal & Fox, 2013). The incidence of partial seizures is often greater than primary generalized seizures. It is characterised by immediate loss of consciousness, with convulsions which are not localized to any specific anatomic region. Partial seizures are an indication of the onset focal motor symptoms which maps to specific anatomic areas, (Lee & Salmon, 2009).
Magnetic resonance imaging is often the best modality to evaluate the structural aetiology and to assess the need for surgery. For these undertaking patient demographics is essential. The designing of MRI protocol is critical in recognizing the importance of the superiority of 3T to 1.5 TMR imaging. This incorporates the increased contrast to noise ratio. However the expected pathologic entity which has certain MRI sequences. With new imaging priority is key to focus MRI sequence. In epilepsy cases, thin section of 3D coronal obliqueTI gradient with echo and coronial oblique T2 series which are used for assessment of subtle abnormalities, (McDonald, Hummer & Dunn, 2013).
MRI can either use magnetic resonance or radio frequency waves. The radiofrequency waves are the MRI system which broadcasts the RF signals on the patient to the receiving antennae. Surface coils used are a simple design which is placed on the focus region, with its depth being 1 radius.
For specific imaging protocol, the combination of sequences is key to demonstrate diagnostic efficacy of the examination. Various imaging technologies exist depending on the institutions and manufacturers.
The advantages that MRI offers incorporate the imaging modality which has the ability to demonstrate different tissue contrast which are T1-W, T2-W and density spin, which have flow and diffusion, while in multiple images there are principally sagital, coronal and axial. The prevalent disadvantaged is MRI artefacts that is generated in every image.
The sequence choice resonance is seen as a reflection of the multi contrast and multi planner abilities of the NRI. Application of generic principle of combining T2-W in two planes with support from T1-W in two planes often serve as a basis for imaging protocols which optimizes MRI while reducing the impacts of artefacts, (Fahoum et al, 2013).
The usage of double inversion recovery MRI is key in assessment of central nervous system imaging, with improved lesion in relation to background contrast, through simultaneous suppression of signal in the cerebrospinal fluid and the white matter, (Hong et al., 2014). The technique involved is useful in the inversion of recovery pulses. The pulses timing is often set on the longitudinal magnetization in the cerebrospinal fluid with white maters which passes through the null point.
DIR technique has been previously been used in the evaluation of scleroses an demostarted sensitivity in the depiction of the cortical lesions having both 1.5 T and at 3.0 T, (Wang et al, 2014).DIR is beneficial in characterizing epileptogenic foci which is linked to the congenital and acquired neocortical pathology. The temporal lobe epilepsy, DIR has demonstrated high sensitivity which is comparable to T2 which has superior sensitivity which is compared to T2 fluid attenuated recovery inversion.
UK guidelines have established imaging protocols which can be used effectively for children who have either multiple or focal seizures. Among children with epilepsy, it is important to focus and detect on focal cortical abnormities. The majority being the children with epilepsy, detecting the focal cortical is key. The majority have extra temporal and smaller proportion have mesial temporal. The cortical abnormalities are easily diagnosed with conventional brain imaging techniques and using the standard braibn protocol. The usage of T-W sequence or either the STIR, T2-W or FLAIR, is key in ensuring visualizations of the mesial temporal lobe, (So & Lee, 2014).
Children with intractable epilepsy, like seizures which are managed for by surgery procedure. A rigorous epilepsy protocol is undertaken, which includes the 3D- volume, T1-W acquisition with hippocampal T2 relaxometry. In identification of mesial temporal abnormalities, the coronal studies have planned scout image. The 3-D, T1-W eco gradient data set is acquired through isometric means found in the sargital plane found on the hippocampus.
3-D failure is often reconstructed on same lines, an acquired sequence measures the true values of T2 of the hippocampi which has the mesial temporal sclerosis. The T2 values have shown sensitivity in the presence of MTS compared to visual and the T2 relaxometry in bilateral disease, (Hong et al, 2016).
The implementation of the DIR, being employed entails coronal 3D acquisition which is whole head which utilizes body transmits and local signal reception which has a dedicated 32 channel coil. The imaging in this review was performed under 3.0-T clinical systems, with the DIR systems, modified through the 3DT2 acquisition, which allows the permeability of the in the k-space which echoes trains and flip angle schemes of evolution. Optimization is enhanced through simulation apparatus which are provided in line with the spatial non selective mode of preparing suppression of white mater.
The sequence parameters used entailed Tr 7500ms, TI1 3000MS, Excitations 1, voxel size 1-mm isotropic BW 789 Hz/pixel; field of view 200 × 173 mm; parallel acceleration factor (iPAT) 2; acquisition time 7 min 24 s.
The normal periolandix surface of the cortex illustrates thinner and less defined than the remainder of neocortex on the DIR imaging. Due to the cyto architectural differences which include increased myealenation. The appearance of normal hippocampo and the amygdale are hyper intense than the observation seen in the supra tensional neocortex on the DIR sequence and also as observed on the other weighted T2 sequence .
The normal area of the myelinisation is often conspicuous when displayed on the DIR imaging, as it appears having brighter signal when compared to the myealined white matter. This is attributed Ti the diminished T2 shortening of the white matter in the un myealeanated phase, as illustrated below on figure 3. The distinction can be done carefully from the abnormal white matter through careful analysis in the anterior temporal poles of the white matter among children between the ages of 1-2 years.
Shows incomplete myelination of a twenty month child, it displays the sagittal refracted double invasersion. , (DRI)
The images displayed above shows the relative increased signal intensity on the white matter of the temporal lobes which is compared the frontal; white matter. This occurrence is due to the presence of incomplete myelinisation which is visible by the arrow.
The temporal sclerosis often represent a diagnostic challenge when using MRI due to hippo campo atrophy, the hypertense signal of T2 and the disruption of the internal architecture like the early subtle. The DIR imaging is beneficial in order to demonstrate the increasing conspicuity on the on the signal intensity of the asymmetry on the hippocampi as shown in figure 4 below.
Seizures have shown to have and causes swelling accompanied with T2 hyper tense signal which has effects on the affected hippocampus. The Dir imaging shows the asymmetrical hyper intensity of the located hippocampus. The DRI imaging in this case shows the asymmetric signal hyper intensity of the hippocampus as illustrated on the figure below.
In assessing the pathology of children using MRI on intractable epilepsy, pre surgical plans coupled with preoperative care. Developing MR sequences is essential in providing optimal contrast and detection of normal and abnormal tissues. Contrast emanating from contrast of grey and white matter is often an indicative of achievement of DIR, which has inversion of pulses which is applied to suppress the signal from the two tissues, (Aydin et al, 2017).
DIR imaging has the potential to enable lesion detection and lateralization effects on patients with epilepsy. The role of DIR in imaging process is key in ensuring that causes of malformations of the cortical development, causation of mesial temporal sclerosis and occurrence of neoplasm. Thus its evaluation calls for differential treatment on the cytoarchitexture which has higher inherent signals intensity on the hippocampus. DIR is critical in establishing g and quantifying the disease, (Ishikawa et al, 2018)
In temporal lobe epilepsy among children, DIR provides an effective sensitive sequence for unilateral abnormal white lobe. The standard brain sequence of the axial T2-W, coronal flair and the coronal sagittal images on T1-W were utilised. Children who are below two years, normally, T2-W sequence sis often replaced by the dual –echo axial sequence , while in some cases it uses T2*-W echo gradient sequence, (Baulac et ak, 2015).
Thus paediatric patients with refractory epilepsy often have different pathology as compared to adults as they require new set of imaging seizures. Epilepsy protocols need to have high resolution, with multi planner imaging having T1 3D GRE sequence. It is essential in detecting subtle structural abnormalities.
Multimodality 3D fusion approaches and techniques have been fused with MR and PET images. They allow for effective anatomic correlation on areas of hypo metabolisms, (Lee, 2009).Abnormal images have been observed in PET, SPCET, FMRI are often co registered using a common MR images which allows for simultaneous comparisons of the structural functions.
Disadvantages
Conclusion
Thus the application of DIR sequence protocol in paediatric epilepsy shows how accurate are they effective in detecting epileptogenic abnormalities. With the increased conspiscusty and depiction of the subtle abnormalities, usage of DIR imaging g among children having refractory epilepsy is crucial. DRI is associated with increased sensitivity of the depiction of cortical lesions. It is beneficial characterizing epileptogenic foci which are related to neocortical pathology.
References
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Aydin, Ü., Rampp, S., Wollbrink, A., Kugel, H., Cho, J. H., Knösche, T. R., … & Wolters, C. H. (2017). Zoomed MRI guided by combined EEG/MEG source analysis: a multimodal approach for optimizing presurgical epilepsy work-up and its application in a multi-focal epilepsy patient case study. Brain topography, 30(4), 417-433.
Baulac, S., Ishida, S., Marsan, E., Miquel, C., Biraben, A., Nguyen, D. K., … & Vlaicu, M. (2015). Familial focal epilepsy with focal cortical dysplasia due to DEPDC5 mutations. Annals of neurology, 77(4), 675-683.
Berg AT, Millichap JJ. The 2010 revised classification of seizures and epilepsy. Continuum. 2013;19:571-597
Cendes, F. (2013). Neuroimaging in investigation of patients with epilepsy. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 19(3, Epilepsy), 623-642.
Fahoum, F., Zelmann, R., Tyvaert, L., Dubeau, F., & Gotman, J. (2013). Epileptic discharges affect the default mode network–FMRI and intracerebral EEG evidence. PloS one, 8(6), e68038.
Geurts, J. J., Bö, L., Pouwels, P. J., Castelijns, J. A., Polman, C. H., & Barkhof, F. (2005). Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: combined postmortem MR imaging and histopathology. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 26(3), 572-577.
Hong, S. J., Bernhardt, B. C., Schrader, D. S., Bernasconi, N., & Bernasconi, A. (2016). Whole-brain MRI phenotyping in dysplasia-related frontal lobe epilepsy. Neurology, 86(7), 643-650.
Hong, S. J., Kim, H., Schrader, D., Bernasconi, N., Bernhardt, B. C., & Bernasconi, A. (2014). Automated detection of cortical dysplasia type II in MRI-negative epilepsy. Neurology, 83(1), 48-55.
Ishikawa, H., Niwa, A., Asahi, M., Matsuura, K., Masuzugawa, S., Niida, Y., … & Tomimoto, H. (2018). Diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with adult onset tuberous sclerosis complex. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 48, 108-110.
Lee, K. K., & Salamon, N. (2009). [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron-Emission Tomography and MR Imaging Coregistration for Presurgical Evaluation of Medically Refractory Epilepsy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 30(10), 1811-1816.
McDonald, B. C., Hummer, T. A., & Dunn, D. W. (2013). Functional MRI and structural MRI as tools for understanding comorbid conditions in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 26(3), 295-302.
So, E. L., & Lee, R. W. (2014). Epilepsy surgery in MRI-negative epilepsies. Current opinion in neurology, 27(2), 206-212.
Wang, Z. I., Alexopoulos, A. V., Jones, S. E., Najm, I. M., Ristic, A., Wong, C., … & Bingaman, W. (2014). Linking MRI postprocessing with magnetic source imaging in MRI?negative epilepsy. Annals of neurology, 75(5), 759-770.
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