Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On Public Sector Organizations In Dubai: A Doctorate Research Study

Research Questions

Discuss about the Doctorate Research for Artificial Intelligence on the Public Sector Organisation.

Artificial Intelligence is an area of computer science that provides emphasis on the creation of intelligent machines that can work just like humans. The technology of artificial intelligence makes it possible for the machines to learn from the past experiences. With artificial intelligence, the machines are able to adjust to the new inputs and perform certain human like tasks as well. Therefore with the help of artificial intelligence, it is possible to make the machines work just like humans. It is a type of simulated intelligence that is programmed in machines so that the machines can perform some significant human like actions (Garnham 2017). There are a number of opportunities provided by artificial intelligence that business organization can make use of. The use of artificial intelligence reduces errors in most of the cases which is one of the significant advantages of making use of AI in business. With the help of artificial intelligence, machines can provide digital assistance to the users which are one of the significant advantages of making use of artificial intelligence (Coulson-Thomas 2018). Increase in the work efficiency is another significant advantage of AI along with cost effectiveness. The research study will evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence in the public sector organizations in Dubai and United Arab Emirates. The proposal will evaluate the aim and objectives of the research that will be performed. 

There are a number of advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of artificial intelligence. The aim of the research is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence on the development of the public sector organization in Dubai in The United Arab Emirates. It is expected that Artificial Intelligence is going to be a big game changer in the global economy and UAE is expected to see the largest impact of AI. The objectives of the project are as follows-

1. To understand the use of artificial intelligence in business
2. To identify the advantages and the disadvantages of making use of artificial intelligence in business
3. To analyse the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Public Sector organization in Dubai.

The research questions that will be addressed in this research project are as follows-

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of making use of artificial intelligence in business?
2. What are the impacts of artificial intelligence on the Public Sector Organisations in Dubai, United Arab Emirates? 

This section will evaluate the existing literature in this topic. The Advantages and the Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence will be evaluated in order to formulate the expected impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Development of the public sector organizations in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Artificial Intelligence is a source of both an excitement and apprehension in the Dubai as UAE is expected to see the largest impact of AI by the year 2030. This is because Artificial Intelligence is one of the major change agents that will be shaping the future of work in UAE. AI and automation is considered as the future of jobs. Artificial Intelligence can be the future of the public sector organizations in Dubai and United Arab Emirates as it is capable of solving complex problems by increasing the computing power of the machines. The government organizations in UAE have been making use of AI to boost its performance and the rate of accomplishing the achievements (Osoba and Welser IV 2017). Different strategies are followed to make use of the artificial intelligence in the business of UAE. The strategies followed by the government organizations of UAE include setting up of an AI work team who will be trained accordingly to make use of artificial intelligence in their office work.

Literature Review

Artificial Intelligence is considered to be the science of engineering of making intelligent machines, mainly intelligent computer programs who can work like humans. There are a number of advantages of making use of artificial intelligence in business (Halaweh 2018). These advantages compel the public sector of Dubai to make use of Artificial Intelligence in their business operations. The government sectors of Dubai have been using Artificial Intelligence in business and have been successful in utilizing the power of Artificial Intelligence (McGovern et al. 2017). The advantages of artificial intelligence are elaborated as follows.

One of the significant advantages of making use of artificial intelligence in the business processes is the reduction of errors. Artificial intelligence helps in reduction of the risk of errors and further increases the chances of accuracy in the business processes. The use of artificial intelligence helps in exploration processes. There is a wide use of artificial intelligence as intelligent robots can be used to explore space as well. The intelligent machines can replace human beings in many work areas and therefore artificial intelligence can definitely reduce the cost of employments in public sector of Dubai (Pannu 2015). Smartphone is an example of application of artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence enables a machine to work on much greater responsibilities (Kokina and Davenport 2017). The use of artificial intelligence enhances the decision making ability thereby working in favour of the different business organizations.

 Artificial Intelligence will have a huge impact on the business of public sector organizations in Dubai, as deployment of the right AI technology in a business can help a business in gaining an ability to save time and money (Müller and Bostrom 2016). It is possible as the routine, processes and the tasks are automated with the help of artificial intelligence thus increasing the productivity and the operational efficiency of an organization (Rodríguez,  Soria and Campo 2016). AI is a new form of technology and making use of artificial intelligence can bring about certain business benefits. The use of artificial intelligence in the public sector in Dubai can therefore provide a number of advantages (Russell and Norvig 2016). However, there are certain issues associated with the use of artificial intelligence in business which is needed to be evaluated in order to understand the impact of artificial intelligence in public sector organizations in Dubai. 

One of the significant disadvantages of making use of artificial intelligence is high cost. The use of artificial intelligence requires the use of complex machines incurring huge costs thus increasing the cost of implementing artificial intelligence. Cost however may not be a problem in public sector organizations of Dubai.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Another significant disadvantage of making use of artificial intelligence is that the machines does not gain experience with time (Ng 2016). Unlike humans, the artificial intelligence cannot be improved with experience and with time it can lead to wear and tear. Machines are unable to alter the responses of the changing environment and therefore they never gain experience from their past mistakes. This is one of the significant reasons for the public organizations not to invest largely on artificial intelligence in public sector.

Furthermore, there are very less chances of creativity in the work processes performed by a machine and therefore it is not considered. There is no original creativity as the machine performs the works as they are told to perform. Another significant concern with the application of artificial intelligence is associated with the ethics and moral values (West 2015). The use of artificial intelligence in business might result in huge amount of job loss. The ethical issue arises because I may not be ethically correct to create replicas of human beings as the moral value of human prevent us to recreate the intelligence of human (Dirican 2015). If robots will be replacing the humans in every field, it will eventually lead to huge unemployment. Furthermore, there is a need of redeploy or retrain the employees so that they can perform the jobs.

Apart from this, there is another disadvantage of making use of artificial intelligence. Machines although are able to store enormous amount of data, the storage, access and retrieval of the data may not be as effective as a human brain (Marwala and Hurwitz 2015). The use of artificial intelligence in business might help in performing the repetitive tasks with precision but might not be able to gain experience or improve the process by which a task is performed.

The machines can never be employed in creative fields as robots can never excel or even match up to the levels of human mind in originality (Brynjolfsson and Mcafee 2017). Furthermore, the implementation time which is often lengthy can be one of the significant disadvantage or limitation of making use of artificial intelligence in business.   

Apart from these major disadvantages and issues there are certain effects of machine interaction in the human behaviour and attention which is needed to be addressed as well (Scherer 2015). The security of AI is to be considered as well since the entire business will be based on AI.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

After analysing the advantages and the disadvantages, the use of AI in business it is essential to evaluate the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the public sector organizations in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

With the government organizations in Dubai already making use of Artificial Intelligence, it is expected that the public sector organizations in Dubai will also implement artificial intelligence in their daily business. It is a possibility as the use of artificial intelligence in the public sector in Dubai will considerably reduce the workload of humans. However, it is essential to understand that the cost of implementation of artificial intelligence, that is automating the machines of the organization is considerably high. Therefore it is essential to evaluate the extent to which the public sector organization will be benefited by the implementation of the artificial intelligence in the organization (Makridakis 2017). With a number of advantages, there are certain threats associated with the use of the artificial intelligence in the public sector organizations in Dubai, UAE.

The pace of innovation is accelerating and therefore it is expected that the public sector organization of Dubai will be making use of artificial intelligence and the implementation of AI will increase as well. However, this might certainly lead to loss of jobs and increase in the complexities of the business processes. The use of AI in public sector organization in Dubai will help those organizations in faster decision making as the errors will be reduced in this process. Thus it can be expected that the use of AI in public sector organizations in Dubai will increase and will have a positive impact on the business of Dubai. 

Both primary and secondary research method will be followed in this research project. Research method is a collection of tools and techniques that will be used for gathering the information and completes the research work that will be necessary in performing this research project. A research method not only indicates the tools and technologies that will be necessary to gather the information required for the research but also considers the different theories and the concepts that are necessary to gather the information that is required to understand the different processes and the methods necessary to perform the research work. Identification of the research methodology is essential in order to propose a legitimate structure of the research study. This research project will undertake deductive approach as it mainly aims in analysing the impact of artificial intelligence in public sector organizations in Dubai. The topic is not complex or puzzling and therefore a deductive research approach is justified for the research study. As secondary sources, the data will be collected from the secondary sources which include the previously published literature and research papers (McCusker and Gunaydin 2015). Secondary sources mainly refer to the sources or a set of information that has been already published.

Along with the secondary data, primary data will be collected in this research project. Primary data can be obtained from several sources which include the observation, interviews and surveys (Smith 2015). Interviewing the experts who are associated with the research domain gives an access to a number of information which might be helpful in the research study. This research study will however perform a survey of 45 respondents to gather the information associated with the impact of artificial intelligence on the public sector organizations in Dubai.

The research design that will be followed in this research project will be descriptive research design as the analysis of the impact of the artificial intelligence in public sector is essential. The research methodology digs in to the philosophy, approach and design of the research that will be beneficial for implementing the entire research project. The limitations, reliability and the validity of the research methods is evaluated in and identified in form of research methods (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger 2017). The method outline of the research gives an idea of the methodical tools that will be followed in the research project. A positivism research philosophy will be followed in the project along with a deductive research approach. The research methodology that is set for this project is both primary and secondary research methodology.

It is expected that the research project will enable a positive result. It is expected that the public sector organization in Dubai will be positively affected by the implementation of artificial intelligence.

The approximate timeframe that is chosen for this research project is represented in the following table-

Outline Number	Task Name	Duration	Start	Finish
0	Research Schedule	88 days	Mon 04-06-18	Wed 03-10-18
1	Research Proposal	27 days	Mon 04-06-18	Tue 10-07-18
1.1	Topic Selection	3 days	Mon 04-06-18	Wed 06-06-18
1.2	Background Study of the chosen topic	10 days	Thu 07-06-18	Wed 20-06-18
1.3	Development of the research questions	2 days	Thu 21-06-18	Fri 22-06-18
1.4	Preliminary Literature Review	7 days	Mon 25-06-18	Tue 03-07-18
1.5	Designing Conceptual Framework of the chosen topic	6 days	Mon 25-06-18	Mon 02-07-18
1.6	Final identification and Development of Research Question	5 days	Tue 03-07-18	Mon 09-07-18
1.7	Submission of the Research Proposal	1 day	Tue 10-07-18	Tue 10-07-18
2	Literature Review and Data Analysis	37 days	Wed 11-07-18	Thu 30-08-18
2.1	Reviewing of the existing literature to obtain data for the research	12 days	Wed 11-07-18	Thu 26-07-18
2.2	Selecting the sampling method for Final Data Collection	6 days	Fri 27-07-18	Fri 03-08-18
2.3	The Data Collection for Research Study	10 days	Mon 06-08-18	Fri 17-08-18
2.4	Analysis of the collected Data	7 days	Mon 20-08-18	Tue 28-08-18
2.5	Submission of the Draft project report	2 days	Wed 29-08-18	Thu 30-08-18
3	Final Project Submission	24 days	Fri 31-08-18	Wed 03-10-18
3.1	Critically analyzing the findings	10 days	Fri 31-08-18	Thu 13-09-18
3.2	Concluding the Findings of the Study	8 days	Fri 14-09-18	Tue 25-09-18
3.3	Recommendations	1 day	Wed 26-09-18	Wed 26-09-18
3.4	Completion of the Final Report	4 days	Thu 27-09-18	Tue 02-10-18
3.5	Final Project Submission	1 day	Wed 03-10-18	Wed 03-10-18

Table 1: Representing the Schedule of the research project

The Gantt chart of the estimated research schedule of the project is represented in the following picture-

Figure 1: Representing the Gantt Chart of the shifting project

(Source: Generated by Author using MS project) 

References

Brynjolfsson, E. and Mcafee, A., 2017. THE BUSINESS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: WHAT IT CAN–AND CANNOT–DO FOR YOUR ORGANIZATION. Harvard Business Review Digital Articles, pp.3-11.

Coulson-Thomas, C., 2018. Transformative leadership for fostering creativity, innovation and business excellence.

Dirican, C., 2015. The impacts of robotics, artificial intelligence on business and economics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, pp.564-573.

Garnham, A., 2017. Artificial intelligence: An introduction. Routledge.

Halaweh, M., 2018. Artificial Intelligence Government (Gov. 3.0): The UAE Leading Model. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 62, pp.269-272.

Kokina, J. and Davenport, T.H., 2017. The emergence of artificial intelligence: How automation is changing auditing. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 14(1), pp.115-122.

Makridakis, S., 2017. The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms. Futures, 90, pp.46-60.

Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D. and Festinger, D., 2017. Essentials of research design and methodology. John Wiley.

Marwala, T. and Hurwitz, E., 2015. Artificial intelligence and asymmetric information theory. arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.02867.

McCusker, K. and Gunaydin, S., 2015. Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, 30(7), pp.537-542.

McGovern, A., Elmore, K.L., Gagne, D.J., Haupt, S.E., Karstens, C.D., Lagerquist, R., Smith, T. and Williams, J.K., 2017. Using artificial intelligence to improve real-time decision-making for high-impact weather. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98(10), pp.2073-2090.

Müller, V.C. and Bostrom, N., 2016. Future progress in artificial intelligence: A survey of expert opinion. In Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence (pp. 555-572). Springer, Cham.

Ng, A., 2016. What artificial intelligence can and can’t do right now. Harvard Business Review, 9.

Osoba, O.A. and Welser IV, W., 2017. An intelligence in our image: The risks of bias and errors in artificial intelligence. Rand Corporation.

Pannu, A., 2015. Artificial intelligence and its application in different areas. Artificial Intelligence, 4(10), pp.79-84.

Rodríguez, G., Soria, Á. and Campo, M., 2016. Artificial intelligence in service-oriented software design. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 53, pp.86-104.’

Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited,.

Scherer, M.U., 2015. Regulating artificial intelligence systems: Risks, challenges, competencies, and strategies. Harv. JL & Tech., 29, p.353.

Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.

West, D.M., 2015. What happens if robots take the jobs? The impact of emerging technologies on employment and public policy. Centre for Technology Innovation at Brookings, Washington DC.