Vijayawada metropolis is situated on the Bankss of river Krishna. Floods affect the metropolis many times, which creates harm to the people and belongingss. The metropolis has faced many inundations since long back. The purpose of the survey is to happen out the factors which are responsible for the inundations in the metropolis and the impact of the inundations in the low lying countries ( which are largely affected ) of Vijayawada. This survey will be utile to work out the steps to manage the inundations in the metropolis.
A few suggestions have been given to undertake the damaging phenomenon of the inundations.
Keywords: Vijayawada, Krishna River, Budameru canal, Floods,
Vijayawada is the 3rd largest metropolis in the province of Andhra Pradesh. Over the old ages, Vijayawada has been sing extended development coupled with high urban growing. It is an of import commercial and conveyance Centre of the State. Bing a large metropolis people from all over the state are migrating to Vijayawada for their support irrespective of their caste and credo.
The rapid urbanisation in the metropolis has led to increase the job of colonies with the insecure locations which finally causes natural catastrophe. In add-on to this, heavy rains in this country have been doing frequent inundations with roads in many topographic points submerged for several hours and the route traffic coming to a arrest, conveying in considerable harm to public and private belongingss. Floods are the most detrimental phenomena that consequence to the societal and economic of the population.
It is one of the major catastrophes impacting the population particularly those populating in high hazard countries, in the inundation fields and the low lying countries doing extended harm to belongingss and even loss of lives.
But before analyzing the impact of the inundations in the low lying countries of Vijayawada, allow us foremost understand the significance of Floods.
AA FloodA is an flood of H2O that submerges land.A TheA European UnionA ( EU ) A Floods DirectiveA defines a inundation as a covering by H2O of land non usually covered by H2O. Deluging may ensue from the volume of H2O within a organic structure of H2O, such as aA riverA orA lake, which overflows or interruptions levees, with the consequence that some of the H2O escapes its usual boundaries, A or may be due to accretion of rainwater on saturated land in an aerial inundation
Floods are caused by many factors: heavy rainfall, extremely acceleratedA snowmelt, terrible air currents over H2O, unusual high tides, A tsunamis, or failure of dikes, A levees, A keeping pools, or other constructions that retained the H2O. Deluging can be exacerbated by increased sums of imperviable surface or by other natural jeopardies such as wildfires, which cut down the supply of flora that can absorb rainfall. The factors which are responsible for the implosion therapy of Vijayawada metropolis will be studied in a elaborate mode in the undermentioned survey.
The metropolis is sited at the pes of a low scope hills on the northern bank of the river Krishna with its central points as 16A° 31 ‘ North latitude and 80A° 37 ‘ East longitude, around 70 kilometers off from the seashore.
The land ballad of Vijayawada is characterized by four canals, four hills and the river Krishna. Vijayawada when approached from Guntur is welcomed by the historic Gatess across the sanctum river Krishna. The manner to Machilipatnam runs parallel to Budameru canal and crosses two other canals.
a ) Indrakiladri Hill
B ) Machavaram Hill
degree Celsius ) Gunadala Hill
vitamin D ) Moghalrajapuram Hill
The natural incline of the old town is falling from north to south whereas the new town inclines down from West to east. When compared to the old town, the new town is level and hence makes drainage less effectual. Though the metropolis is protected from high inundation Bankss in the southern side, the low-lying lands are non immune to inundations.
The countries covered by Indrakiladri hill are popularly known as I Town and Vidyadharapuram. It is located on the West Side and Northern Side of Vijayawada City. The tallness of the hills is about 240 Meters. The margin of the hills is about 10 kilometer. The countries such as Ramarajaya Nagar, Kummaraalem, 4-Pillar centre, Ali Nagar, Kabela Road are falling with in this hill country.
Mogalarajpuram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill scope located on the Eastern side of Vijayawada metropolis. The maximal tallness of the hills is about 250 Meters. The margin of the hills is about 6 kilometer. The countries such as Dasari Ramana Nagar, Ravi Chettu Center, Sunnapubattila Center are falling within these hill countries.
Machavaram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill scope located on the East Side of Vijayawada City. The maximal tallness of the hills is about 240 Mts. The margin of the the hill country is about 4 kilometer. The countries such as Karimkanagar, Gulammohiddin Nagar, Maruthinagar are falling within these hill countries.
Gunadala Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill scope located on the Eastern Side of Vijayawada metropolis. The maximal tallness of the hills is about 242 Meters. The margin of the hills is about 10 kilometer. The countries such as Ayyapanagar, Kristurajapuram, Vijayanagar Colony, Arunlagar, Lurthnagar, Betlahem Nagar etc. are falling within these hill countries.
The Krishna Eastern Main Canal on the left bank of Krishna River, after tracking for one kilometer gets divided into three canals ; Eluru canal, Bandar canal and Ryves canal tracking the interior metropolis. Apart from these, Budameru watercourse skirts the metropolis bounds to go through through the rural portion of the VMC.
The canal crossbeams for a distance of 7.5 kilometers on the southern side of the metropolis. For free motion of traffic, the canal has 10 Bridgess built across it.
The canal flows for a distance of around 7.6 kilometer on the north-eastern side of the metropolis. There are about 8 Bridgess across it.
The canal runs for a entire distance of around 65 kilometer in Krishna and West Godavari territories. There are about six route Bridgess, two railroad Bridgess and two foot-over Bridgess across the canal.
The metropolis country can be loosely divided into two classs – one ‘Developed country ‘ and the 2nd ‘Undeveloped country ‘ . Of the Vijayawada corporation country of 6188 hour angle, the developed land portion of the metropolis covers 3753 hour angle accounting for around 61 % of the metropolis country, go forthing 2435 hour angle undeveloped.
S.No
Land Use
Area in Ha.
% to developed
country
% to entire country
Developed constituent
1.
Residential ( Built -up )
1348.25
35.92
21.79
2.
Mixed-Residential ( Built -up )
141.36
3.77
2.28
3.
Residential vacant secret plans
229.02
6.10
4.11
4.
Commercial
247.91
6.6
4.01
5.
Industrial
72.38
1.93
1.17
6.
Public & A ; Semi- populace
270.16
7.2
4.37
7.
Institutional
178.31
4.75
2.88
8.
Parks & A ; Play evidences
60.34
1.60
0.56
9.
Recreational / Others
3.1
0.08
0.05
10.
Roadss
800.81
21.34
12.94
11.
Railway
190.49
5.08
3.08
12.
Water Bodies ( Canals & A ; Others )
211.26
5.63
3.41
Sub Total
3753.39
100
60.65
Un-Developed constituent
13.
Agricultural Area
885.97
36.40
14.32
14.
Vacant Lands
618.27
25.39
9.99
15.
Water Bodies ( River )
668.42
27.45
10.80
16.
Hills
262.06
10.76
4.23
Sub Total
2434.72
100.00
39.35
Grand Total
6188.11
100.00
100.00
Beginning: VGTMUDA
There are two rivers fluxing from Vijayawada
Krishna River
Budameru river/Drain which creates mayhem during showery season.
The River Krishna takes of its beginning in the Western Ghats at an lift of ( + ) 1336 Mts and runs for a length of about 1400 kilometer and runs through Vijayawada metropolis and joins at Bay of Bengal. The length of Krishna River up to Prakasam Barrage is about 1310 kilometer. The flow of the river is managed partly by the Nagarjuna Sagar dike which is located to the West of Krishna District and Prakasam Barrage which is located at the beginning of the metropolis.
The Krishna Flood bank Above Prakasam Barrage is about 13km and below inundation bank is 6.40 kilometer which creates mayhem in inundation season which starts from June to December. Water release from bombardment with 4, 12,734 to 10, 94,422 Cusecs is been observed over the old ages.
Since the chief intent of the dike is to supply irrigation, the dike governments try to make full the reservoirs during the monsoon to guarantee H2O handiness for the husbandmans in the encompassing territories during summers. Therefore happening of terrible rainfall ( 1 twenty-four hours or 2 twenty-four hours utmost precipitation ) due to cyclone or depression during the latter half of the monsoon season in the lower and in-between Krishna basin leads sudden addition in the reservoir degree coercing the dike governments to let go of H2O which sometime exceeds the transporting capacity of the river. This leads to deluging along the downstream.
The entire length of inundation bank in Krishna District ( within which the Vijayawada metropolis is located ) is 226.98 kilometer. The flood Bankss of the River Krishna were originally formed in 1892. The flood Bankss were provided on both sides of the River up to sea as elaborate below to incorporate the inundation H2O with in the inundation Bankss and there by protect the belongingss and human lives etc in Krishna District.
S.No.
Detailss Of The Flood Banks
Length In kilometer
1.
Krishna Left flood bank
( above Prakasam Barrage )
13.00
2.
Krishnalanka Flood bank
( below Prakasam Barrage )
6.40
3.
Krishna Left flood Bank ( below Prakasam
Barrage )
89.60
4.
Divi Left flood bank
36.00
5.
Divi Right Flood Bank
32.00
6.
K.E. Tidal Bank Divi Island
22.00
7.
Kona Tidal Bank ( Machilipatnam Side )
18.50
8.
Seadyke Flood Bank ( Machilipatnam Side )
2.50
9.
West Side Flood Bank ( Machilipatnam
Side )
6.00
10.
Rudravaram Flood Bank ( Machilipatnam
Side )
4.00
Entire
230.00
Beginning: Irrigation Dept
Krishna Lanka Flood Bank: ( 3.38 kilometer ) : This inundation bank was formed during 1967 to protect the occupants of Krishnalanka of Vijayawada metropolis.
S.No
Name of the
Embankment
Length of the
Embankment in kilometer
Area covered
Length of the
Embakment within the ward
1
Krishna Left Flood Bank ( Above Barrage ) From ( Ibrhimpatnam
to Prakasham Barage )
13km
IbrahimPatnam to
BhavaniPuram
6km
2
Bhavani puram To
Karakatta South
5km
3
Krakatta South to
Lanchi
revu/Punnami
Hotel
2km
1
Krishna Left Flood bank
( Bellow Prakasham
Barrage ) From Brrage to Ramalaingeswara
Nagar ( Krishna Lanka )
6.40km
Ranadheevi nagar
2
2
Taraka Ramanagar
1.40
3
Bhupesh Gupta Nagar
1
4
Ramalingeswar
Nagar
2
Information given in the undermentioned pages.
Floods are caused by two rivers in the Vijayawada. One is Krishna River which is on the southern portion of the metropolis and the other is Budameru River which is on the North- Western portion of the metropolis. Both these rivers contribute to the canal web. Bandar canal and Ryves canal are fed by Krishna River while Eluru canal is fed by Krishna River and partly by Budameru River. The part of H2O from Budameru is largely seasonal and the canal webs are used to dispatch excess/flood Waterss.
The topography of the metropolis is complex. The cardinal portion of the metropolis is above inundation field with hills while Southern and Northern parts of the metropolis are on inundation field. This job was realized by the irrigation section in ulterior half of 20th century and bunds were constructed along canals to forestall inundation Waterss from come ining the metropolis.
The inundations in Vijayawada metropolis due to Krishna River, is a regular phenomenon. Almost every monsoon people populating in the inundation fields of Krishna River are affected.
The primary ground for the implosion therapy is the unauthorised colonies along the river which had taken topographic point due to miss of planning and enforcement.
Flood in the River Krishna are both due to South – West Monsoon in the center of June and continues up to stop of September and North – East Monsoon begins in October and continues till terminal of November. High inundations normally occur during October.
In general, implosion therapy by the Krishna River is a regular phenomenon. The flood history of Krishna River indicates that its flow is unsure. With the embankments in topographic point the river flows bank to bank about one time in every five old ages or twice every decennary. This clip span of five old ages normally encourages low economic category people to settle on the inundation bank. Further the presence of embankments provide a false sense of security to the people and besides encourages people who are on the river bed that shortly the authorities is traveling to build a embankment that will protect their house. With the rapid addition in population, big Numberss of people end up busying the country between the inundation bank along the Bandar canal and the Krishna River. These countries are subjected to regular implosion therapy during monsoons. In order to safe guard the people and the support the Irrigation section constructed a inundation bank analogue to the old bund including the unauthorised colonies which had come up. This construction was designed to forestall the colonies from deluging. The old inundation bank was so converted to function the intent of transit ( presently NH5 ) . The people who were earlier shacking in inundation field were provided with legal ownership and the country was included within the metropolis town be aftering strategy.
Sl.No.
Date
Calendar month
Year
Cusecs
U/S Side
D/S Side
Barrage
1.
7th
Oct
1903
10,60,830
( + ) 70.55
( + ) 69.55
23.50
2.
11th
Aug
1914
9,48,632
( + ) 68.20
( + ) 67.95
21.15
3.
2nd
Nov
1917
9,55,460
( + ) 68.10
( + ) 67.25
21.05
4.
24th
Sep
1949
9,24,736
( + ) 68.15
( + ) 66.00
21.10
5.
2nd
Oct
1964
9,87,852
( + ) 68.25
( + ) 65.30
23.20
6.
6th
Aug
1966
4,12,734
( + ) 57.95
( + ) 55.90
12.90
7.
30th
Sept
1974
5.97.800
( + ) 60.65
( + ) 58.40
15.60
8.
10th
July
1983
8,27,310
( + ) 64.05
( + ) 62.35
19.00
9.
24th
July
1989
6,86,910
( + ) 61.95
( + ) 55.0
16.90
10.
17th
Oct
1998
9,32,000
( + ) 65.45
( + ) 63.30
20.04
11.
21st
Sept
2005
7,40,232
( + ) 62.65
( + ) 60.00
17.60
12.
17th
Aug
2006
5,56,618
( + ) 59.85
( + ) 57.60
14.80
13.
21st
Sept
2007
5,56,618
( + ) 59.85
( + ) 57.60
14.80
14.
11th
Aug
2008
4,22,660
( + ) 57.55
( + ) 55.20
12.50
15.
5th
Oct
2009
10,94,422
( + ) 68.78
( + ) 67.50
23.47
Beginning: Irrigation Dept
The maximal inundation discharge observed during the twelvemonth 1903 is 10.60 lakh cusecs. After the building of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in the upstream of the river, during the twelvemonth 1998 Krishna River received a maximal inundation discharge of 9.32 hundred thousand cusec and caused dismaying state of affairs throughout the inundation Bankss below the Prakasam Barrage. Subsequently the flood Bankss of Krishna River were restored to original criterions during the twelvemonth 1999 to 2000.These Restorations did non include inundation Bankss which are within and nearby Vijayawada metropolis viz. Krishna Left Flood Bank ( upstream of Prakasam Barrage ) and Krishnalanka Flood Bank ( downstream of Prakasam Barrage ) .
Reasons for Krishna Flood
This part receives maximal rainfall both by sou’-west and withdrawing monsoons.
The primary ground for the implosion therapy is the unauthorised colonies along the river which had taken topographic point due to miss of planning and enforcement.
Vijayawada is located on the line which separates the delta-irrigated lands.
Flood bank below bombardment is about 6.40 kilometers which creates mayhem in inundation season from June to December.
High Water release at clip from bombardment with 4, 12,734 to 10, and 94,422 Cusecs of H2O released in assorted old ages.
Developmental activities like penstock connectivity to into the river is doing back H2O ( 3 penstocks connected into river ) .
Bund cutting for public private developmental activities ( ex: penstock, storm H2O drains ) approach roads for bigger vehicles.
Assigning the residential countries officially in inundation zone. Ex-husband: Police settlement.
Breach happening and amendss occurred to the inundation bank with faux pass and eroding.
With small important power over the colonies along the inundation Bankss, the irrigation section is unable to go to fleetly in vulnerable countries.
This state of affairs is farther complicated by the false hope provided by the politicians in their runs during elections that they would back up these illegal colonies. In order to derive ballot, some of them even promise to protect these people by guaranting that one time they are elected they would legalise their colonies and will besides revisiting the bing embankments. This step was taken in 1970 ‘s when the location of embankments were changed to include people who are in the inundation fields.
Elevation and location inside informations of Flood affected countries
Elevation and location inside informations of Flood affected countries
Area
Elevation
Longitude
Latitude
Krishna River
37 Ft.
Krishna Lanka
86 Ft.
16030’17.70 ” Nitrogen
80036’22.61 ” Tocopherol
Krishna Lanka
72-83 Ft.
16030’12.64 ” Nitrogen
80037’19.48 ” Tocopherol
P.N.Bus base
85 Ft.
16030’30.54 ” Nitrogen
80036’59.67 ” Tocopherol
VMC
97 Ft.
16030’38.41 ” Nitrogen
80036’42.15 ” Tocopherol
Krishna Lanka Tardwra
62-73-74Ft.
16037’27. 80 ” Nitrogen
80030’11.79 ” Tocopherol
Ranadhive Nagar
74-79 Ft.
16030’20.69 ” Nitrogen
80037’12.75 ” Tocopherol
Bus Stand back
69 Ft.
16030’22.00 ” Nitrogen
80037’00.54 ” Tocopherol
Bhupesh Gupta
Nagar
55-64 Ft.
16029’46.92 ” Nitrogen
80038’07.91 ” Tocopherol
Ramalingeswara
Nagar UGD
53 Ft.
16029’07.94 ” Nitrogen
80039’21.17 ” Tocopherol
Police Colony
59 Ft.
16029’08.01 ” Nitrogen
80039’24.18 ” Tocopherol
K.R.Market
81 Ft.
16030’48.62 ” Nitrogen
80036’49.36 ” Tocopherol
Indira Gandhi
Stadium
70 Ft.
16030’17.72 ” Nitrogen
80038’17.23 ” Tocopherol
RTC Colony
85 Ft.
16031’51.24 ” Nitrogen
80036’15.21 ” Tocopherol
Gannavaram
80 Ft.
16031’50.99 ” Nitrogen
80047’45.57 ” Tocopherol
Patamata misss High
School
69 Ft.
16029’43.39 ” Nitrogen
80040’05.38 ” Tocopherol
Krishna River at
Punnami
52 Ft.
16031’28.76 ” Nitrogen
80035’08.48 ” Tocopherol
Punnami Ghat
82 Ft.
16031’34.71 ” Nitrogen
80035’16.88 ” Tocopherol
Beginning: Irrigation Dept
Vulnerability
population
country
Area
Krishna Flood
15557
1.15
Lanchi Revu
15722
1.88
karakatta
Krishna Flood
15814
2.81
Police settlement
14798
0.65
Bhupesh Gupta nagar
14608
0.5
Tarakaramanagar
14725
1.46
Randheer Nagar
15418
0.72
15320
1.92
Busstand
( back ) Saibaba
temple
121962
11.09
Beginning: irrigation Dept
The Budameru River flows from the North Western portion of the Krishna District. The river originates in the hills environing Mylavaram and flows into Kolleru Lake. In order to command the inundations the river is dammed at Velagaleru small town, Budameru recreation channel ( BDC ) is constructed from Velagaleru to fall in Krishna River upstream of Prakasam bombardment.
Budameru River is chiefly controlled at two countries before making Vijayawada metropolis. The first is the regulator across the Budameru drain at Velagaleru small town and at Vijayawada Thermal Power Station ( VTPS ) which is located on the western portion of the metropolis on the upstream of Prakasam bombardment. The Budameru River apart from fluxing along the western portion of the metropolis towards the VTPS besides enters the metropolis from the north taking into the Budameru canal which runs analogue to Eluru Canal.
The job starts at the tail terminal of the monsoon, with the reservoir being about full ( but non to its full capacity ) and the happening of terrible rainfall. Since the authorization of the regulator direction at Budameru is to make full the reservoir to its capacity and the uncertainness within the rainfall information the release from the regulator drain block, H2O flow from local catchment causes deluging normally in the northern portion of the metropolis
The uncertainness in the rainfall is a common phenomenon within the Krishna Basin. This is particularly due to the depressions and cyclones which form in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. This uncertainness combined with the limited carrying capacity of the river and the propinquity of the Velagaleru Village regulator provides low respite clip for both the administrative forces to forestall the inundations and people to forestall their losingss. The design and constitution of the EWS should take into history of this of import facet.
The Budameru inundation appraisal is based on the survey of topography and location information collected from secondary beginnings. There was non much information made available with regard to the regulator release at the Velagaleru Village.
Budameru canal has already been randomly blocked by developments and invasions ensuing in 1000s of people abandoning their shelters to safe topographic points, loss of belongings, go forthing unhygienic environment for hebdomads.
Colony along the river class, the huge land pockets on both the sides of the rill in New Rajarajeswari Peta, and the Rajeev Nagar country are the outstanding low lying countries prove to deluge catastrophe.
Quantified Budameru Water discharge during inundations
Sl.
No.
Date & A ; Year
Discharge Through
Entire
Discharge
in cusecs
Budameru in cusecs
Diversion
Channel in
Cusecs
Budameru
Course
Cusecs
( below
reguletor )
1
9.9.62
5900
2923
8823
2
22.8.63
6150
6168
12318
3
22.9.64
11125
28470
39595
4
19.5.69
7500
18580
26080
5
21.8.71
526
3196
3722
6
10.8.76
2225
14784
17009
7
31.7.78
6150
16302
22452
8
6.10.83
4250
9600
13850
9
13.8.86
6800
13200
20000
10
23.7.89
10625
24371
34996
11
11.5.90
7800
24473
32273
12
23.9.91
7500
18572
26072
13
24.8.2000
7850
3699
11549
14
20.9.2005
10945
14000
24945
15
20.9.2005
9900
7100
17000
Beginning: Irrigation Dept
Rain and Flood specifics
Flood flow ( Cusecs )
Year
Rainfall ( MM )
Flood flow ( Cusecs )
Actual
Normal
1988-89
1264
1029
24371
1989-90
1580
1029
24473
1990-91
921
1029
18572
2005-06
1239
1034
14000
2008-09
1188
1034
7100
Flood field
While Krishna River deluging affects to the inundation fields on the exterior of the embankments, but the Budameru River affects the full North and North western portion of the metropolis. This is chiefly due to the limited carrying capacity of the Budameru river channel and deficiency of sufficient mechanisms to run out the extra H2O during terrible rain into the Krishna River.
The job arises when Budameru catchment gets more than mean rainfall within 24 – 48 hours. This leads to the reservoir in the Velagaleru small town reach critical degree coercing the irrigation section to let go of H2O doing inundations in Vijayawada.
Adding rain H2O from local catchment and Hills.
2. The colonies
The population growing of the metropolis has led to the slow motion of people towards the pes of the hills, which subsequently led to enlargement in to the inundation zones. Even though much of these colonies are unauthorised the municipality efforts to provide to the basic demands of these illegal colonies by supplying services such as roads, H2O supply and sanitation. These privileges have farther encouraged the colonies in spread outing in the high incline / hazard prone countries.
Other grounds
Non executable house buildings
Silt uping of drains
Back H2O due to conjution in storm H2O ( HB settlement, Bhavnipuram )
Raising the route degrees in inundation way
Busying the inundation bunds
Cuting the bund for development activities like coach shelters, beautification etc ( Singh Nagar )
Less consciousness about the state of affairs and carelessness about the job among people.
Besides this chocking storm rain H2O canals, penstock and back H2O besides cause the Budameru inundation badly and damage the lives and belongings
Elevation inside informations of likely Flood affected countries with Budameru
Area
Elevation
Longitude
Latitude
75 Ft.
16032’21.66 ” Nitrogen
80038’28.52 ”
Tocopherol
Vambay Colony
68 Ft.
16032’14.17 ” Nitrogen
80039’17.80 ”
Tocopherol
R.R.Pet
72 Ft.
16031’59.80 ” Nitrogen
80037’47.60 ”
Tocopherol
Budameru at New
R.R.Pet
67 Ft.
16032’07.69 ” Nitrogen
80037’53.65 ”
Tocopherol
Rajeev Nagar
67 Ft.
16032’15.18 ” Nitrogen
80039’12.40 ”
Tocopherol
R.R.Peta field
67 Ft.
16032’43.98 ” Nitrogen
80037’25.68 ”
Tocopherol
Jakkampudi
91 Ft.
16035’01.71 ” Nitrogen
80036’55.58 ”
Tocopherol
LBS Nagar
68 Ft.
16032’59.87 ” Nitrogen
80036’55.58 ”
Tocopherol
Andhra Patrika
Colony
16033’00.92 ” Nitrogen
80038’41.56 ”
Tocopherol
Rajeev Nagar
64 Ft.
16033’22.73 ” Nitrogen
80038’45.93 ”
Tocopherol
LBS Nagar
68 Ft.
16032’57.55 ” Nitrogen
80038’58.98 ”
Tocopherol
S. No.
population
Area ( Sq
kilometer )
Circle
Division
Areas
1
7744.5
0.64
I
29
Rotary nagar, Ekalayvya nagar, Urmila subbarao nagar, ambedkar route, Kabela
2
7396.5
0.49
30
KLRao Nagar
7814.5
0.21
31
Deenadayal
Nagar, Ambedkar nagar
4
7861
0.94
27
Ambedkar Road
5
15201
1.25
28
Housingboard settlement, Labor settlement
Subtotal
46017.5
3.53
6
10
15
15355
0.33
2
36
Deenadayal
Nagar, Ambedkar nagar
16
13023
0.56
49
Old RR Peta
17
14092
4.21
52
New RR peta, Arunodya nagar, Tammina Durga Rao Nagar, Nandamuri Nagar
18
14641
0.65
55
Indira nayak Nagar, Kanakadurga Nagar, Andhra Patrika Colony
19
14723
1.56
53
RK Puram, Vijayadurga nagar, Devinagar
20
13671
0.68
51
Ayodhya nagar
21
13234
0.44
57
LBS Nagar, Patel nagar
22
13904
1.39
58
Old Rajeev Nagar, Vaddera Colny, VUDA settlement, New Rajeev nagar
23
13490
2.71
59
Radha Nagar, Prajasakthi Nagar, Kandrika Bose Nagar ( NSC
24
13927
0.35
54
Singh Nagar
25
13253
1.36
56
Vambey Colony
subtotal
153313
14.24
11
23
26
14029
5.93
3
1
Sangam Road, Gandhiji settlement, Karmel Nagar, Joseph Nagar
subtotal
14029
5.93
1
4
All these H2O channels contribute in run outing the surface run off from the metropolis and hence have been referred as the major drainage countries of the metropolis.
In most portion of the metropolis, there are no separate systems to transport the sewerage and storm H2O individually. Except for 390 km length of the roads, where UGD exists, the remainder of the route side drains besides serve as cloacas round the twelvemonth. In fact, save during the monsoon months spread over July-September, the remainder of the twelvemonth, the drains carry merely the sewerage. Besides during the monsoons, the effluent from the kitchen and lavatories get diluted with the storm H2O. The chief drainage system of the metropolis is narrated in the undermentioned paragraphs.
Budameru Channel is the major drainage channel of the drainage country and receives the surface overflow from the catchment country.
The drainage country covers the south-eastern portion of the metropolis. Most portion of the nucleus urban country, viz. , Krishna Lanka, GovernorPet, Punnamma Thota, Kasturibai Pet, Moghalrajpuram and Badavpet lie in this drainage country. The river Krishna is the concluding receiver of the storm H2O overflow from this drainage country through a figure of roadside drains. Bandar canal towards the E across the drainage country besides carries a significant measure of storm overflow every bit good as sullage, sewerage from the drainage country.
The country under this drainage country is extremely developed except for portion of Gunadala hill. Gandhi Nagar, Durga Agraharam, Durgapuram, Chuttugunta, Maruti Nagar and Machavaram are major high denseness vicinities in this drainage country.
The drainage country comprises southwesterly portion of the metropolis. The old town country every bit good as premier vicinities viz. Mahatipuram, Wynchipet, Mallikarjuna Pet, Vidyadhrapuram and a figure of lodging settlements are located within the drainage country. The drainage country has a extremely undulating topography with Indrakiladri hills located within it. The topography is inclining downwards from north to south. Almost the full measure of storm H2O overflow is led towards the river Krishna by a figure of roadside drains. The present drain lengths are at an mean ratio of 1.04 with the bing route lengths which is really less than the minimal criterions. So maintaining in position the topographical characteristics of the metropolis, new drains have been proposed with an mean length ratio of 1.5 with the bing route lengths.
I
373.39
23.68
141.5
165.1855
44.24
306.69
0
Two
210.81
23.58
140.86
164.434
78
305.29
170
Three
656.52
39.42
235.52
274.9385
41.88
510.46
222
The bing UGD system covers merely 21 % of VMC cardinal zone country and other drainage systems cover 49 % . Rest of the 30 % of the metropolis country lacks proper drainage system.
As of 2004, there are around 1120 kilometer of drains in the full metropolis and 896 drain cleaners work for the operation and care. This is said to be unequal ensuing in hapless quality of care of drains.
Long stretches of drain are kutcha.
Storm H2O drainage web is inefficient and inadequate in about all the wards of the metropolis
Few countries like Ajit Singh Nagar, Payakapuram and Prakash Nagar are prone to deluging during heavy rains because of Budamerru watercourse.
Deluging of roads by sewerage occurs due to encroachment, silting and solid waste dumping on the drainage channels, which lead to the canals in the metropolis.
To supply cost effectual UGD system or closed drains to cover all countries of circle II and III to heighten the environmental quality and hygienic status in the City.
Upgradation of bing kutcha drains to pucca drains
Provision of pucca drains in new developing countries of the metropolis.
To hold a stopping point tie up with PWD for set abouting betterment programmes for supplying Storm Water Drains including the desilting plant of the canals in the metropolis.
To clear invasions along the drainage channel to ease smooth flow of storm H2O and to maintain the country clean and to cut down the pollution along the canals. This will heighten the linkage between the reservoirs to hive away rainwater in the Town.
Hazard Assessment ( Krishna River )
S.No
Hazard
Parameters
Genereal Assessment
Hazard Appraisal
1
( Krisna Flood )
Annual Rainfall
Scope of Annual Rainfall is 700-1000mm is making inundation in NE and SW Monsoons
2.
Water catchment
Hugh H2O catchment country near about 13.68Sq kilometers
Can be able to keep upto 7 hundred thousand cusecs
3.
Barrage capacity
Barrage H2O keeping capacity 12lakhs cusecs
Can keep upto 12 hundred thousand cusecs if exceeds dam failure may happen
4.
Time to make flood H2O from upper catchment
2 to 4 yearss depending on the rainfall
Local catchment, influx of local watercourses besides increase the inundation strength
5.
Shape of River
Rectangular form with consecutive inundation bank
13 kilometer and 6.40 kilometer of flood Bankss, But tallness of the inundation bank is being diminishing downwards.
6.
Dirt
Black cotton dirt and alluvial dirt which hold wet for maximal clip
7.
Land growing
Very less land can be observed
8.
Drain
Even there is no UGD in many countries of inundation zone, but storm H2O drains were built. Apart from these, three penstocks were connected to let go of the drain H2O into the Krishna river.
These penstocks will work contrary by taking back H2O
9.
Elevation
43 m to 60 m height
Very near to deluge bank tallness
Hazard Assessment ( Budameru )
S.No
Hazard
Parameters
General Assessment
Hazard Appraisal
1.
Flood Risk Assessment
( Budameru inundation )
Annual rainfall
Scope of one-year rainfall is 700-1000 millimeter is making inundation in NE and SW monsoons
2.
Water catchment
Huge H2O catchment country near about 23.7 sq kilometer
Huge country than Krishna flood country
3.
Regulator capacity
Regulator at Velagaleru can keep 35000 cusecs of H2O
Highest country than Krishna flood country
4.
Time to make flood H2O from upper catchment
2 to few hours to one twenty-four hours depending on the rainfall
5.
Shape of river
Irregular form with no or less flood Bankss and less tallness ( 1 pess to 1 metre merely )
This is the 1 of major cause
6.
Dirt
Black cotton and ruddy gravelly dirt which holds wet for less clip
Water sinking nature is less
7.
Land growing
Other than in residential countries, thorny shrubs, grass growing is more
8.
Contaminated nutrient
Food cooked in unhygienic conditions is doing people badly with nutrient toxicant, purging etc
9.
Health installations
Health Centres are non holding appropriate vaccinums and drugs
10.
Sanitation
Poor sanitation in Krishna and Budameru inundation zones are doing people ill
Causative factors
Possible hazard
Extreme individual twenty-four hours or two twenty-four hours rainfall in the Krishna catchment when the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir is full. Such happening is possible due to cyclonal activities ( including depression ) in either Bay of Bengal or Arabian sea
Floods in southern portion of the metropolis including countries inside of the embankments, possible breach of embankments, line of life services including H2O supply, sanitation and electricity may be damaged/affected
Extreme individual twenty-four hours or two twenty-four hours rainfall in the Budameru catchment during the tail terminal of monsoon
Floods in north and north western pars of Vijayawada metropolis
Extreme individual twenty-four hours or two twenty-four hours rainfall in Vijayawada due to cyclones
Damagess to edifices, inundations within the metropolis and possible flood of canal followed by wellness hazard
Extenuation steps are really of import stage of catastrophe direction. They will assist to cut down the loss and increase the capacity of people in pull offing the catastrophes.
S.No.
Name of the activity
Estimate ( Rs in
Lahks )
Agency
Work Status
1
As per the edifice byelaws 1981, no permission to build a edifice on site shall be granted, if the site is within 9 metres of the highest H2O grade of a armored combat vehicle.
1a
Further the authorization may
necessitate the floor of the lowest floor of such edifice to be raised above the normal minimal inundation degree of the bordering to land or to such other degree as the authorization may order
2
Shift or curtail the people populating in flood Bankss to safe topographic point by supplying all comfortss
2a
Shift to impermanent Centres when having the 1st warning
2b
Krishna Bund beef uping at Krishnalanka, Anadheevinagar,
Bhupesh Gupta Nagar
50
SE, Irrigation
initiated the
work
3
Krishna bund building
from Police Colony to Yanamala Kuduru
5000
work initiated
but stopped due
to communal
struggles
4
Raising the free board of Krishna inundation bunds from 1.5 meters to 2 metres
SE, Irrigation
have been
submitted for
K.L.F. Bank and
K.R.F. Banks
5
Switch the dwellers of the inundation zone of Budameru impermanent or lasting displacement the dwellers of the inundation zone of Budameru impermanent or lasting
Commissioner, VMC
6.
Stop busying the Budameru bund from Singh Nagar to NSC Bose Nagar
7.
Supplying Road side rain H2O drains at Bandar route
5196
Commissioner
, VMC
initiated the work
8.
Supplying Road side rain H2O drains Ayyappanagar Road
1948
Commissioner
, VMC
yet to get down
9.
Supplying Underground drainage and sewer lines
and building of sump
semen [ Pump house ]
232
Commissioner
, VMC
yet to get down
10.
Construction of Flood Bankss for Krishna River and Budameru Floods
10400
Selenium: Irrigation, Commissioner
, VMC
yet to get down
11
The proposals for raising the free board have been submitted for K.L.F. Bank and K.R.F. Banks.
SE, Irriataion
yet to get down
12
building of electrical grave yard Ramalingeswar Nagar
120
Commissioner
VMC
yet to get down
13
building of 10 shelters /Rehabliataion shelters at
Safe zones
300
Commissioner
VMC
yet to get down
14
Procuring deliverance equipment at assorted locations
20
Commissioner
VMC
yet to get down
15
switching and building Housing degree Fahrenheit or the Krishna flood bank occupants
52000
Commissioner
VMC
yet to get down
16
Renovation or building of safe schools and supplying safety equipment at schools
50
DYEO, VMC
yet to get down
17
securing nutrient for inundation effected people
20
POUCD, VMC
yet to get down
18
Supplying wellness cantonments and Medicine stock
20
CMHO VMC
yet to get down
19
Provision of Food to breastfeeding female parents and Babies and kids under 6 old ages
20
PDw & A ; C
yet to get down
20
Reconstruction of rubbish or spoilt roads in many points of the metropolis to protect form H2O stagnancy
50
R & A ; B
Dy. SE.
yet to get down
20a
Filling and mending the ditches and exposed route
yet to get down
21
Construction of 50 carnal sheds at safe zones
10
Joint Director
Animal
Farming
yet to get down
22
Identify the high milk production and other animate being or bird production countries, based on that penchant should be given to supply all steps to those cowss and birds safety and generation
Joint Director
Animal
Farming
yet to get down
Entire
23436
Budameru inundations
S.No.
Name of the activity
Estimate ( Rs in
Lahks )
Agency
work Status
1
As per the edifice byelaws 1981, no permission to build a edifice on site shell be granted, if the site is within 9 metres of the highest H2O grade of a armored combat vehicle
1a
Further the authorization may necessitate the floor of the lowest
floor of such edifice to be raised above the normal
minimal flood degree of the bordering to land or to such
other degree as the authorization may order
2
Construction of Storm H2O drain along interior pealing route
between Pipula route to Kanakadurganagar chief route
83.34
Chief Engineer
VMC
Initiated the work
2a
displacement to impermanent Centres when H2O degree
Commissioner
VMC
3
Construction of Storm H2O drain along Railway path from RR Peta railroad degree traversing to Budameru Bridge.
134
Chief Engineer
VMC
Initiated the work
4
Construction of Storm H2O drain along Nuzvid route from
Pipula route to Rly.Track side church in Singhnagar.
196.78
Chief Engineer
VMC
yet to get down
5
Construction of Storm H2O drain along interior pealing route
between Pipula route to Kanakadurganagar chief route
356.57
Executive
Engineer 2 VMC
yet to get down
6
De-silting of all the kutcha drains and besides for wholly along this impermanent drains provided up to 33 blowholes in being taken up by VMC proposed to supply 800 / 900 / 1000mm Defense Intelligence Agency available fresh pipes of VMC can be used in 2 or 3 rows at of import crossings with sufficient breadth for cart transition wheresoever necessary to ease the husbandmans field to halt the obstructor of H2O flow
10
Executive
Engineer, VGTM
UDA,
Annual maintanance
7
As per historical information, inundation flow coming from upper catchment countries and existent run- off coming over the bing IRR, as sheet of H2O has to be assessed. The IRR will move as retaining wall which leads to flood in the catchment country and ensuing submerging of habited countries.
Executive
Engineer, R & A ; B,
and Executive
Engineer,
Drain, VMC
8
Strengthen the Budameru bund and protect it from Rodents, illegal plowing for attack way, remotion of bund clay for other intent
20411
9
Raise the culverters on Budameru drain and keep the route degree ever low.
Sc, Irrigataion
initiated
the work
9a
desilting, de weeding of the Budameru drain
10
Protecting wall through habitations from Budameru drain
Commissioner
, VMC SI, Police,
SI, VMC
yet to
Begin
11
Irregular form of the Drain should do as strait line so that H2O drains fast and inundates slow and H2O acquire percolates into the dirt.
Sc, Irrigation
yet to
Begin
12
Provide work force to supervise such invasion or authorization to convey down the constructions which have encroached into the flood Bankss.
Sc, Irrigataion
Commissioner
, VMC
Commissioner,
VMC
AC ( G ) , VMC
yet to
Begin
13
Houses should build above drain degree. ( 2 metres high )
Commissioner
, VMC
CE/SC/EE, VMC
CP, VGTM,
EE, Housing
yet to
Begin
The survey country ( Vijayawada metropolis ) is extremely affected by the inundation and it is necessary to place the factors responsible and the impact inundation has on Vijayawada. As a portion of the survey the parts which are affected by the old inundations have been mentioned, the effects of the Budameru canal and Krishna River on the metropolis have been discussed. The hazard appraisal of the Budameru canal and the Krishna River has been done. Increase in the H2O degrees of Krishna River and the Budameru canal are the chief grounds for the implosion therapy of the metropolis. The local governments and the authorities are working difficult to do the metropolis less prone to inundations. The jeopardy hazard of the part can non be mitigated wholly but the exposure of the part can be reduced by proper planning and execution of catastrophe direction.
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