Background of the Research:
Human mistakes have been reported one of the significant patron of the mishaps in the flight business (Maurino et al. 2017). While ordinarily associated with flight operations, human oversight has in like manner starting late transformed into a significant stress in upkeep practices and air development organization. Boeing human components specialists work with draftsmen, pilots, and mechanics to apply the latest finding out about the interface between human execution and business planes to help overseers improve prosperity and profitability in their step by step operations (Barfield and Dingus 2014).
The expression “human components” has turned out to be continuously outstanding as the business aeronautics industry has comprehended that human oversight, rather than mechanical disillusionment, underlies most flight accident and scenes. If interpreted scarcely, human parts is much of the time saw as synonymous with gathering resource organization (CRM) or bolster resource organization (MRM). Regardless, it is altogether more broad in both its learning base and degree (Stanton, Salmon and Rafferty 2013). Human factors incorporates gathering information about human limits, imperatives, and diverse credits and applying it to instruments, machines, systems, assignments, jobs, and circumstances to make protected, pleasing, and effective human use. In flying, human parts is resolved to better perceiving how individuals can most safely and viably be fused with the development (Antonovsky, Pollock and Straker 2014). That cognizance is then changed over into design, get ready, systems, or philosophy to help individuals perform better.
Aim:
The primary of this specific research study is to concentrate the effect of Human Factor towards Aircraft Technician in Malaysia Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) Company. In this setting the present status of the human blunders and mishaps will be broke down in subtle elements. At that point the concentration of the exploration study will be given to give some appropriate suggestions for the SAE MRO in aviation industry.
Human instead of specialized disappointments now speak to the best danger to complex and possibly dangerous framework. Expanding number of upkeep and examination mistakes has been the ascent of this Human Factor research and mediations here. The human in flight upkeep can conceptualize as a man machine framework. With a specific end goal to accomplish the coveted of Human Factor, a comprehension is required of the many components, which influence to the execution of specialist, and coming about the nature of framework yield. It additionally connected to streamline the fit amongst individuals and frameworks in which they work with a specific end goal to enhance wellbeing and execution. By utilizing this data, proposal can be configuration to limit the mistake, as air ship are accessible as required are ok for flight.
Human Factor Suggestion
HF recommendations for enhancing the plan and operations of mechanized air ship are accumulated under the pennant of human-focused outline (Billings, 1997 for a reexamined variant). The current literature identified with human-focused plan underscores five unique perspectives that ought to be incorporated into a proficient human elements technique regard for human expert, regard for human nature, the requirement for a superior traceability of decisions, the requirement for an early and worldwide systemic approach amid outline, and the requirement for an alternate perspective in deciphering and utilizing flight encounter information through aeronautics announcing frameworks.
Legitimately, the authorities and field have requested a more technique driven approach and better preparing to diminish these sorts of team no adherence to strategy. In any case, the industry immediately understood that shortsighted arrangements had additionally constrains. From one perspective, the quantity of directions, techniques, and agendas has developed impressively in the previous 10 years, capsuling the aeronautics framework into an exceptionally regulating environment with related downsides of moderate advancement and uncontrolled getaways.
Definitive structure must bolster picking work helps and get ready system in flight upkeep affiliation (Shepherd, Johnson, Drury, Taylor, and Berninger, 1991). Sadasivan et. al. (2004, 9 – 10 March) have depicted that PC based get ready and virtual the reality of the situation are moreover fruitful strategy for get ready. Endsley and Robertson (2000) highlighted that inside and out arranged maintainers’ increment high situational care that drove them to submit less missteps and to fulfill higher upkeep execution.
In prior 2006, the basic premises and working implications of SMS, peril organization, and the possibility of a wellbeing idea were brought into the classroom address some portion of the three-credit hour senior level course, AT 402, Aircraft Airworthiness Assurance. The class contained two hours of address and three hours of hands-on research office experience each week. At in the first place, understudies were familiar with the possibility of SMS through introduction to major speculation and implications of SMS. This was capable through classroom address transport, close by research assignments on aviation disaster logical examinations and prosperity essentials of regulatory associations around the world. The goal was to outline a learning base and application framework for developing the SMS thought into the suitable, hands-on research office bit of the course in succeeding semesters. A rational, hands-on approach was a complete goal acknowledged to be of most unmistakable impact to learning SMS, where understudies could put speculation into practice. The contemplation was to join SMS thoughts with focus specific and expert abilities required by the present course material.
As far back as the initially controlled flight by the Wright Brothers flight in 1903, people have assembled and flown air ship, which implies human blunder has constantly assumed a part in wellbeing. Be that as it may, it was not until 1988, when the skin of an Aloha carriers Boeing 737 tore open in flight, did the FAA lead the primary authority security meeting concerning flying machine upkeep exercises (Lu, 2003). From that point forward, the blast in human variables inquires about demonstrates that analysts, alongside the FAA, comprehend the impact human components hangs on mechanics execution. In any case, teaching analysts on the significance of decreasing human mistake won’t enhance wellbeing. Avionics security will be enhanced when AMT’s and others required in air ship upkeep have a full comprehension of the impacts of human components and can perceive when at least one of these variables influence execution and wellbeing.
To really fight botch, all laborers including organization must get a positive culture or condition of security. In the Advisory Circular 120-72, the FAA admonishes that senior organization take no under three exercises to make and keep up a positive security culture. Upper organization must make rules and longings that complement safe work practices and give the fitting resources for reliably meet the benchmarks. Besides, the FAA proposes realizing spurring power programs that reward secured and trustworthy lead (AC 120-72). Appallingly that prosperity is not inspiration enough, yet rather all over people require to some degree extra drive to make the target individual instead of a definitive goal.
The whole research paper will be subdivided into five different chapters. The name and brief descriptions of the five chapters are given in the section below:
Chapter 1: Introduction – This is the first chapter of the research paper. Brief presentation on the chose subject is given in this section. Alongside that, foundation, reason and importance of the review were likewise exhibited by the specialist to drive the examination think about towards right course. The analyst has likewise examine points, goals and inquiries to give a support to the whole work.
Chapter 2: Literature Review –In this area, basic knowledge regarding the research topic and area has been developed with keen charging administration framework and its utilization in the electric vehicles has thought about. This setting helps the analyst to dissect the charging administration standards for electric vehicles to make a reasonable inference toward the finish of the work. These hypotheses likewise distinguished the holes between genuine ramifications with hypothetical confirmations.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology –Appropriate research handle, alongside research procedures, logic, approach and configuration continues with the review in a standard organization. Blended approach of subjective and quantitative investigation procedure has chosen by the specialist to break down the gathered information from essential and optional sources. With this, spellbinding plan has picked by the scientist to adjust the hypothetical learning to functional applications.
Chapter 4: Data Collection and Analysis –With a specific end goal to lead the work legitimately and to improve the nature of work, information are gathered from essential and auxiliary sources. This investigation is portrayed in this area. This information examination area extricates important data which can be channelized in this exploration work.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation -This part finishes up the work by connecting the examination goals with the writing audit and information investigation segment. Point by point examination of these elements highlights the significant motivation behind this exploration work.
The aviation industry has seen a large number of developments with the passage of time along with the development of technology and tools for action. According to Wickens (2014) the Human factor is the study of human performance and behavior for the completion of any functions and operations. The humans play a very significant role in the development of the technology and formation of better tools and system. The maintenance, repair and refurbish of the aviation products had been managed by the aircraft technicians (Diller et al. 2014). The aircraft technicians had been using the development of technology for easing the operations of the aircraft management. The aviation industries had been largely stimulated and managed by the human influence and working capability.
The following literature review had been done for analyzing the impact of human technicians for the development of human impact on the project operations. The increment of the system development had compiled the employment of information structural development for the aviation industries. The primary concepts of analysis for the role of aviation technician in the aviation industries and development of airline products are explanation of key factors (Palmer et al. 2013). The complete literature review would be based on the role played by human technicians for the Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul of the Aircraft technician by the human factor impact.
The safety in the aviation industry can be obtained through the minimizing of the errors caused during the operations and system. Akai et al. (2016) illustrated that the errors created by the human have more negative impact on the aviation safety rather than the technical failures. According to Grosse et al. (2015), the technological errors occurred in the aviation industry have been buffered by various technological advances. Evaluating the impact of human error in the form of both incident and accident that occurs in the aviation industry attributes to various errors and operation failures. Arif, Gupta and Williams(2013) have characterized human errors into various divisions such as operations exceeding the minimum acceptable limit, inaction and human action exceeds the tolerable limit I operations. In addition to that, failure in achieving the target of random occurrence of events had caused a significant number of errors in the aviation industries. The aviation error had resulted in forming the issues of the flight crash and failure. The flight crash had resulted in causing threat to lives, damage of property, and sudden loss to the aviation industries.
The development of the technology had resulted in the developing the operations of the aviation industries and formation for the improved functionality. However, Barkhuizenet al. (2014) had pointed that the aviation industries had been facing major issues in their functions that has resulted in causing malfunctioning and the flight related issues. The major issues had been caused due to the human imperfection and the issues in designing of the aviation planes. The natural issues include the decaying of the parts, chemical reactions in turbulence causing it to become slow, and the weather retorted that had resulted in causing the problems for the flights of the aircrafts.
The aviation plane crash had been resulted due to errors of the design and sluggish operations of the design. According to Berthon et al. (2012), the most common reasons behind the cause of plan accidents is the Mechanical Error. The mechanical error had been caused due to some errors in the system that results in failing the critical system of the aviation plane. The mechanical errors had a significant impact for disrupting the overall flying functionalities of the flight and resulting in final crash of the plane. Authors like Turney (2017), had pointed that another major flaw that had resulted in the crash of the plane is the Pilot’s Fault. The pilot’s fault is the error caused by human nature and it is initiated by the slight carelessness of the pilot during flying of the plane. The slight issue would result in causing the major crash of plane. The issues had resulted in causing disruptive flaw of the activities such as flight, engine not working properly, equipment’s failure, and unable to realize the mechanical errors. The pilot is responsible for flying the activities of the flight and dealing with minor glitches in the airplane system. Some other human made errors include the Errors by Air Traffic Controllers (Seager et al. 2013). The air traffic controllers had to manage and points out the issues and traffic for the organization. The slack in the errors had cause the planes to crash into the mountains, trees, and buildings.
The aviation issues had been caused by human made and technical related issues of the aviation industry. As opined by Maurino et al. (2017), the issues of the aviation industry had been caused due to the errors of incomplete/improper installation, damage in installation, missing equipment, damage of foreign object, and inactive components. The impact of these issues had resulted in damaging the operation of the aviation industries. The description of the issues have been given below,
Errors of incomplete/improper installation: The errors of incomplete/improper installation had resulted in damaging the operations of the aviation industries. This type of error is caused by the lack of the complete installation of the parts of the aviation plane. It had been seen that the plane had failed to deploy and carry on its activities due to malfunctioning of some parts (Barfield and Dingus 2014). The issue in installation had resulted in decreasing the functionality of operations of the system.
Damage in installation: Damage in installation is another major cause that had resulted in malfunctioning of the aviation planes. The damage of installation can happen at the time of installing the component due to any compatibility issue. The damage in installation would result in causing the plane to be unable for malfunctioning (Stanton, Salmon and Rafferty 2013). The issues of damage had been caused when the implementer would cause any harm to the part or component being implemented.
Missing Equipment: The missing equipment is the error caused when the implementer missed implementing any crucial part. The missing equipment in the aviation plane had caused the system not being able to complete the processes of the aviation industries (Wickens 2014). The missing equipments would result in the system not being able to perform compactly.
Damage of foreign objects: The damage of external components would result in delaying the activities of the aviation plane and in the flight operations. The damage operations would be resulted due to the human activities (Menon et al. 2015).
Inactive components: The inactive components of the aviation structure had a significant impact on the issues of the aviation industry. The plane had to suffer from the improper activities of the inactive components. The system components that would be inactive would delay the operations of the aviation industries and flight operations.
Mitigation strategies: The development of simple and compact tools would help in forming the mitigation strategies for the issues of the aviation activities. The mitigation strategies had been built focusing on the issues faced and the available technology for development. The strategies would be made from the civil point of view and it includes use of better quality of products, implementation of control system, and analyzing caused of the accidents made by human. The use of better quality of components would result in increasing the probabilities of the better and improved functionalities of the aviation industries. It is imputable that the components of the aviation plane had to be more effective and better quality for keeping the aviation operations more structural and compact. The better quality of components would help in keeping the aviation plane secured from damage and issues (Qasim and Zafar 2016). The implementation of control strategies would help in forming the development of aviation industries. The control strategies would be helpful for analyzing and researching for the issues of aviation problems. The data driven issues had hold the effective and sponsorship for dealing with the mechanical failure. The use of the process of analysis of the accidents caused by investigating and preventing the accidents in the aviation industries.
The contemporary maintenance problems of the aviation industries include the human error in the maintenance and flaws of investigating the aircraft. It is important for dealing with this issue of aircraft industries. The aircraft maintenance and inspection duty would help in easily removing the errors caused by the improper aircraft maintenance and investigation. The aircraft maintenance training can be done by the use of SHEL model. The SHEL model is useful for illustrating the model for the components of training activities of aviation maintenance (Wickens 2014). The software, hardware, environment, and livewire components had been helpful for developing the conditions for the intended aid for the aviation industries.
Another model that could be used for realizing the importance of aviation industry for the operations of flight is James reason’s model. The model would be helpful for critically evaluating the reason behind the causes of the accidents at the aviation industries. The latent failures and active failures would help in deciding and finding the reasons for the accident causes. The elements of James reason model is dependent on a single line of action and they are decision making, line management, preconditions, productive activities, and defenses.
The Aviation Technology Maintenance Laboratory had already implemented SMS or safety management system for their testing and other activities. However, Turney (2017) have pointed that safety culture is helpful for defining the way by which the safety in the Aviation Technology Maintenance Laboratory had been perceived. The safety culture helps in reflecting the real commitment for all levels of the organization of aviation. The safety culture survey consists of some specific methods for determining the measures of safety. The methods are questionnaire analysis and feedbacks to the system. According to Antonovsky, Pollock and Straker (2014), the method of determining the safety culture in the organization includes identification of key issues, understanding the issues, analysis of the issues, prioritizing the issues, giving feedbacks to the staff and management, and improving the strategies.
Identification of key issues: The first phase of the safety culture for the Aviation Technology Maintenance Laboratory is the identification of the key issues in the aviation operations. The key issues would be identified in this step that could bring about the failure of the operations of the aviation industries. The issues identified in the aviation industries and their operations include the issue of improper and bad quality of components, failure of the key components, and security issues.
Understanding the issues: According to Diller et al. (2014), the technological errors occurred in the aviation industry have been buffered by various technological advances. The phase of understanding the issues is characterized by the realizing the impact of the issues on the operations of the aviation industries.
Analysis of the issues: The human errors into various divisions such as operations exceeding the minimum acceptable limit, inaction and human action exceeds the tolerable limit I operations. The natural issues include the decaying of the parts, chemical reactions in turbulence causing it to become slow, and the weather retorted that had resulted in causing the problems for the flights of the aircrafts (Grosse et al. 2015).
Prioritizing the issues: The aviation industries had been facing major issues in their functions that has resulted in causing malfunctioning and the flight related issues. The major issues had been caused due to the human imperfection and the issues in designing of the aviation planes.
As per explained by Grosse et al. (2015), giving feedbacks to the staff and management and improving the strategies forms the mitigation of the issues of the aviation industries for their operations. The strategies would be made from the civil point of view and it includes use of better quality of products, implementation of control system, and analyzing caused of the accidents made by human. The use of better quality of components would result in increasing the probabilities of the better and improved functionalities of the aviation industries. The implementation of control strategies would help in forming the development of aviation industries. The use of the process of analysis of the accidents caused by investigating and preventing the accidents in the aviation industries.
Team Responsibility Group obligation has its points of interest and hindrances. The preferences are that every individual from the gathering should feel in charge of the yield of that gathering, not only their own yield as an individual, and should work towards guaranteeing that the entire item is protected. This may include cross-checking others’ work (notwithstanding when not entirely required), or affably difficult others on the off chance that you surmise that something is not exactly right. The burden of gathering obligation is that it can conceivably act against wellbeing, with duty being declined to such a degree, to the point that nobody feels actually in charge of security (alluded to as dispersion of obligation). Here, a person all alone may make a move, however once set inside a gathering circumstance, they may not act if none of the other gathering individuals do as such. Every individual from the gathering or group accepting that “another person will do it.” This is developed further in the segment on associate weight later in this part. Other perceived marvels related with gathering or group working and duty regarding choices and activities which airplane upkeep professionals ought to know about are: Intergroup strife, Group polarization and Free Loading Intergroup struggle in which circumstances develop where a little gathering may act strongly as a group, yet competitions may emerge between this group and others (e.g., amongst specialists and organizers, between movements, between groups at various locales, and so on.). This may have suggestions as far as obligation, with groups neglecting to share duty between them. This is especially appropriate to change of obligation at move handovers, where individuals from the friendly move may feel no “ethical” duty regarding Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance. Now and again, assemble polarization brings about more careful choices (Antonovsky, Pollock and Straker 2014). Then again, in different circumstances, a gathering may land at a game-plan that is more hazardous than that which any individual part may seek after. This is known as dangerous move. Another case of gathering polarization is mindless obedience in which the craving of the gathering to achieve consistent assention abrogates any individual motivation to receive appropriate, balanced (and dependable) basic leadership systems. Free Loading is the propensity for a few people to work less hard on an assignment when they trust others are taking a shot at it. At the end of the day, they consider that their own particular endeavors will be pooled with that of other gathering individuals and not found in seclusion (Diller et al. 2014).
Duty is an imperative issue in air ship support designing and should be tended to by authorizing, directions, and systems, as well as by instruction and preparing and an endeavor to energize a culture of shared, however not diffused, obligation. Inspiration and De-inspiration Motivated conduct is objective coordinated, deliberate conduct, and no human conduct happens without some sort of inspiration supporting it. In airplane support, professionals are prepared to do the undertakings inside their capacity. Be that as it may, it is to a great extent their inspiration which figures out what they really do in any given circumstance. In this way, inspiration mirrors the distinction between what a man can do and what they will do. Inspiration is typically thought to be a positive instead of a negative constrain in that it animates one to accomplish different things. Be that as it may, on the grounds that somebody is spurred, this does not intend to state that they are making the best choice (Antonovsky, Pollock and Straker 2014). Much inspiration can be considered as an essential human drive that stirs, coordinates, and maintains all human conduct. For the most part, we say a man is roused in the event that they are making a move to accomplish something. Crooks are exceptionally energetic for example. Inspiration is hard to quantify and anticipate. We are altogether spurred by various things, for instance, a craftsman may endeavor over numerous months to finish an artistic creation that may never offer, though a specialist may relinquish all family life in quest for money related achievement. Concerning flight security, being suitably roused is crucial. Preferably, airplane upkeep professionals should be roused to work in a sheltered and proficient way. Be that as it may, many components may make clashing inspirations supersede this perfect. For example, the inspiration of some money related reward, or de-inspiration of working outside in extraordinary cool climate may prompt less thought of wellbeing and improve the probability of hazard taking, corner cutting, disregarding systems, et cetera. Flying machine upkeep professionals ought to know about clashing inspirations that influence their activities and endeavor to look at their inspirations for working absolutely.
The human factors that have negative impact on the Mechanics Performance are lack of knowledge, sluggish communication, fatigue, lack of resources, and pressure. It is prominent that these factors have a sincere impact on the failure in achieving the target of random occurrence of events had caused a significant number of errors in the aviation industries. The aviation error had resulted in forming the issues of the flight crash and failure. The flight crash had resulted in causing threat to lives, damage of property, and sudden loss to the aviation industries. The major issues had been caused due to the human imperfection and the issues in designing of the aviation planes. The air traffic controllers had to manage and points out the issues and traffic for the organization. The slack in the errors had cause the planes to crash into the mountains, trees, and buildings.
Conclusion
The literature review had been done for analyzing the impact of human technicians for the development of human impact on the project operations. The primary concepts of analysis for the role of aviation technician in the aviation industries and development of airline products had been based on the explanation of key factors of issues in the aviation industries. The development of the technology had resulted in the developing the operations of the aviation industries and formation for the improved functionality. The most common reasons behind the cause of plan accidents are mechanical error, pilot’s fault, and errors by air traffic controllers. However, the aviation industries had been facing major issues in their functions that has resulted in causing malfunctioning and the flight related issues.
It can be concluded from the review that the Aviation Technology Maintenance Laboratory had implemented SMS or safety management system and safety culture in the Aviation Technology Maintenance Laboratory. The safety culture had helped in reflecting the real commitment for all levels of the organization of aviation. The culture survey had consisted of identification of key issues, understanding the issues, analysis of the issues, prioritizing the issues, giving feedbacks to the staff and management, and improving the strategies. The control strategies would be helpful for analyzing and researching for the issues of aviation problems. The data driven issues had hold the effective and sponsorship for dealing with the mechanical failure.
Research methodology is defined as one of the procedures of pursuing systematic research approach. It is one of the ways that explain and explore as well as predict specific research phenomena. In the particular section of the research, different methodological tools such as philosophy, design strategies and research approach along data collection methods are discussed and selected appropriate ones in the research. Moreover, ethical forms are considered in the present research.
There are generally three types of research philosophies used in research such as positivism, interpretive and realism. Positivism philosophy is based on the quantifiable observations. It also concerns with scientific testing and possible approach to get limited data collection as well as interpretation for obtaining objective approach. On the other hand, realism philosophy concerns with continuous researching as a scientific method that is regarded as imperfect in order to bring actual truth (Ahram 2011). However, interpritivism philosophy concerns with meaningful observations as well as researchers utilizing the specific philosophy focused on studying nature of human rather than scientific methods. In the present research, positivism philosophy has been selected.
Factual knowledge was used in the research and it leads to test hypothesis and research questions in the scientific and statistical way that is trustworthy. Hence, in order to understand the impact of human factors for Aircraft technician in Malaysia for maintaining, repairing and overhaul, positivism philosophy is helpful to give provision of the research type (Eaton 2013). Hence, positivism philosophy has been selected in the research, whereas interpretivisms and realism philosophy are discarded, which are unable to conduct statistical as well as scientific analysis of acquired data.
Deductive and inductive are two types of research approaches. Deductive approach assists the researcher to develop hypothesis and testing through implementing new strategy. In addition, deductive approach is concerned with transformation of general data to specific data in statistical data. Hence, it is suitable with positivism philosophy. Inductive approach is generally concerned with finding of new patterns in the existing theories and crate new theory from obtained knowledge (Al 2013). In this approach, it is focused on the research questions to the observation and description to analysis. In the present research, deductive approach has been selected to pave the correct path of the research.
Selection of deductive approach is suitable for positivism philosophy that has selected for present research. On the other hand, hypothesis is tested whether there is an impact of human factors towards technician of aircraft in Malaysia for maintenance, repair and overhaul or not. In addition, general data are gathered about the topic of research. It needs analysis from statistical view-point in order to test hypothesis in the research. It is possible through the use of deductive approach. However, inductive approach is concerned with devising new theory (Alvesson and Sandberg 2013). In the research, it has aimed to test the hypothesis in detailed and not developing new theory. Hence, selection of deductive approach is properly justified in the preset research.
Exploratory, explanatory and descriptive are the types of research designs widely used in scientific researches. Explanatory research is generally concerned with description of the causes in specific phenomena and prediction of future. On the other hand, exploratory research deals forming of hypothesis and problem as well as making clarification of distinctive concepts associated to the topic of the research. Descriptive research consists of the options of explanatory and exploratory research (Brown and Stowers 2013). It generally emphasizes on explaining the characteristics of population with the help of data collection. In the present research, description research design has been chosen.
Description research design had been selected in the research to make clarification of the topic from hypothesis to the research topic and comprehend the causes as well as effect of research problem. It also helps to predict future happenings of a specific research issue that is not possible if exploratory or explanatory research design is used. In addition, in order to comprehend the challenges faced for human factors of aircraft technician, descriptive research design is suitable and appropriate (Cameron 2012). Hence, descriptive research design is selected; whereas exploratory and explanatory research design is rejected in the present research.
The research strategy is about the selection of the data types, method of data collection and analyzing the data. The research study will be conducted by following these strategies:
Data type:
As per Chandra and Sharma(2013), primary and secondary data are the basic two types of data that can be used in the academic research studies. The data that can be gathered from the people associated with the research area or the natural environment of the research area are called as the primary data of the study. On the other hand the secondary data of the research study can be gathered from the secondary sources like newspaper, company’s annual reports or other published documents related to the research study. In this case the researcher has been used both the primary and secondary data.
According to Creswell et al. (2013), the data f a research study can be further subdivided into other two categories based on the
The researcher will go to one MRO company In Malaysia to get the information with regard to Human Factor issues. The researcher will do a research to get the info. The several methods have been identifying in order to collect the data. The researcher has decided to use qualitative method. This is due to highly structured and consistent during data collection. However, the field must build on the best traditions and techniques of qualitative method and must recognize the special training experience and essential to the application of this method.
The researcher has plan to carry out this method to aircraft technician under category B1 (Engine) and B2 (Avionic). Researcher will go to one of the MRO company in order to perform the research. The sampling of 10% of staff at the company will be taken as a sample. In this case, the total number of staff was 300. Among the 300 employees, the researcher took 30 employees for the observation of the data collection activity of the research study.
The researchers found difficult to conduct this research due to cooperation from the representative company are too busy to give a respond. Furthermore, the selected MRO around Malaysia difficult to get access directly due to data processing may involve company thrust worthy. In the order hand, the time given to conduct the project paper are too constraint.
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Research activities |
1st week |
2nd to 5th week |
6th to 9th week |
10th to 18th week |
19th to 22nd week |
24th week |
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Selection of the topic |
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Composition of the literature review |
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Research methodology |
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Collection of primary data |
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Analysis and interpretation of data |
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Findings |
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Conclusion and Recommendation |
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Final submission |
The practical data of the research study have been collected and analyzed in this chapter of the researcher paper. The qualitative data of the research study have been gathered from the observation of the working places of the employees of the selected case study organization. After conducting qualitative research study in the case study area and detail study of the literature review the following human factors have been identified that are affecting the works of the MRO. The hazards or accidents happened due to different types of human factors in the year of 2016. This is the data of the research study.
Human error – This is the most important human factor that are behind the accidents at the workplaces of aviation sector. Maintenance works in the aviation industry is a highly sophisticated as the system used in this industry is quite complex than the other industries. A single error in these systems can be reason of great damage to the activities of the organization. Therefore, the personnel should be well trained in a way they will be able to repair, analyze and certify the systems as per the required standards of the particular industry. The human errors in this industry may be the reason of some big accidents which may further results in major damages of the humans associated with the workplace activities.
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Date |
Incident |
Cause |
Remarks |
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5-Jan-16 |
LAE fell from bulk cargo door to the ground |
Improper positioning of SAE 415 when exiting the Bulk Door by using the Aft Cargo step. |
1) Recommend to use proper Bulk, Door and Aft Cargo door maintenance step during maintenance. |
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2) Safety Briefing to use proper step. |
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3) Counseling to victim. |
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4) To install additional lock of aft cargo step |
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14-Mar-16 |
Technician suffered deep cut to left thumb during removal of landing gear |
Loss Focus |
1) Counseling. |
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2) Briefing to create awareness |
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31-Mar-16 |
Vendor injury during adjustment the repair jig at Composite workshop |
1) To install the locking mechanism on the safety jig. |
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11-May-16 |
During removal and installation of aircraft battery, the victim felt pain at the back. |
Mishandling / Ergonomic issue |
1) To provide manual handling |
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2) To provide PPE – back support. |
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3) To engage competent ergonomist for assessment. |
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19-May-16 |
Fire occurrence at Production office |
Faulty equipment / part |
To check with competent vendor on any technical recommendation. |
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13-Jun-16 |
Garbage bin at production hangar caught fire |
Improper disposal of chemical waste |
1) To give awareness on scheduled waste identification and disposal to staff. |
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2) Put signage on domestic garbage not to throw scheduled waste |
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3) To give awareness to all staff during morning briefing. |
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4) Operation morning briefing should highlight on the safety data sheet of chemical to be used. |
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5) Material dept to request SDS from customer for any chemical |
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26-Jul-16 |
Finger injury during removal of tow truck pin |
Lost grip while holding the pin |
1) To liaise with operation head of |
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2) To share during the SAG |
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3) To give awareness to all staff not |
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4) To ensure the damage part / |
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1-Aug-16 |
While climbing on the maintenance step, the untrimmed cable tie on the handrail to secure the foam had caused the little finger cut. |
Untrimmed cable tie |
To trim the cable tie install on the step handrail. |
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1-Sep-16 |
Tail dock cable damaged due to opening of paint hangar door. |
1. Proper observation of the area 2. The racks at the hangar side |
1. Require two persons to ensure |
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2. To assure there is no obstacles |
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3. To observe and inspect the area |
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6-Sep-16 |
Fall into the cabin frame (on top of front cargo) during installation of the floor board. |
1. Walking with no focus (reversing 2. No communication between victim 3. Assumption things does not go |
1. Staff to be more cautious with |
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2. Communication with partner |
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3. Whenever walking, always face |
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7-Sep-16 |
During entering SAE main lobby, his forehead bumped onto the glass door that was opened as the cleaner cleaning the area. |
The contractor worker was not focus as he walked and talked to his colleague and did not look forward to where he was walking. |
1. Cleaner need to close the door |
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2. All passer by should be reminded |
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22-Sep-16 |
When carry out tyre pressure charging task at nose wheel of aircraft HS-VKB, tyre pressure kit gauge burst. |
Cross thread of the tyre charging kit |
1. To quarantine and repair the |
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2. To check other charging kit unit |
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|
27-Sep-16 |
During lifting pilot seat from pallet at ground floor to work bench, he felt back pain due to muscle pain and recurrence of slipped disc. |
Past slipped disc issue. |
1. Temporarily reassign to other light duty that does not involve manual handling. |
|
2. To conduct ergonomic assessment for work activity at Seat Bay workshop. |
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3. To source lifting aid equipment at Seat Bay workshop. |
As per the secondary data analysis of the research study, the following factors have been identified in the area of the human factors in the aviation industry.
Absence of correspondence is a key human consider that can come about problematic, erroneous, or defective upkeep. Correspondence happens between the AMT and many individuals (i.e., administration, pilots, parts providers, air ship servicers). Each trade holds the potential for misconception or exclusion. In any case, correspondence between AMTs might be the most vital of all. Absence of correspondence between experts could prompt to a support mistake and result in an air ship mishap. This is particularly valid amid methods where more than one expert plays out the work on the airplane. It is important that precise, finish data be traded to guarantee that all work is finished with no progression being discarded. Learning and hypothesis about an errand must be elucidated and not confounded. Each progression of the support methodology must be performed by endorsed directions just as just a solitary expert took every necessary step (East, Wright and Vanhuele 2013). A typical situation where correspondence is basic and a deficiency in that department can bring about issues, is amid move change in an aircraft or settled base administrator (FBO) operation. A mostly finished employment is exchanged from the professional completing his or her workday to the specialist going ahead obligation. Many strides in an upkeep method are not ready to be seen or confirmed once finished because of the establishment of segments concealing the work. No means in the system can be overlooked and a few stages still to be performed might be dependent upon the work officially finished (Finch et al. 2015). The withdrawing specialist should altogether clarify what has happened so that the arriving professional can effectively total the occupation. A describing of basic strides and any troubles experienced gives understanding. An absence of correspondence at this crossroads could bring about the work being proceeded without certain required operations having been performed.
Lack of concern is a human calculate flight upkeep that ordinarily creates after some time. As a specialist picks up information and experience, a feeling of vanity and false certainty may happen. A redundant assignment, particularly an investigation thing, might be neglected or skipped in light of the fact that the expert has played out the undertaking various circumstances while never finding a blame. The false presumption that assessment of the thing is not vital might be made. In any case, regardless of the possibility that uncommon, a blame may exist (Menon et al. 2015). The outcomes of the blame not being identified and adjusted could bring about an occurrence or mishap. Routine undertakings performed again and again permit time for the expert’s brain to meander, which may likewise bring about a required assignment not being performed.
An absence of information when performing flying machine support can bring about a flawed repair that can have calamitous outcomes. Contrasts in innovation from air ship to air ship and updates to innovation and methodology on a solitary air ship additionally make it testing to have the learning required to perform airworthy upkeep. All upkeep must be performed to models indicated in endorsed guidelines. These directions depend on learning picked up from the building and operation of the air ship gear. Specialists must make sure to utilize the most recent material information and take after each progression of the technique as illustrated. They should likewise know that distinctions exist in the outline and support systems on various airplane. It is essential for professionals to get preparing on various sorts of flying machine. If all else fails, an expert with experience on the flying machine ought to be counseled (Schneider, Spieth and Clauss 2013). On the off chance that one is not accessible, or the counseled specialist is not acquainted with the system, a maker’s specialized delegate ought to be reached. It is ideal to defer an upkeep strategy than to do it erroneously and cause a mishap.
A diversion while performing support on a flying machine may disturb the system. At the point when work resumes, it is conceivable that the professional skirts a detail that needs consideration. It is assessed that 15 percent of support related blunders are brought on by diversions. Diversions can be mental or physical in nature. They can happen when the work is situated on the air ship or in the shed. They can likewise happen in the mind of the professional autonomous of the workplace. Something as straightforward as a wireless call or another flying machine being pushed into the overhang can upset the professional’s focus on a vocation. Less noticeable is a troublesome family or monetary matter or other individual issues that may possess the specialists perspective as work is performed (Stolker and Levine 2016). This can make execution of the required support less viable.
Exhaustion is a noteworthy human component that has added to numerous upkeep mistakes bringing about mishaps. Weakness can be mental or physical in nature. Enthusiastic weakness additionally exists and impacts mental and physical execution. A man is said to be exhausted when a decrease or debilitation in any of the accompanying happens: psychological capacity, basic leadership, response time, coordination, speed, quality, and adjust. Weariness lessens sharpness and frequently diminishes a man’s capacity to concentrate and hold consideration on the errand being performed.
Indications of exhaustion may likewise incorporate here and now memory issues, directed focus on insignificant issues while ignoring different variables that might be more vital, and inability to keep up a situational review. An exhausted individual might be effectively diverted or might be about difficult to occupy. He or she may encounter anomalous emotional episodes. Weakness brings about an expansion in errors, misguided thinking, and poor choices or maybe no choices by any stretch of the imagination. An exhausted individual may likewise bring down his or her principles (Timmis et al. 2015). Tiredness is a side effect of exhaustion. In any case, at times an exhausted individual may feel wide alert and occupied with an assignment. The essential driver of weariness is an absence of rest. Great peaceful rest, free from medications or liquor is a human need to forestall weakness. Weakness can likewise be created by stress and workaholic behavior. A man’s mental and physical state likewise normally burns through different levels of execution every day.
Flight support assignments oblige people to perform in a situation with steady weight to improve and quicker without committing errors and giving things a chance to become lost despite a general sense of vigilance. Lamentably, these sorts of employment weights can influence the abilities of support specialists to take care of business right. Airlines have strict monetary rules, and additionally tight flight plans, that compel mechanics to be under weight to distinguish and repair mechanical issues rapidly so that the carrier business can continue moving. Most vital, flying machine mechanics are in charge of the general wellbeing of everybody who utilizes flying as a method of transportation. Associations must know about the time weights that are put on airplane mechanics and help them deal with the greater part of the errands that should be finished so all repairs, while done in a convenient way, are finished accurately with security being a definitive objective (Webley 2015). Giving up quality and security for time ought not go on without serious consequences or acknowledged. Similarly, AMTs need to perceive all alone when time weights are blurring their judgments and making them commit pointless errors. Self-actuated weights are those events where one takes responsibility for circumstance that was not of their doing.
Conclusion:
The different types of human factors associated with the operations of the aviation industry have been analyzed in this research study. Human errors have been identified as a major factor associated with the success of the works of the aviation industry. This is the main area, in which the practical data collection and data analysis of the research study have been conducted. Maintenance works in the aviation industry is a highly sophisticated as the system used in this industry is quite complex than the other industries. A single error in these systems can be reason of great damage to the activities of the organization. Therefore, the personnel should be well trained in a way they will be able to repair, analyze and certify the systems as per the required standards of the particular industry.
Human mistake administration: To point of confinement and control human blunder, we should first see how it happens. Blunder causes are distinctive, just like the outcomes of a similar sort of mistakes in various circumstances. A few mistakes may happen because of absence of consideration, carelessness, others happen because of flawed plan of hardware or might be the consequence of typical responses of a man in a given circumstance. The last can be rehashed, yet its event can be foreseen. Erros at the models interfaces. Each of the parts of the SHELL model can be a wellspring of blunder.
Use of liveware-software system: Liveware-Hardware interface is in charge of blunders because of uncalled for arrangement of presentations and control gadgets. Liveware-Software interface can produce deferrals and perplexity because of insufficient maps and records. Mistakes related with the Liveware-Environment interface are created by natural elements (clamor, temperature, vibration, and so on.). In the Liveware-Liveware interface the principle concern is the communication between individuals, since it straightforwardly influences group execution. Data preparing. Perceptual process is a rich ground for the mistake. Desires, individual experience, states of mind, inspiration and the level of excitation of the sense organs affect observation and can be wellsprings of blunders.
Control of human blunder: Control of human mistake is performed in two headings. To start with there is a need to decrease the recurrence of blunders. This is accomplished by guaranteeing an abnormal state of ability for the operational faculty, outlining controls to meet the required anthropometric qualities, agendas, manuals, satisfactory maps, clamor diminishment, vibration and different anxiety producing conditions. The second course in controlling blunder is to decrease the outcomes of relentless human mistake utilizing cross-checking through collaboration between group individuals and outlining gear to permit reversibility.
Preparing and assessment: Instruction and preparing are seen here as two separate components of the preparation procedure. Training incorporates a wide arrangement of information, qualities, dispositions and aptitudes required to manufacture a mental expertise establishment on which later the expert abilities will be procured. Preparing is a procedure centered around the improvement of abilities, learning and states of mind particular to a specific occupation or to the execution of a specific errand. Satisfactory and powerful preparing cannot be accomplished if through instruction was not made a fitting establishment of information, states of mind and aptitudes.
The technology is being updated day by day. The aviation industry is associated with the use of hi-tech tools. The future research work can be conducted with the focus on the area of new updated technical tools. In this research study, only one organization has been taken as the case study organization. Future research works can be done by considering other organizations as case study organization. Some recommendations have been given for the improvement of the human factors control in the aviation industry. In future, research works can be performed for understanding the impacts of the recommendations.
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