In this chapter, the main focus is to highlight research background, aim, objectives, questions and most importantly the problem statement. In the end of this chapter, the structure of the research and limitation of the study has been prescribed.
In any project management framework, the ultimate objective is to have the right results at the end of the project. Moreover, result must be achieved through maintaining and fulfilling the scope. In completing the project, there are mainly two types of constraints, budget and deadlines. In failing the project, these two principles are responsible. As stated by Larson and Gray (2013), implementing the project process and requirements of the project are a feasible approach to create a project management scope. Projects must be managed through observing the success and success of any project is depended on the schedule, cost, budget, framework and appropriate methodology of the project. However, most importantly, stakeholders of the projects look at the completion of specific goals and outcomes. Finishing the project on time requires framing the requirement for the project. Planning is a significant part of the project in setting the scope of the project and after the planning; it is needed to agree with the delivering of the intended outcomes. Including the project, the scope must be followed throughout the lifecycle of the project. (Kerzner 2013) agreed about this maintaining project scope is the process of managing all the steps and work that are required to finish the project on time, successfully. Moreover, project scope can be defined as the project planning that is associated with a list of project objectives, features, deliverables, tasks and functions. In specific, project scope is the ultimate needs of the project that should be achieved in delivering the project.
Scope change is the decision that is taken by the project manager and stakeholders of the project. This change is all about reducing or expands the project tenure or the budget of the project. As opined by Schwalbe (2015), project scope is basically involved with cost, features, timeline and budget of a project. On the contrary, scope creep is associated with the concept of setting a scope of building a product or managing a project slowly grows out of the project as it was originally defined in the scope of the project. However, Project scope concept is related to the objectives of the project as the objectives have to be changed in case scope is changed. As mentioned by Fleming and Koppelman (2016), project goals are set by the experienced project managers in achieving the overall context and the project is trying to obtain those goals at the end. Moreover, the stakeholders should know about the goal, on the other side, project objectives are related to the lower level statement in describing the tangible products or specific deliverables that are going to gain at the last level of the project.
The scope is significant as all the allocation and planning of resources is done according to the project. In any case, project scope changes, objectives and outcomes of the project are changed also. The change occurs in two reasons, external factors, market situation, industry analysis and government regulations, in addition, internal factors are stakeholders’ demand, insight issues. Controlling the scope change is necessary as it provides management of risks and objectives of the project. Without maintaining the change control, moving project can fail and objectives cannot be met. These are done through following the performance of project manager.
Oman Telecommunications Company (Omantel) is an internet service provider in Oman and it is the first telecommunication company in Oman. This company has its share of 65% of WorldCall Pakistan in the year 2008. Omantel Company was established in the year 1998 and headquarter is in Muscat, Oman (Omantel.com 2017). Oman government owns 51% share of this company. Current CEO of the organisation is Talat Said Mathoon. Net income of the organisation in 2016 was $126 million. Omantel has 10 submarine cables in Oman and this organisation has announced to implement FTTH technology service in Oman. Omantel provides the facility of the rewards programme, broadband, postpaid, prepaid and SmartTV services.
Omantel Company, they provide the services of wireless telephony, wireline telephone services and internet services. In addition, their services range to Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), SMS, Voice Mail and high-speed broadband services. Recently, Oman telecommunication industry had to go within a change as the telecommunication market has been liberalised by the Government as the country’s business entered WTO (World Trade Organisation) (Prakash and Mathew 2015). This contract of entering into WTO, it is specified that organisations of telecommunication industry have to face competitive challenges by the market rivalries. Now, the wireless and broadband internet services are open up for all companies in Oman, as of now, all the telecommunication companies of Oman have to revise the strategies in order to accelerate the deploying services and products in the market with competitive prices (Al Jabri et al. 2017).
In this condition, Omantel Company has to bridge the gap between organisational strategies and project management. There are two types of project management; first one is traditional project management and organisational project management. In case of traditional project management is project oriented, and project methodologies follow the corporate process. On the other side, organisational project management is organisation oriented and it follows life cycle integrated corporate process. However, in the previous time, the organisation has its own objectives and scope of business, now, the organisation has to set the project scope change and that will definitely pose issues in meeting the objectives of the projects. Omantel Company has to make up the time with logic sequences. As stated by Walker (2015), project management is a field that can provide surety in producing the products and services of organisation on time. Moreover, the government has its share in Omantel Company; however, Telecommunication Company has been going through the phase of privatisation. The organisation now follows the demand of ‘lean and mean’ structure and this might be the requirement in project management. In recent changes in Oman telecommunication rules and regulations, the existent projects of Omantel Telecommunication Company will be in trouble and may end up doing more work than the original agreed to and budget of the projects may get higher. Omantel Telecommunication has been trying to implement ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) project to gain the competitive advantage with stopping the reasons of project failure. Moreover, Omantel is one of the leading telecommunication providers to oil and gas sector. Recently, Omantel has made a strategic partnership with BP Oman in order to make up comprehensive telecommunication services. This project can also be hampered through WTO agreement and project scope change can lead to change the objectives of the project.
Aims
The aim of the research to is to explore the impact of project scope change on project objectives, in light of Omantel Telecommunication Company.
The research objectives are as follows:
The following are the research questions:
The scope of the study is to get first-hand knowledge about project scope change and its impact on project objectives. It was focused mainly on the scope change management and its impact on project objectives and its role on Omantel Company. The research is carried on the relationship between project scope change and project objectives. These are the two variables and it is mainly focused on the Omantel Company’s project change management that can influence on project objectives. Project scope change can generate the improved benefits and organisation can allow. This study strives to find out the relationship between project objectives and project scope change management. This study has been done using the deductive approach as it helps to continue a study of existing literature and the researcher can take information from existing theories. Moreover, qualitative research design is used in this project as qualitative design helps to gather and analyse the data in an observational way. A Clear understanding of the topic about scope change and project objectives can be achieved through qualitative analysis.
This study will give benefits to the project management study in understanding the variables of project scope management and objectives of the project. The interest of this study mainly focuses on social, academic, personal scientific and government. For Omantel Company, this research paper can work as a secondary document to improve their project management scope in order to intact their objectives. This study will help the future researchers to have information about project scope change and brief idea about telecommunication sector of Oman. Project managers of telecommunication field can have benefited from this study to analyse the project scope change process in case any challenges faced. Recent project change issues of Omantel and project objectives of Omantel can be understood through this. The readers of the study will understand from theoretical perspectives to meet the requirements of the project. This paper can be used as a reference material in project scope change management in telecommunication sector.
The core limitation of the study to secure the data and primary data is used in order to conduct the study. The researcher prepared the questionnaire in order to collect the primary data and framing of open-ended questions was a tough job for the researcher. The researcher had to review the questionnaire and documents in order to interview the project managers. In taking the face-to-face interviews of project managers, the researcher has tackled confidence issue. The sample of the study had to keep small as the respondents did not want to reveal about project scope change. If the researcher had had more time to continue the research, he could have accesses more data and sample size of the research would be higher. In accessing of the confidential organisation based information was hard to deal. The researcher faced limitation in handling a large amount of data. Moreover, time constraint as the researcher did not have enough time to generate the data as well as analyse them. The researcher has faced the issues of budgetary constraint.
Project management: It is the specific application of skills, knowledge and tools to meet the stakeholders’ need.
Project scope: It is the work that should be accomplished with functions and features when the projects get completed (Kerzner 2013).
WBS: Work Breakdown Structure. It is about the steps to follow to complete a project.
Project scope change: It is the process of tracking and making the changes that are done to the initial project scope (Fleming and Koppelman 2016).
Project objectives: It describes the tangible product and specific deliverables of the project (Larson and Gray 2013).
Critical path: It is a sequence of activities to complete the project on schedule. It helps in not to make delay on the project (Prakash and Mathew 2015).
Gantt chart: This is bar chart to depict activities to demonstrate the beginning and end-date of the project (Al Jabri et al. 2017).
Lifecycle: This is the process in building deliverables of the project.
Figure 1: Research structure
(Source: Created by author)
Chapter 1: In chapter one, problem statement of the study has been described with setting aim, objectives and questions of the research.
Chapter 2: In the literature review section, theoretical analysis of the study has been done. In this chapter scholarly paper has been reviewed.
Chapter 3: In the methodology section, the process of collection of data has been revealed. The process of data collection and data analysis mainly pointed out in this chapter.
Chapter 4: In data findings and data analysis section, the findings of data collection have been produced with analysis making a link with theoretical perspectives.
Chapter 5: In the conclusion and recommendations section, the conclusion has been drawn on analysis and recommendations have been given based on the analysis. Objectives have been linked with analysis whether they are met or not.
In this chapter, scholarly paper and articles will be reviewed to get the substantive ideas and findings of the topic of project scope management. The theoretical understanding of the topic would be done in this chapter. The theories and models of the two variables will be applied to have the ideas from secondary papers. The independent variable of the topic is project scope change and the dependent variable is projected objectives. The relationship between these two variables has been specified in this chapter through existing literature analysis.
It has been observed that project management principles have been shifted and this shifting is noticed in the individual competencies that shift to organisational competencies. As mentioned by Khan (2016), the process of linking of project management to the organisational strategy is the ultimate focus of the study. However, the study focuses about five basic steps of project completion, initiation, planning, execution, control and closeout. The project objectives are set to meet the organisational scope of the project. However, this action-research study focuses on the telecom operator. Project scope management means to the set of methods that can ensure a project scope must be mapped and defined in an accurate way. Scope management process gives the advantage the project managers to allocate the right amount of necessary work to complete the project and it enables the project managers to control what is not the part of project scope. In addition, there are three methods of project scope management and first method is planning. In this part, planning is an attempt to capture the idea what should be done (Dumont et al. 2017). In the second part, controlling is the process to focus on project change and track the approving changes. In the third part, closing includes the accounts of project deliverables that are results for the actual plan.
As mentioned by Clark (2015), missing from project scope definition can lead to a problem in completing a project and this is the appropriate way to grab the project deliverables. Changes of scope can create issues with hampering the basic quality of the project. However, the success of the project is depended on the objectives that can create the problematic situation. In addition, project scope is the set of clear identification that is needed to complete as a deliverable. Project managers’ role is to check whether the work is being done or not. Project scope is also the boundary of the project and if something is required for changes, the project managers can change the scope statement (Atkinson et al. 2016). The project managers must take a look on the deliverables if there need some change. They must look closely at the schedule, resources and budget in managing the change request. Project objectives are set in starting phase of the project, project scope change can bring change in the project objectives. Key stakeholders should be informed about the project scope change and project managers can make Change Control Board in approving and disapproving the changes.
Complexity theory
According to Mirza et al. (2013), complexity theory discusses the interacting elements that are self-organized in order to create a potentially evolving framework to showcase the hierarchy of developing system properties. While making the project life cycle, project managers get tensed as when the project will end and the process of completing the project. In case, the project is running late behind the schedule, the project managers think over delays and try to complete within the budget. This theory describes the reasons behind changes that may happen during a project. As stated by Stevenson and Hojati (2017), complexity theory expects to characterise how request and examples emerge out of apparently clamorous frameworks and how complex conduct and structures rise up out of basic hidden principles. The theory’s concentration is to decide how frameworks comprising of numerous components can prompt efficient and unsurprising conduct. Despite the fact that it is conceivable to ponder the ramifications of complexity theory to grow better techniques for managing the progressions that is achieved through confusion and flight conditions. The methods of insight and thoughts behind complexity theory ought to be utilized to support diverse administrative point of view in regards to the way frameworks and associations work. A crucial point with respect to the many-sided quality theories with regards to extending administration is that a venture group is an interpersonal organization: a social structure of hubs that are joined by some type of relationship. The impacts and boosts that are experienced by this interpersonal organisation have more ramifications for the achievement of the undertaking than the conventional task controls (Clark 2015). Expelling the concentration from conventional venture controls and looking toward dealing with the informal community will help extend leaders with venture objective accomplishment.
As stated by Knights and Willmott (2016), there might be chances of disruption in a project, if any changes occur after the scope has been outlined. In case of any change request comes from stakeholders, the project managers have to stop the motion of the project. The speed of the project is hampered and forward motion needs to stop. The team leaders think about the change and change scope management has to apply. Disruptive theory brings forth new markets and the organizations that enter these new markets would have the primary mover advantage in future. Be that as it may, it is hard for huge fruitful organisations to enter these business sectors since they need to enter substantial markets that are fascinating for them benefit astute. According to Baccarini (2014), a little auxiliary organisation, which can be pulled in by low edges and little picks up, can experience this guideline.
Scope management emphasises on controlling and identifying what should be avoided in completing the project. Verzuh (2015), further added that scope of change management is to provide surety that any kind of unauthorised changes would be done during the project. However, some basic changes have to be made during the project like cost, budget and time schedule. Project scope change is about undertaking the formal investigation and approval process of changes in all levels including internal and external stakeholders. As supported by Shirazi et al. (2017), scope changes are documented by the project sponsors and each stakeholder of the project.
Completing all the project steps successfully is a basic principle of the project; however, project objectives must be set in the beginning. This is the lower state of the project about time and deliverables. Project change scope can influence the factor that must ensure that changes must be beneficial. Managing the actual changes is necessary for controlling the measures (cost control, time control and quality control). As argued by Collins et al. (2017), project objectives are set earlier and in case project scope changes, it is obvious that project objectives will not be fulfilled and throughout a life of the project, managers have to face challenges for this. Team’s ability can be judged through this and project managers’ should weigh benefits of the scope as objectives and goals have to be altered for this. In case any request is considered to be altered from the agreed objectives and scope, it has to be defined to be part of the project. On the contrary, as opined by Snyder (2014), if the organisation’s project priority has changed, the scope and objectives remain valid as the managers take these as business needs. It can be deduced that organisation’s scope change is the high priority and it has to be addressed correctly without any delay. In the telecom sector, in case of the project change, it can apply to modules, objectives and definition of documentation.
At the point when changes happen, for reasons unknown, a tight change control process can enable to keep the venture on track. Once the progressions are made, there is quite often a going with increment in the financial plan as well as the expansion of the calendar (Highsmith 2013). In any case, it has been seen that on a few ventures even high quantities of changes and extreme measure of degree increment have been added to the task with no timetable expansion given to play out a similar work. In order to exacerbate the situation, plan affect has not been surveyed as a component of the change procedure. It is a key that all progressions are surveyed in the measurements of the spending design, the asset design, and the undertaking plan. Additionally, recall that if additional work is added to the task it isn’t self-financing and more spending plan ought to be added to cover this expansion in workload. As opined by Turner (2013), degree changes can originate from an interior or outside source, yet in the event that solicitations for change are visit and various it can be an unmistakable marker of an ineffectively characterized venture scope and an inadequately characterized venture standard.
Project managers have to change the scope as it is related to the various causes and issues.
Stakeholders’ mind:
Stakeholders of the project can change their mind as their opinion about the quality of the projects may change with time. With the development of the project, the stakeholders may think that the project may not incorporate the ideas. The new ideas can impact the project and in case, it is not associated with the project, the project managers have to change it again. Knights and Willmott (2016), supported this idea that in the project elicitation phase, a maximum change of project scope is done. Project stakeholder is a top manager and top management may or may not support the project changes. Failure of the project changes can be visible and dramatic and top managers need to make in-depth project plans. Project teams are the people that are dedicated to the project and project teams face difficulty in changing the project scope. Resource managers are the stakeholders and their relationship with the change of the scope is also important (Munns and Bjeirmi 2016). Customers are the significant stakeholders and they hold the power to reject or accept the changes and customers must be informed of scope changes.
Regulatory change
A project takes time to complete and when a project is planned there might be some regulations in the country, those regulations can change with time. New implementation of regulatory change may result to change of project scope. The project managers have to make the project and business to follow the regulatory standards (Ika 2014). At the point when controls change or best practices on meeting administrative commitment shifts, it isn’t sufficient to refresh arrangements. Project managers should likewise start undertaking and activity designs intended to evaluate the hierarchical effect. These would incorporate potential item offering amendments, official administration training, consistency chance appraisals, review program and different changes required to remain inconsistence (Turner 2014).
Poorly planned requirements:
In the definition phase, the project may face the issue of poorly planned definition and in the long run, this project may lead to failure. In development stages, the project plan may impact the overall project as the uncertainty of requirement can create issues and assumptions of project deliverables may change, these may result to define the scope against (Gorecki 2015). Arranging is the establishment of which project managers’ base the undertaking execution. Without a solid and stable establishment, the task is more than prone to crumble around. Great arranging will guarantee that the assets are in a perfect world used. Project managers should not squander assets when arranging a task as this will bring about the decline of the general benefits from the undertaking. According to Osei-Bryson (2015), the entire group should fill in as a unit to finish the assignments. Uncalled for arranging will bring about the task of repetitive assignments, along these lines expanding the cost and time taken to finish a venture.
Sponsorship change
Sponsorship of the project can change anytime and sponsors can bring a new concept of the project. A different project manager may not want to go with the idea of previous one, in case of benefits of the project, change scope management is conducted. Numerous issues identified with scope change administration depend on not understanding the part of a support in this vital task administration process. As a rule, the support is the individual who is subsidizing the task and is responsible for the association to ensure the business estimation of the undertaking is accomplished. The customer was typified in one individual, it would be the support. Now and then the support is high up in the venture and isn’t open to satisfy the part on an everyday premising (Phillips 2013). In these cases, the support should assign an expert to one of their immediate reports with the goal that somebody needs to go to while overseeing degree change on the venture.
Business strategy change:
A business may want to change the strategy or process due to any external factors. This may result to change of scope and business strategies are reviewed regularly by the managers and principles of business should stand up front. A change in the business strategy can change the scope of the project and objectives of the project may change also. As opined by Chanas and Zielinkski (2013), an ongoing project scope needs to be changed as organisation’s strategic direction may not support this. The business strategy needs to be engaging and strategic plan should engage all the stakeholders. The project managers should engage all the stakeholders by underlying the insights (Prakash and Mathew 2015). The senior management team can execute the strategies by communicating to all. Project scope change can bring innovation and strategic plans include all focus on the project management.
In the running of a business, the project can experience unexpected changes as some things may not be integrated with project scope. Hartley and Wortham (2016) opined that scope change may arise in any phase of the life cycle of a project; however, it is an objective of the project manager to avoid the project scope change. On the other side, scope change must align with project goals and strategy of the initial stages. A change request can come from stakeholders and team workers of the project can be affected by the project changes. Management of project change follows some basic steps:
A change request can come from realised risk and these issues must be documented in the project by the project managers. This change management document can be submitted to a business committee for a close review. After soliciting the potential change requests from stakeholders of the project, change request forms can be filled in (Schwalbe 2015). The project managers can document the scope change in writing and scope change writing can be used for tracking purposes.
Business board or project steering board evaluates the project change and this can be evaluated for one week. In case of time short, this evaluation can be done within one day. Managers of the project team can request the team members to investigate the further if any changes are required keeping in mind the budget and time (Shirazi et al. 2017). The evaluation process can be done by making a board and analysis will be done based on alternatives and project can impact on the sponsor for resolution.
The Project Steering Board takes the right decision in the primary stage. In case of further evaluation, the details of evaluation can be submitted to the project managers (El-Sabaa 2015). If the project scope changes are approved, the decision would be made and appropriate activities will be taken place. In this stage, the project managers do not update the project budget. However, change results come from project definition Charter.
Project managers update the project documentation as per the needs of the project and suggested by the evaluation committee. The new project document is then redistributed to the project stakeholders and all the appropriate persons. Integration is necessary as the project managers need to integrate the communication and decision to the project stakeholders, project teams, sponsors and clients (Snyder 2014). Projects are related to the boundaries and deliverables that have been set in objectives and goals and after that business requirements can be changed when the scope change is done.
In the last stage, the stakeholders of the project must be communicated with the new change through emails or meetings. The summary of the change can be published weekly basis in website or notice board of the business. Communication among the stakeholders is important as the communication leads to the project change. As opined by Stevenson and Hojati (2017), change control manager can maintain the control change with control manager log, monitoring changes and oversee approved changes.
Figure 2: Process of project scope change management
(Source: McGowan et al. 2016)
This process of the change request is related to the identification of method that would be followed in the next stage of the project. As pointed out by Oberlender (2013), this evaluation form helps the project managers in maintaining the accountability and transparency. Project managers should specify each team members’ about the role in managing scope change.
Balancing any project scope is not easy and project scope change is another challenge for the project managers. Trained project managers can save the project from the further obstacle. In scope change, if the goals are not specified correctly, the project may lead to failure. In case upper management is not able to manage the goals of the project, it is not easy for the managers to continue the project. As stated by Huemann (2016), scope creep is all about changing the project scope beyond its original objectives of the project. The stakeholders of the project may request a project change and business management takes the ultimate decision and till then the project may not lead to the further development.
In addition, project scope change can be difficult for a team to handle the project. A project change brings some difficulties in controlling a project and in this sense, projects need skilled employees. As pointed out by (Verzuh 2015), project contributors may not possess the skills, in this regard; the project managers may face the challenge of inadequate skills when project scope changes occur. When sponsorship or ownership changes in a project, managers’ leadership qualities bring questions. In order to the success of the project, managers can finger-point the scope change and new team leaders can bring further changes. Lack of accountability of the project managers can create the issue for the project. In telecommunication industry, improper risk management is another issue for the project managers. Telecommunication industry undergoes the projects and these projects are costly, without managing risks, it may lead to failure. Scope changes can bring input and it can develop the trust from risks among stakeholders (Munns and Bjeirmi 2016). Project managers should know which part of the ongoing project needs to take care of. In addition, project plan always has the contingency plan, it is needed for the project managers to understand the project plan and it’s contingency. However, in scope change, creating unambiguous project contingency plan is a challenge for the project managers. Moreover, communication is important during project completion, however, project managers cannot communicate to stakeholders’ incorrect way. Taking feedback and proper communication can be challenging if the project managers are not competent.
Time and materials give the customer the capacity to gain administrations or items on the premise of hourly rates recorded in the agreement and materials, as pertinent, here and there with materials taking care of charge. As mentioned by Walker (2015), the task takes additional time, exertion, or cost to finish than initially accepted in the agreement, the provider playing out the undertaking isn’t committed to keeping working once it has used the financial plan or roof. The danger of extra time and expenses, for the most part, falls on the customer. This sort of agreement is suitable when the degree is less all around characterized or could change over the span of the task. Additionally, it is referred to as cost-repayment gets; these give instalment of admissible acquired (genuine) expenses to the degree endorsed in the agreement. According to Snyder (2014), these agreements build up an aggregate cost assess with the end goal of committing reserves and setting up a roof.
It is observed that telecommunication sector is very much influenced by the technology and specialised IT project software can help in project management of an organisation. Planning and carrying out project management plan will be helpful if successful project software is used (Belassi and Tukel 2013). It is observed that 32% of the projects conducted in the worldwide done by the IT software that is specialised through IT companies in managing project. Project managers can take training in using the project management software and information technology. In telecommunication sector and other large industry, project management can be done through PMP or CAPM certification software. The project managers can use two-way voice over (VOIP), message boards, email, live chat and virtual whiteboards in order to communicate with stakeholders. They can complete all lessons and discussion over online using video calls. There are various types of project management software that can be utilised in many computer systems and modern project management software provides help to the managers in managing all phases. The project managers can choose for alternative project path and they can adjust the project timing and budget as well (Shirazi et al. 2017). The project managers can take help of Computer Information System Engineering software and that will be helpful in project management knowledge and concepts. In recent time, various tools are available online to use for project scope management in ordering the time schedule for the project, like Gantt chart or Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT). PERT is helpful in assessing the critical path analysis (Phillips 2013). According to Crawford (2014), Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) methodology can be used by project managers to determine the supportive role of project manager in developing the performance of a team.
In the previous researchers, it has been observed that scope of project management is discussed in light of the success of the project. However, project scope is described from the perspectives of project goals and deliverables. Moreover, the project scope describes from general project management methodology, however, any specific industry focus data cannot be given. All the data that has been taking for analysis or reviewed has a gap of two or three years. In these days, the development of project scope change and its impact on objectives could not be discussed properly. However, the responsibilities of the project managers in project t scope management have not been met due to secondary data sources, however, this gap will be met through primary data collection. Influence of IT on project scope management cannot be discussed properly as it is not implemented on any project as these are all in concept basis. However, telecommunication industry basis information is meagre in secondary data sources. These gaps will be met through primary data collection.
Figure 3: Conceptual framework
(Source: Created by researcher)
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