1.The family has to prepare in advance a living will and an executive will that would be used in case of a situation of illness or a severe injury that would lead someone to an incompetent state. Failure of the family or an individual to have a health care directive leads to several unintended and harmful consequences. A health care directive is a legal document that a person specifies the action that should be taken on his or her health in case of an adverse situation where one is not able to make his or her own decision. The advance health directive gives the health instructions to be taken (Kurent, & Polak, 2012). It also specifies the power to be acted upon and may authorize someone to make the final decision in case of an incapacity to do it for him/herself.
When one is in an incompetent state, he or she is said to be in a situation where one is unaware of what is going on around him/ herself. Such a condition in which one displays motor reflexes, but there is no noticeable cognitive functioning is referred to as vegetative persistence state in the field of medicine. If a person is in persistence vegetative state condition there were neither the executive will nor a living will prepare in advance before such a situation, the left family members of the patient suffers a high cost of care. There is high health expenditure regarding hospital bills and nutritive care expenses as the patient is unable to feed on him/ herself. The family and friends of the patient suffer psychologically in a case where is in a severe state in which the only decision is to terminate his/ her life (Harrison, Falvo, Weiss & Holland, 2017). The condition the patient where is unable to move, talk or feed to his or her self, is said to be in a coma.
The patient’s family gets into a questionable psychological decision in determining the life termination of someone they love. It is an incontrovertible decision for the family to make between either terminating the life of their own or allowing him/ her continue with a lot of suffering and substantial financial expenses. The constitution of United States refuses the termination of someone’s life who is in the vegetative state unless there is a prior executive will that indicate and with clear, convincing evidence by the patient (Darling-Hammond, 2015). According to the constitution of United States of America withdrawal of someone’s life-sustaining treatment to impose a painless death is against the living will statute in the law. The existing will statute is entitled to life preservation.
The family of the patient does incur medical problems if the court declines their request for withdrawing the life-supporting treatment from the patient to lead to a painless death and avoid suffering. When the family members and friends do not have enough money and clear, convincing evidence for the withdrawal of life-supporting treatment from the patient, the court rejects the family’s argument and affirms for the continuity of palliative treatment to preserve the patient’s life.
2.The recuperative medical care is an urgent and post-acute medical attention to a homeless person who is either too sick or is frail to recover from a physical injury or illness on the streets. The involved should not be ill enough to be taken to a hospital. The palliative medical involve several disciplinary concepts to specify nursing and medical care in a person with a life- restricting sickness (Wright, Zhang, Keating, Weeks & Priger, 2014). The person is provided with pain relief, suppression of symptoms, cease the physical and mental stress to terminate diagnosis. For the medical to be modified from recuperative to palliative, a family member of the patient must be involved for more identification, clear assessment, and treatment of all patients’ problems (Maltoni et al., 2012).
One has a right to refuse any and all medical treatment to lead to his or her death when he/ she was of a competent mind and liberty interest and signed a medical treatment refusal document. To refuse the medical treatment, one must have stated in his or her executive will so that in case of such a vegetative state the life-sustaining treatment is withdrawn for him/her to lead into a euthanasia death. The withdrawal of the lifesaving nutrition and hydration to cause the end of a patient in a condition of severe pain and immense suffering with low chances of survival requires clear convincing evidence. The presence of substantial evidence differentiates the right to withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from a patient with a suicidal action.
3.In making end-of-life wish decision one should seek a compiled advice from a lawyer, a medical counselor and also involve at least one member of the family for witness purposes. The euthanasia act in the medical field is a practice of intentional and painless killing of a human being to end reduced quality of life and suffering in an individual who legally wished for it. Cessation of treatment means discontinuation of delivering medical care to an individual without his/ her consent. It is only the court order a clear constitution statute that is responsible for making an end-of-life decision for someone without a family member to ensure such a role.
4.End-of-life is the period in which a patient is paired by, living with or a fatal condition that approaches his/her death for at most 12 months as the case of the patient can be acute or chronic. The measures that the family and social relationship of the end-of-life patient have to undertake to the essential care provided to the patient can be uncertain. The family members and other related groups have an essential role to take part in delivering a quality end-life care (Cartwright & Shaw, 2014). The family’s involvement according to the patient consent and the aim of reasonable care is a crucial element of support. It is an essential responsibility for the healthcare provider team to enlist the close the close family members and caregivers to develop a documented evidence for support bereavement schedule plan. The involvement of the patient’s kinship helps to counter problems like the misunderstanding of the family dynasty. It also ensures the correct protocol is followed while administering the palliative care (Brinkman-Stoppelenburg, Rietjens & van der Heide, 2014). It provides the respect of the treatment decisions according to the patient’s best interest. The involvement and consultation of the family members help in ensuring the professional codes ethic practice during patient treatment. The maintenance of quality care to the patient, the significant actions to provide the best standards is based on the involvement of human core values. The patient’s decision, family, and any other caregiver are respected, and there are honored in giving quality end-of-life care by the health professional (Bischoff, Sudore, Miao, Boscardin & Smith, 2013). Consultation with all the community surrounding the patient is valued and highly integrated into the best of patient’s interest.
References
Bischoff, K. E., Sudore, R., Miao, Y., Boscardin, W. J., & Smith, A. K. (2013). Advance care planning and the quality of end?of?life care in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(2), 209-214.
Brinkman-Stoppelenburg, A., Rietjens, J. A., & van der Heide, A. (2014). The effects of advance care planning on end-of-life care: a systematic review. Palliative medicine, 28(8), 1000-1025.
Cartwright, C., & Shaw, K. (2014). End of Life Care. In Geriatric medicine: An introduction. BPA Print Group Pty Ltd.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2015). The flat world and education: How America’s commitment to equity will determine our future. Teachers College Press.
Harrison, C., Falvo, D., Weiss, V., & Holland, B. E. (2017). Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Kurent, J., & Polak, M. (2012). End-of-Life Care. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Patient Care Guide for Clinicians, 217.
Maltoni, M., Scarpi, E., Rosati, M., Derni, S., Fabbri, L., Martini, F., … & Nanni, O. (2012). Palliative sedation in end-of-life care and survival: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(12), 1378-1383.
Wright, A. A., Zhang, B., Keating, N. L., Weeks, J. C., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014). Associations between palliative chemotherapy and adult cancer patients’ end of life care and place of death: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 348, g1219.
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