An airport master plan is a programme that gives a roadmap towards meeting aviation requirements in a more efficient manner in future. The plan provides viable options in response to the constant changes in the conditions of the aviation industry.
The airport master plan plays a great role in the aviation company. Among the purposes include; it addresses issues on long period sustainable plans, identifying the necessary projects and reasons for having them, maintaining harmony with the statutory regulations governing the company’s operations, how to achieve the set objectives, outlines guidelines on land can be used effectively for development, outlines parameters for establishing financial status and identify the requirements of each facility within the company (Lyon 2018).
A good aviation master plan must capture consider some critical factors. It should be financially reasonable, all plans made should achievable by the funds available, the plans should not have any harmful effects on the environment once effected, the plans should meet the demands of both the community and the airport itself, plans to be implemented are to comply with the laws and regulations of the state and the development sector while considering its input and output factors and finally, the plan should be in a position to adjust with ease to the constant changes in demands and developments(Bardell & Ashton 2018).
Melbourne Airport has a schedule of preparing its master plan after a period of every five years to ensure progressive development for a period of coming five years. The master plan is aimed at providing future development plans of airport facilities in a clear and precise manner. This master plan as well provides a link to various sectors working towards the development of Melbourne airport, (Sografos, Sopoulos & Madas 2018).
A brief history and status of Melbourne airport act as a compass for developing its master plan. It is the main hub for aviation in the country and ranked second in terms of passengers’ increased activity. Its 2013 master plan was aimed at meeting the higher aviation demand from the community by developing three runways. Due to dynamic growth in the aviation services, the Melbourne airport has to come up with a master plan that will respond to the demands. The master plans aim at developing a fourth runway, improve on transportation and ground facilities, improve infrastructure and set measures that will ensure environmental friendliness, aviation safety and flexibility for future developments (Burke & Welbes 2018).
The nature of the airport master plan determines its performance in the future. A poorly planned master plan leads to losses due to its failure to meet the demands and inability to respond to uncertainties. The use of air transport has greatly evolved and there is a high demand in the air transport services both for passengers and cargos. To meet all these demands, an airport management should have viable and reliable plans which will be in a position to respond to the requirements.
Apart from having viable and efficient development plans, the master plan used by the airport should provide a proper guideline which gives direction on the allocation and use of the available resources within the industry to meet the demands effectively.
The Airport Master Plan should give an opportunity to the community and government to participate in the developmental process of the industry. This is important because the impacts of the industry affect them directly. Also, the state at some point will act as the funding organ at the time of uncertainties.
The master plan despite providing the long-term development plans, it should also address the immediate needs and the emerging issues in the industry.
It is a general requirement that the airport master plan of every aviation industry is updated after a given period of time. This is aimed at ensuring that the industry meets the standard requirements for the passenger safety and environmental conservation measures. This also provides a clear picture of the ability of the industry to cope with the market and economic demands both locally and internationally.
The purpose of this study is to critically evaluate the past master plans of Melbourne, compare their performance with the current master plan for improvement purposes. In addition, different airports are to be assessed to determine the performance of Melbourne on the basis of master plan structure.
Air transport has been on high demand due to the need for efficient and faster means for transportation both in Australia and in the whole world at large. Due to constant rising demands in the air transportation services, the airports are being forced to meet the specific needs of their customers as much as possible. This, therefore, forces the airports to come up with appropriate plans that can be put in place to meet these demands in an effective and sustainable manner. To achieve these development requirements, Melbourne came up with a master plan. The objectives of this work are:
(i). To assess the features of the designed master plan by Melbourne airport.
(ii). To add some value to the designed master plan of Melbourne airport.
This research seeks to answer the questions on the features of the best airport plan, how long can it be viable? How many stakeholders are to be involved in planning? This is answered by analyzing the recent and current master plans and checking on the performance in comparison with other airports. The information on master plans was obtained from published works by several authors on the features of airport master plans.
Analysis of annual reports on airport performance was carried out and their features pinpointed with aim of knowing the reasons behind the excellent performance of given airports. The multi-criteria decision-making methodology considers different criteria in the process of solution comparison and analysis, and these include comparison of real-time information and the future expectations, evaluation of the present and expected architecture after plans, evaluation of responses from the implemented solutions which include the uncertainties, performance and efficiency of selected solution, evaluation of the solution ability to achieve the set objectives, the ability of solution to adjust to the uncertainties that come along, the information and knowledge available on the given solution both internally and externally.
Chapter one of the paper provides a general research that has been done on the airport master plan, how it is prepared, its features, its importance and how it can be improved. The chapter gives a brief overview of the master plan requirements in terms of the length it can take before it is updated to meet the future needs at the airport. The chapter also gives the objectives that were used as guides in the research and the extent to which the research was to cover.
Chapter two of this paper covers the literature review that was employed in the research process. It gives examples of similar research that has been done before by other researchers, their features including strengths and weaknesses. It also contains a detailed description of the features of a good airport master plan. The process followed in the development of the airport master plan is also covered on this chapter. The chapter also has covered the basic standard requirements of a master plan and has related these features to the master plan of Melbourne airport.
Chapter three of the paper has covered the methodological approach that has been employed in the evaluation process of the Melbourne airport master plan. An overview of the multi-criteria decision making and its components have been covered in detail. The master plan of Melbourne airport has been analyzed using the multi-criteria decision making to evaluate its weaknesses, strength and possible adjustments that can be done on the master plan. Different approaches for the master plan improvement well justified are also covered in this chapter. In addition, the chapter contains the analysis method that was employed in analyzing the results from a deep evaluation of the Melbourne airport master plan. The analysis method was based on the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the adopted master plan.
Chapter four of the paper covers the discussion and the results on the research. The results were based on comparison criteria of Melbourne airport and other airports on the basis of their performance, ability to meet the local and international community demands, the master plan sustainability and their contributions to the economic growth in their respective territories.
Chapter five gives a conclusion and recommendations to be applied to the master plan of Melbourne.
There are various researches that have been carried out on airport master plan improvement, this paper reviews some of the concepts, theories, methods and ideas that have been suggested in order to come up with standard measures for airport master plan improvement.
A successful airport master plan concentrates more on planning than the implementation stage. The planning follows several stages, first, the process used by the airports in their strategic planning has been criticized internationally by the planning experts. There is an element of rigidity and inadaptability. The master plans are not able to the urgent issues that arise at the airport within the shortest time. This has led to the assumption that the industry cannot achieve higher standards and thus leads to an establishment of low standard facilities. The research on how to improve development plans at the airport is on higher call (Chudiniva & Afonina 2018).
Secondly, the air transport security, as well as the environmental conversation, has been of great concern over a longer period, there has been no sustainable method to improve air transport security and environment conservation (Evans 2018).
Lastly, the rise in the demand for air transport calls for the extensive development of the airport industry. This, in turn, demands an effective master plan that will put into consideration the resources available while looking into the future returns.
The information from the literature will be employed in coming up with proper guidelines that can be adopted in order to have effective planning and development of the airports. The procedures and guidelines identified will play key roles while making decisions and policies regarding business operation and management, development plans, security measures and accountability (Gong & Ma 2018.).
With the review of related papers and articles as part of literature review, this paper obtains the major ways that can be put in place in the airport industry to ensure cost-effective and achievable master plan. The literature review explores several levels of master plan improvement. The first level targets at the major alternative methods that can be used to achieve an effective master plan. The second level pertains the micro developments which include security, facility designs, developmental cost, environmental issues and statutory regulations (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The master plan program for long period has been the normal approach to landing field development. The master plan was invented for the purpose of continuous and sustainable growth of air transport industries. However, in the past decades, the landing field trade has gone through significant changes in their structure and mode of service delivery. These constant changes are rendering the traditional airport masterplan useless as it cannot cope with the market demands which are unpredictable. There is great demand for flexible approaches which will provide alternatives with the capacity to fill the gaps present in the traditional master plans. This research paper gives a review of the present literature concerning an improvement of airport master plan with the major aim of flexibility and sustainability (Hampson 2018).
Airport master planning is the term used to refer to the procedure adopted in developing a master plan for the airport. The master plan bears plan for future developments both those that can be achieved immediately, after a relatively short period of time and those that will take a longer time to be achieved. Various approaches have been used in strategic planning and development of effective airport master plan (Liu &Liao 2018).
The main focus for master plan development should be on the planning process but not decision-making. To have an effective airport master plan, there are important steps to be followed, these are:
Airport master planning uses the existing airport conditions to forecast the aviation demands in future. The forecasting may aim at the number of passengers, a number of trips to be made in a day to meet the demands and the nature of goods available for transportation. These conditions will be used to determine whether there is a need for more improvement of a given facility and to what extent the adjustment should be made (Magalhães, Reis & Macário 2018).
However, there are circumstances when aviation forecasting has failed to achieve the master plan objectives. Among the causes are personal interests, where a forecaster makes the projects attractive for funding purposes rather than for meeting the real existing demands. This prejudices in the forecasting process may lead to under or over development and therefore misuse of resources while not meeting the objectives (Zhang et al. 2018). Forecasting may also fail due to wrong assumptions on the effects of political, social and economic factors on mater plan outcome. Aviation forecasting majorly relies on the single uncertainty and therefore the rise of any other uncertainty such as a change in demographics and technology automatically leads to the failure of plans (Setiawan et al. 2018).
Alternative airport planning approaches have been proposed to accommodate a large number of air traffic and a large number of passengers demands while observing the noise regulation policies (Halpern & Graham 2018).
Among the proposed approaches are Dynamic Strategic Planning and Adaptive Policy Approach. The Dynamic Strategic Planning entails the making of plans based on the real-time existing conditions to address them. This approach is more flexible and can be adjusted easily to meet immediate demands. The adaptive policymaking approach utilizes the policy adoption criteria in the time of uncertainties. The possible uncertainties are identified during the thinking phase of policy formulation and at any time in the future when the situation presents itself, the respective formulated policy is applied for mitigation purposes (Shariff 2018).
For long-term master plan development, there are factors that should be put into consideration, these factors include:
Another approach used in the development of the airport master plan is Flexible Strategic Planning. Flexible Strategic Planning has few similarities with Dynamic Strategic Planning except that Flexible Strategic Planning uses experimentation and diversification approach to test the viability and suitability of the proposed plan. The results from the experiment are then used as the basis of formulating the suitable plans for future uncertainties (Stevens et al 2018).
Finally, in master planning process improvement, another approach known as Adaptive Airport Strategic Planning which combines several approaches has been employed in many airports for future development plans. This approach follows specific steps in the process of plan development (Poomchalit, Suzuki and Suzuki 2018). The first step involves the setting of the stage. This involves identification and analysis of current conditions at the airport, identification of projects that need to be initiated and their requirements as well as the policies inaction regarding the projects. The second step involves a collection of fundamental policies regarding the project and conditions required for their success (Sharaf, Serra & Saurí 2018). The third step entails the establishment of the soundness of the plan. This looks into susceptibilities and favors regarding a selected policy as well as suitable actions that shall be taken in the case of uncertainty. The fourth step is contingency planning where the selected policy is propagated and analyzed further to ensure that any action taken in the line of implementation suit to the desired needs (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
The final step is the implementation stage where the set policy is put into action and monitored. The performance of the policy is adjusted accordingly while taking record of the changes in the output (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
The literature review looked into various existing and future effective methods for airport planning and facility design.
The major areas covered under airport facility planning and design are:
The airports deal mostly with cargo transportation. This is due to the growth in the manufacturing industries which produce products that require international transportation. The volume and type of cargo differ as well as the timeframe for delivery. This difference in cargo needs presents the need for different standards. In the literature review, there are several issues that were identified regarding the cargo facility for air transportation while planning and designing (McDonald et al. 2018). The planning should put into consideration the road system, containers, and trucks used for transporting cargo to the airports for their sources and vice versa. To achieve this, proper forecasting should be done by use of on total weight of cargo, origin and final destination of the cargo, time of departure and arrival as well as the flight details. This data will be used in gauging whether there is a need for expanding and improving a certain facility size and standards (Yang, Zhang & Hu 2010).
Certain recommendations were given in cargo facility at the airports based on the technology advancement, commodity type, and client demands. The changes that were adopted include:
The literature review has extracted issues to be put into consideration airport access and land use while designing the airport master plan (Zhao 2018).
Financial requirements for operation
The airport transportation requires effective financial performance for continual proper returns.
To achieve this, the operation costs on fuel, security, and fines have to be minimized as much as possible (Zhu 2018).
There should be also a proper aviation forecast in order to determine the best departure time so as to avoid carrying out the empty flight. The schedule should match the time when there is a high availability of clients and cargo for transportation. To achieve this, the flight time and booking information should be made available to the customers, information on the cargo is to be provided in advance including the type, size, and location in order for the proper arrangements to be made. Invest in areas with higher revenue returns (Zhu 2018).
The customer and cargo security affect majorly the transport operations and facilities of an airline.
A system for cargo and customer screening before transportation is to be put in place and a total screening should be carried out before any item or individual is allowed to the airport.
The development of blast-resistant containers for ferrying cargos to prevent any cases of aircraft explosions during flight (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
There are numerous environmental policies that give guidance on the measures of environment conservation. Therefore, during master plan development, there should a consideration on the measures that will be put in place both in the infrastructure and the aircraft to ensure adherence to environment conservation rules and regulations (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
Among the measures include:
– The use of air crafts that strictly meet the noise standards use of landing and taking off and landing procedures that divert noise from reaching inhabited areas.
– Use of aircraft engines that meet the Environmental protection agency standards which emit harmless substances to the atmosphere, thus preventing air pollution.
– Use of fuel-efficient aircraft to reduce fuel consumption. This reduction will, in turn, lead to low levels of emissions.
– The ground vehicles for cargo transportation use electricity which is a clean fuel that does not have emissions.
– Use of environmentally friendly washing agents and dry-washing machines to wash aircraft to minimize water pollution (Fox & Loope 2018).
Conclusion
In reviewing the past and current literature, the master plan of an airport for sustainable future developments significantly rely on effective strategic planning rather than decision making (Rosenow & Fricke 2018).
To gather and analyze information on airport master plan improvement, this research project uses multi-criteria decision-making and SWOT techniques in an evaluation of the master plan of Melbourne airport for the purpose of identifying adjustments to be made to improve the master plan’s value. The study is set to investigate the master plan of Melbourne airport.
The multi-criteria decision-making approach evaluates the diverse conflicting approaches used while making decisions in daily activities and business plans. Among the conflicting issues are the cost, quality, and flexibility of criteria under evaluation (Tiwale, Rusca & Zwarteveen 2018.). In this research, Melbourne airport has a developed master plan for its future development. The multi-criteria decision-making technique has been employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the made decisions in relation to the desired outcomes and in comparison, with master plans of other prominent airports worldwide. The results from the evaluation process are examined and changes made in order to come up with a more effective and practical master plan (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
The main areas assessed in the master plan include the defects in the planning criteria, conditions ground transport facilities including the size, accessibility and their efficiency in performance. The recommendations are made on the basis of customer demands and cost-effectiveness (Shariff 2018).
The multi-criteria decision making uses three main approaches in the evaluation of conflicting issues. These include the search, preference aggregation, and tradeoff and finally, interactive visualization (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
In the search approach, a viable solution is identified among the pool of choices, the Pareto set. Various factors such as the validity and flexibility to the demands are put into consideration while selecting a suitable solution (Shariff 2018).
In preference aggregation and tradeoff, the views of multiple individuals involved in decision making are subjected to deep evaluation and analysis in order to come up with a more preferable idea that will suit the prevailing situation and meet the demands. The interactive visualization involves an active and continuous decision making on a given issue of conflict. The proposed solutions are continuously tested and the outcomes examined and analyzed, the final solution will be reached once the desired expectations are met by the criteria under the test (Constantin & Stough 2018).
The multi-criteria decision-making methodology considers different criteria in the process of solution comparison and analysis, and these include comparison of real-time information and the future expectations, evaluation of the present and expected architecture after plans, evaluation of responses from the implemented solutions which include the uncertainties, performance and efficiency of selected solution, evaluation of the solution ability to achieve the set objectives, the ability of solution to adjust to the uncertainties that come along, the information and knowledge available on the given solution both internally and externally, the preferences of stakeholders and finally, the requirements of the chosen solution(Shariff 2018).
The Melbourne airport air transport system is operating along edge of its capabilities, working on the real-time scheduling and coordination of large number of flights in a single day, as it is indicated that over 239,000 flights arrived to and departed from the Airport in a period of one year over 2017 which is over 650 flights per day on average and two flights at every minute. The continuous use of this flight schedule will worsen the flight conditions in coming few years since there is a higher expectation of air traffic growth due to an increase in the number of passengers and expanded connectivity to other aviation industries such as Asia and America. There is an urgent need to raise capacity to accommodate the high service demands both at the present and in future on carriage capacity, safety measures, performance efficiency and flexibility in service delivery and in response to uncertainties at the airport (Everett, Simpson & Wayne 2018).
The newly formulated master plan of Melbourne airport consists of the airport transport management system with some limitations that inhibit its capability to meet future developmental demands. These limitations include inflexible airspace as well as air routes that reduce the number of air traffic that can be managed at a time, misuse of available resources as a result of insufficient collaboration amid the stakeholders, and more importantly, there is more limitation in the level of system planning towards the reconciling air of the demands of air traffic with thee airspaces available for operation (Horsfield et al. 2018). Due to these limitations, there is a need to create a more advanced and comprehensive master plan that will utilize to maximize the available airspace capacity while meeting the growing demands of air transport in the future.
The evolutionary algorithms and heuristics approach can be used by Melbourne in its master plan development to resolve the prevailing challenges and meet the demands of different parties of interest (Renn 2018). The refreshing of this Airport Master Plan is essential for an advantageous reconsideration of the airplane terminals general and particular execution such the capacity to meet the nearby and global requests, neighborhood financial prerequisite, consistent changes of the innovation in air transport industry and its capacity to acclimate to any vulnerabilities (Stephenson, Lohmann and Spasojevic 2018).
Melbourne has utilized the air terminal Master Plan built up to survey the Airport’s abilities and obligations, to viewpoint future avionics needs, and to conspire for the foundation of new or augmentation of existing offices that might be expected to meet the up and coming aeronautics showcase requests. The primary purpose behind ground breaking strategy advancement is to give practical rules to be connected for the Airport’s general support, development, and execution inside an earth and financially responsible mode while adhering to proper avionics guidelines set out by different state organs
Figure three below shows a typical example of an architecture of the planning system. The Melbourne airport is experiencing a flight path challenge due to poor architecture. The type of architecture deter4mines the flight time spent from one destination and the other (Zografos, Androutsopoulos & Madas 2018). The poor the flight architecture, the higher the flight risks of accidents and high flight costs and therefore profit value will decline. The use of an evolutionary algorithm approach in combination with real-world simulation tool can be used to obtain an appropriate and perfect cost-effective flight plan (Chen et al. 2018). This will maximize utilization of the limited air traffic capacity while meeting the demands of its customers in service delivery, comfort and safety. The use of an evolutionary algorithm also provides an opportunity for using hybrid heuristic algorithms. The heuristics methodologies are based on the application of new inventions to provide solutions to the future flight challenges by forecasting on the possible solutions. This serves as a means of responding effectively to the future uncertainties while reducing the cost and maximizing on the production. Particularly, heuristics methodologies are in a position of balancing the basic knowledge on a given issue and provide a specific solution to the present or possible future challenging situation. Heuristics are put in use to find the proper portfolios to combine in order to develop the flight path (Croese 2018.).
In search of heuristic space flight paths, the hybrid algorithm framework and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm are applied systematically at the meta-level. This method of flight path determination is highly effective and efficient as it has the quickest computational capabilities in geometry (Zhu &Tang 2018). The use of this technique will enhance the flight performance of airspace traffic managers and flight operators.
The resources and information in an airport are to be centralized for the ease in access and use by the service deliverers and service consumers. The airline flights, railway lines and highways leading to the airport should have a common point for conversion so as to minimize on the time wastage in the access of services (Shakeela & Weaver 2018). The structure of Melbourne airport still has scattered transportation networks (figure 3.2) which need to adjust further towards the central business point.
The air traffic uses all the possible solutions towards achieving the efficiency of its flight services. The capabilities of the air traffic facilities are monitored constantly in order to determine their performance levels. The order of flight plans has to be evaluated to and appropriate flight paths located for the specific aircraft (Everett 2018). This evaluation process is done by the use of the hybrid heuristic-evolutionary planning algorithms. This ensures that there is no point at which a flight path of a given aircraft will interfere with the flight path of another aircraft hence decrease on the air traffics, (Zhu 2018).
The constant checking of the flight paths promotes the correlation of different flight sectors as it leads to the harmonious use of the limited airspace (Jacquillat & Odoni 2018).
The estimation gives an opportunity for an extensive and effective search of the airspace solutions.
Another response evaluation technique for airspace performance is the use of four-dimensional computational geometry to examine the aircraft flight path in the space. This technique identifies the flight paths of various aircraft and the conditions regarding its safety and convergences. The information obtained from this method can be used in making the flight schedules by determining the departure time of a given aircraft from a given airport so as to ensure that there are no obstacles in the flight path (Guo & Wang 2018). The information on correlation amid the flights is also useful in establishing the flight path with the highest demand and therefore flight paths with low demands can be used by the flight management in order to avoid air traffics while utilizing the limited airspace resources, and in addition, the information will be utilized in scheduling the flight time.
The Melbourne aircraft transport management needs to adopt the three-dimensional airspace calculation technique in order to have effective flight operation in the near future when there will be an increase in the air traffic due increase in population for air transport. The constant evaluation of space responses will make it easy to adjust to any future uncertainties.
While formulating a master plan for the airport, a proper and efficient search method should be identified (Tan 2018.). These techniques must be able to generate all the information required for effective and safe flight operation in the space. Among the flight information required is the flight path portfolio, weather conditions and congestion state of the NAS system. The common search method used is the heuristic algorithm. This technique constructs the perfect flight path portfolio when the necessary and suitable parameters are well set. The multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is used to produce airspace solutions on the equilibria state of different objects in the space. Another search method is a hybrid algorithm which simulates the air traffic to validate the performance of the flight path portfolios generated by heuristic algorithm methods.
The weather forecasting station at the airport is a search method that provides information on the atmospheric conditions which in return play a critical role when scheduling the flights. The state of atmosphere determines the visibility and therefore the flight safety. Proper weather forecasting facilitates proper flight planning (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The past and current master plan of Melbourne airport have no weather forecasting search method which is more important in-flight safety. Some adjustments should be made on the master plan to incorporate weather forecasting programme which will be able to provide the reliable weather conditions for the purpose of flight scheduling and to avoid any accidents and losses related to dangerous weather conditions (Gong & Ma 2018).
Objective and constraints complexity is handled by the production of meta-objectives, this means that the general number of related goals are minimized via the specification of higher-level goals that represent a single or more important system objective. In line with this, the airlines require just a single factor of the airspace stakeholder unit. The related objectives are passed on to using the preferable and effective communication route to the air traffic system (Gong & Ma 2018).
In the master plan of Melbourne airport, there is a need to formulate a proper guideline and channel for communicating the basic issues to the management. This will ensure that the services are delivered effectively within the shortest time possible while reducing the workload and time wastage. In addition, the related issues are to be categorized and the person to deal with them is to be identified so as to enhance the smooth performance of the company (Shuchi, Drogemuller and Buys 2018)
There are a number of unpredictable events at the air traffic such as weather disturbances, failure in the facility operational which may happen in the form of mechanical breakdown.it is therefore of much great importance to have means of handling such expectations in more effective manner and timely (Martin 2018). To provide the effective solution, the sufficient information about the problem must be made available and therefore there is a need to improve on the information forecasting and recording techniques. To minimize on the uncertainties, there should be thorough forecasting before any aircraft takes off, this is to ensure that the flight path is clear and safe for use (Mashayekhi 2018).
The Melbourne airport should, therefore, invest in the forecasting methods to ensure that accurate information is generated each and every time the flight is scheduled to take place.
The basic knowledge should be balanced in the entire planning process. The stakeholders such as craft operators are to be consulted while making any flight plans. This is important because their opinions are important in determining their performance abilities and preferences. The traffic flow managers should be consulted to give their view on the best ways that the infrastructure can be made to reduce any traffics and facilitate quick service delivery (Kim & Choi 2018)
The different options are weighed regarding the airline operation and the best methods that suit the demands are selected. Most airlines resolve airline traffics by rescheduling their flight plans to the different flight time or topless busy flight paths (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The ground traffics are solved by the use of multiple transportations means such as the use of water, pipeline, and road transport systems to connect customers to the airport.
The master plan, therefore, should first identify the existing problem and look for the viable solution which is cost effective and efficient to the prevailing problem (Gong & Ma 2018).
The decisions made by the stakeholders should have a direct reflection of the expected end results. Before choosing a given flight path, a proper forecast should be performed to ensure that the path is safe enough and free of any obstacles (Shimizu 2018.). The decision to locate the airport at a given position should ensure that there is no congestion that will cause craft accidents of pollution to the environment such as emission of dirty fluids to water or exposure of loud noise to the residents (Freestone & Baker 2018.).
The decision of airport location should also consider its ability for future expansion to meet the transport demands and also ground the ability to sustain the wait for airport facilities (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
The planning framework should put into consideration the constant changes in the demands, environment and operation expenses. The planning process should, therefore, provide a room for future adjustments by updating the facilities to suit the uncertainties (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
Due to the rapid population growth and air service demands, there is a need for more runways at Melbourne airport. There are only three runways and therefore more runways are to be added (Gong & Ma 2018).
There is a need for adjustment of Melbourne master plan in several important areas which include:
Runway- the runway should be increased in length, width and number to accommodate many and large aircraft.
Terminal-should be positioned strategically to allow ease in access. It should be spacious enough for aircraft and cargo carriers.
Car parking area- It should be extended to accommodate a large number of vehicles and well designed to allow entry and exit without difficulties.
Public transportation- Use of electric trains and shuttle vehicles from the cities and other reserve areas to the airport to facilitate ease of access.
Service automation- services such as customer identification should be automated by use of facial recognition techniques, use of electronic services to clear customer bills and bookings. This will promote efficiency.
Power backup- sometimes the supplied electricity is unreliable due to changing seasons, therefore more reliable and sustainable alternative power sources to be installed such as solar power and windmills which will sustain the airport services.
The addition of runways requires more land and therefore there is an urgent need for land expansion in order to provide more space for runaway construction.
There is also a need for large size aircraft to meet the demands for larger cargo transportation and stable ground to sustain the vast aircraft (Burke & Welbes 2018).
There is a need to move further the industries and objects such as the tall building near the airport which pose the greater risks to the landing aircraft.
For security purposes, client identification techniques should be improved to facilitate the identification process. Such methods include the use of facial detection techniques which are quicker compared to the paper documents (Tsui, Yuen & Fung 2018).
There is also a great need to improve in road transportation such as taxi and truck system to facilitate movement of the passengers and cargo to the airport for easy transportation.
The road traffic should be minimized by creating the exit and entry points at different locations on the highways to avoid any collisions (Burke & Welbes 2018).
A Master Plan gives an appraisal of an airport’s aviation needs and a general survey of the systematic development that will most efficiently encounter those demands. An airport’s Master Plan sets up advancement objectives and gives a detailed plan for long-term development on a rationale for several study elements comprising of airfield arrangement, facility growth, suggestions on the manner of airport land use, and sustenance facilities at the airport (Hampson 2018).
The master plan also acts as a significant tool for setting up the airport’s improvement preferences and vindicating the requirements for government and other state organ funding aid, (Rana & Bhatti 2018).
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) advised that airports bring up to date their airport Master Plan after a period of ten years on maximum, or as demands necessitate early plan, to give directions on local demands and changes at the airport. The last Master Plan for Melbourne airport was compiled and finished in 2013. More lately, an Airport Layout Plan has been updated and completed in 2018, after a reasonable period of five years (Hampson 2018).
The updating of this Airport Master Plan is important for a convenient reevaluation of the airports general and specific performance such the ability to meet the local and international demands, local economic requirement, constant changes of the technology in air transport industry and its ability to adjust to any uncertainties (Stephenson, Lohmann & Spasojevic 2018).
Melbourne has used the airport Master Plan established to assess the Airport’s capabilities and duties, to outlook future aviation needs, and to scheme for the establishment of new or extension of existing facilities that may be needed to meet the upcoming aviation market demands. The main reason for master plan development is to provide viable guidelines to be applied for the Airport’s general maintenance, growth, and performance within an environmentally and fiscally accountable mode while sticking to appropriate aviation standards set out by various state organs (Komninos 2018).
A SWOT analysis is a well-designed business planning method utilized in identifying Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats connected with a given action or scheme in an organization. The SWOT analysis entails identification of an event, goals, or fundamental factor, and then recognizing the internal and external strengths that are dearly and negatively influencing that event, goal, or a factor in a stated setting. For this research paper, the SWOT analysis elements are being applied to Melbourne airport within the boundaries of its Master Plan. As a result, it gives a progressive insight and guidance for the improvement of the airport’s Master Plan (Hampson 2018).
As covered earlier on, the SWOT analysis divides information into two major classes: external and internal.
This relates features of the Airport and market domain which can be thought as the source of strengths or weaknesses to the event, goals, or factors.
This refers to the characteristics of the aviation industry which can rise as favor or danger to the event, goals, or factors.
The SWOT, in addition, divides information into subclasses as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
This refers to the internal features of the Airport which are beneficial to attaining the anticipated events, goals, or factors.
This refers to the internal features of the Airport which are setbacks in attaining the anticipated events, goals, or factors.
This refers to the external characteristics of the industry which are of great help in achieving the anticipated events, goals, or factors.
This refers to the external characteristics of the industry which are barriers to attaining the anticipated events, goals, or factors (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The SWOT analysis for Melbourne airport is on the basis of information collected in communication and information channels such as community meetings, websites, social media and the media release which give the information on the activities, plans, consultation periods and plans for the future conducted in 2018 (Graver & Rutherford 2018).
The Melbourne consists of different stakeholders, government agencies as well as the community leaders which make up the Planning Advisory Committee and Technical Advisory Committee. These committees play a significant role in presenting different interests in the Airport. A SWOT analysis was carried out with these diverse groups to locate fundamental factors that are to be addressed and adjusted in the airport’s Master Plan. Shown in table two is an outline of the findings from the SWOT analysis exercise (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018). These results were applied to recommend for adjustments on the objectives and plans of the processing of the airport’s Master Plan (Towfiqi 2018).
|
Strength |
Weaknesses. |
|
|
Internal (features of the airport market domain) |
-Sufficient length of the runway. – Availability of the land for extensive facility development and expansion. – Close location and strong connections to corporate markets which uses aviation services. – Strategic location to the major highways and railway lines for easy accessibility. -Advanced air navigation promotes proper air traffic control for good navigation. – Presence of airport traffic control tower to monitor and give directions to the landings and takeoffs. -Availability of ground transport instruments on the runways to facilitate easy movements and off-loading process. – Qualified Airport staff for aircraft control and for administrative issues to promote proper operations of the airport. -Convenient aviation services are given to customers such as air medical service, periodical flight training to ensure competency to the crew, proper aircraft and facility timely maintenance, and proper service management. -Monetary and advisory support from states and federals. – Good working relationships between the different stakeholders within an airport and between the airport’s administration and the state and other external aviation industries internationally. – Educational services to the staff such as flight training to have efficient operations manpower. – Positive economic influence to the state at large and the surrounding regions. -The capability of incorporating the airport with the local and national economic standards. – Sufficient manual workers for daily service provision. |
-insufficiency in the number of runways to accommodate the growing number of aircraft. -Communication barriers between the stakeholders, customers and aircraft operators due to diverse communication channels. – The taxi and truck traffic due to the limited number of highways, exits and let ins slows down movements. – Limitation in the operation of the Airport Traffic Control Tower. Towers work only on daytime. Need for night operation. -The close proximity of local residents near the airport leads to noise pollution. -The close proximity of factories and structures near the airport pose a risk of an aircraft crash. – Short runway length for future heavy aircraft that require a longer runway. – Limited land space for future airport expansion due to close proximity on local residences. -Hangar availability (based and transient aircraft). – Insufficient fire stations – not strategically located to the active operation areas. -Insufficient advanced technology and facilities for aircraft monitoring and maintenance. -Insufficient roads that lead to and from the Airport. – Long periods before the airport facilities are replaced. May lead to malfunctioning. – Expensive fuel due to poor aircraft engines. – Inadequate housing facilities for the staff. -Inadequate storage facilities for the cargo. – Lack of guidelines and policies on the surrounding land use. |
|
Opportunity |
Threat |
|
|
External (characteristics of the airport industry) |
-High opportunities for education improvement (flight training) -Programmed commercial services. -The strategic position of Melbourne Airport in relationship to other airport provides effective aviation services. -Airport’s capability to expand the tenant base. -Airport’s capability to improve the local tax base. -Diversification of the economy in the state provides an opportunity for service delivery. -Land acquisition potential -A multitude of aviation services that can be offered at the Airport -There is an improvement of the roadway network. -Improvement of the communication network. -Growth in the population increases the aviation demands. -Introduction of drones as a means for monitoring the navigation services. -Good links to large transit systems. -Good communication relationship with the local authorities and airports. |
-High competition from other airports such as Sydney airport, Brisbane airport, and Adelaide airport. -High demand worldwide for fuel. -The decline in farming activities affects negatively on cargo transportation. -Activities such as structure construction around the airport pose accident risks. -The uncertainty of future funding from the sponsors and investors. |
Table 3.1. Weaknesses and strengths of Melbourne’s airport master plan.
This chapter gives a comparison between different airports found in Australia and justifications on the claim that Melbourne airport has the best features that makes it outstanding among the other airports. The superiority of an airport is based on its ability to have proper planning and development of an effective and efficient master plan (Chudiniva & Afonina 2018).
Below are tables showing ranks of different airports with the respective parameters.
|
Rank |
airport |
location |
2000-2001 |
2005-2006 |
2010-2011 |
2012-2013 |
2014-2015 |
2015-2016 |
2016-2017 |
|
1 |
Melbourne |
Melbourne Victoria |
21,041 |
27,963 |
29,492 |
31,936 |
33,705 |
33,705 |
34,878 |
|
2 |
Brisbane |
Brisbane Queensland |
12,467 |
16,016 |
19,975 |
21,145 |
21,918 |
22,320 |
22,653 |
|
3 |
Perth |
Perth, Western Australia |
5,162 |
7,005 |
10,890 |
12,832 |
12,730 |
12,558 |
12,453 |
|
4 |
Adelaide |
Adelaide, South Australia |
4,443 |
5,767 |
7,279 |
7,171 |
7,670 |
7,778 |
8,090 |
|
5 |
Gold coast |
Gold coast, Queensland |
1,888 |
3,515 |
5,486 |
5,805 |
5,867 |
6,273 |
6,457 |
Table 4.1. Passenger movements for the year 2000 to 2017. (source: Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport, and Regional Economics). Melbourne has the highest number of passengers. This is due to the quality and efficient services offered. The structure of the master plan provides proper guidelines that facilitate the efficiency of the company in service delivery(Yang, Zhang & Hu 2010).
|
Rank |
Airport |
Location |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
2015 |
|
1 |
Melbourne |
Melbourne, Victoria |
174,462 |
180,278 |
205,202 |
235,314 |
|
2 |
Jandakot |
Perth, Western Australia |
265,700 |
372,300 |
295,516 |
222,874 |
|
3 |
Bankstown |
Sydney, New South Wales |
298,798 |
275,846 |
275,978 |
220,166 |
|
4 |
Brisbane |
Brisbane, Queensland |
169,198 |
164,538 |
187,956 |
220,154 |
|
5 |
Perth |
Perth, Western Australia |
103,198 |
101,648 |
124,640 |
138,728 |
Table 4.2 Air Craft movements from the year 2000 to 2015 in Australia. (source: Air services Australia). Melbourne airport makes the highest number of air trips. The master plan has a proper and organized schedule for its aircraft. The navigation safety is high due to effective forecasting system that facilitates smooth navigation. (Chudiniva & Afonina 2018).
|
Rank |
Airport |
location |
State |
Domestic revenue of passengers |
International revenue of passengers |
Total revenue of passengers |
|
1 |
Melbourne |
Melbourne |
Victoria |
23,524,659 |
8,410,941 |
31,935,600 |
|
2 |
Brisbane |
Brisbane |
Queensland |
16,775,021 |
5,143,336 |
21,918,357 |
|
3 |
Perth |
Perth |
Western Australia |
8,535,765 |
4,187,270 |
12,723,035 |
|
4 |
Gold coast |
Gold coast |
Queensland |
4,988,337 |
878,957 |
5,867,294 |
|
5 |
Cairns |
Cairns |
Queensland |
3,902,635 |
488,379 |
4,391,014 |
Table 4.3 Local and international passenger revenue from 2014 to 2015. ( source: Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport, and Regional Economics).
Melbourne airport has the highest revenue return. This is due to the effective financial management system which majors on the opportunities while minimizing on the risks (Chudiniva & Afonina 2018).
From the results above, it is evident that the performance of an airport depends on the structure of its master plan. An effective master plan majors on the opportunities available while reducing the risks and losses. Melbourne airport used opportunity oh high population to increase its aircraft and terminal capacity to meet the demands.
An airport master plan is a significant tool to use for proper planning of the airport management and development.
It provides a guideline that can be put in place for the long-term development of the airport and thus avoiding any losses that normally result from uncertainties (Wang, Gong &Yang 2018).
Melbourne airport used master plan for its operations which resulted in its efficiency. A properly developed master plan provides a solution to the future anticipated challenges by using the current situations, master plan and also by use of information technologies to forecast future events (Burke & Welbes 2018). Among the solutions provided by the master plan to Melbourne aviation industry is on the improvement of the ground facility such as highway transportation, storage facilities, navigation monitoring, proper guidelines on land use, proper communication channels within the staff and between the industry and other local industries as well as the international airports, strategic plans for security measures such as intensive and advanced persons identification techniques such as passenger facial identification and aircraft safety by intense cargo and customer scanning, (Stevens et al 2018).
From the findings of this research, it is evident that a good aviation master plan must include critical factors related to future airport development needs. It should be financially reasonable where all plans are achievable by the funds available. The plans should meet the demands of both the community and the airport itself, be able to comply with the laws and regulations and the development sector while considering its input and output factors and finally, and be flexible to meet demands and developments that arise (Rana & Bhatti 2018). The updating of this Airport Master Plan is important for a convenient reevaluation of the airports general and specific performance such the ability to meet the local and international demands, local economic requirement, constant changes of the technology in air transport industry and its ability to adjust to any uncertainties, (Chen et al 2018).
Melbourne has used the airport Master Plan established to assess the Airport’s capabilities and duties, to outlook future aviation needs, and to scheme for the establishment of new or extension of existing facilities that may be needed to meet the upcoming aviation market demands. The main reason for master plan development is to provide viable guidelines to be applied for the Airport’s general maintenance, growth, and performance within an environmentally and fiscally accountable mode while sticking to appropriate aviation standards set out by various state organs,( Komninos & Choi 2018).
Adjustments recommended on the 2018 master plan of Melbourne airport:
The master plan of Melbourne should make adjustments to meet the above requirements in order to be able to achieve its development needs such as improvement of road transport network towards the airport, expanding number and length of its runways to accommodate large aircrafts, automation in identification techniques, use of electronic methods for service provision such as online booking, proper land use by having proper structure for facility positioning, use of alternative sources of power such solar energy, expansion of airport terminals to accommodate aircrafts, provide proper communication channels, proper training of staff to ensure high quality service delivery, establishment of strong networks with other international airports, use of latest technology for space navigation and forecasting and insurance of its facilities to take care of any risks and uncertainties, (Evans, 2018).
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