Discuss about the Wireless Powered Communication Networks.
Networking standards are very essential for the purpose of ensuring the interoperability of the various networking technologies and this done by providing the definition of the various rules of the communication, which exists amongst the network connections. This standards are generally existing in order to make sure that products from different vendors are capable of working together in a network without any type of risk related to incapability [2]. Interoperability is very much necessary. Standards are responsible for forming the fundamental building block in order to develop the product by means of establishing consistent protocols this would be very much helpful in understanding along with adopting them. The standards are very much helpful in fueling up the compatibility and interoperability along with simplifying the development of the products and speeding up of the time-to-market. Standards are also responsible for making the understanding and comparing of the products much easier. Along with this by application of the standards the requirements of the interconnectivity and interoperability is also assured [4]. Besides this the application of the standards also verifies the credibility of the new products and the new markets. Technical standards are responsible for defining the structure, syntax and the reliability of the interoperable transactions.
The OSI or the Open System Interconnection Model can be considered as a conceptual model which is mainly associated with characterizing and standardizing the various communication function of the telecommunication or the computer system without considering the internal structure or the technology. The main goal of this model mainly includes the partitioning of the communication system into standard protocols [3]. The model is also associated with partitioning of the communication system into abstraction layer. The model consist of seven layers.
TCP/IP or the Transmission Control Protocol or the Internet Protocol model is considered as a conceptual model which is associated with setting of communication protocol which is used on the Internet and the computer networks. This is known by this name because the foundational protocol in the suites are the Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol [1]. The internet protocol suite is associated with providing end-to-end data communication which specifies the way in which the data is to be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed ad received. The functionality has been organized into four abstraction layer which is associated with classifying the protocols according to their scope of the involved network. The Internet protocol suite predated the OSI model which is more comprehensive reference framework for the general networking system [2].
DoD or the Department of Defense four-layer model was developed in the year of 1970 and was mainly done for the DARPA Internet Networking Project which eventually grew into internet. The DoD model also consist of four layer which includes the Network access layer, Internet Layer, Host-to-Host layer and process layer. The network layer is responsible for the delivering of the data over a particular hardware which are used. The internet layer is associated with delivering the data across a series of different physical network which are associated with interconnecting the sources and the destination machine [4]. The Host-to-Host is responsible for handling the connection rendezvous, flow control, retransmission of lost data, and other generic data flow management. Lastly the process layer mainly consist of the protocols which implement the user level function.
Twisted pair Cable: A twisted pair of cable is mainly made by putting two separated insulated wires in a proper twisted pattern. In this each wire run parallel to each other which is used for voice and data infrastructure. Twisted kind of pair cabling is mainly helpful for avoiding certain number of signal interference[9]. There are mainly two kind of twisted cable interface that is UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP (shielded twisted pair). This two kind of twisted pair which is mainly used in various kinds of installation. UTP is mainly used for installation of Ethernet while STP is used in various kinds of network for prevention of cross talk and interference of electromagnetic waves. STP cables also helps in providing grounding.
Coaxial cable: A coaxial cable is a kind of shielded and insulated copper wire which is mainly used in various kinds of computer networks. It is mainly used for delivering TV services to large number of users. A coaxial cable is mainly used by various providers of cable TV for stretching its transmission line[7]. The stretching can be done from the branch or office of control to various residential and business providers. It mainly comprises of four components namely a copper wire which works like primary channel, a dielectric copper wire which ultimately surrounds the copper. After that there is copper/aluminium sheath beneath the insulator. This layer mainly works for protecting the sub layers from any kind of external electromagnetic interface.
Fibre Optic: It is a well technology which makes use of glass or plastic for transmission of data. A fibre optic is a well-known technology which consist of bundle of glass fibres, which can be used for transmission of message into light waves. An optical fibre cable is mainly made up of thin strands of capable which are known as optical fibre[8]. Fibre optics comes up with large number of advantage over metal communication like it comes up with much greater kind of efficiency in comparison to metal cables. This merely focus on the fact that the wire can easily carry more amount of data. It is considered to be less susceptible than metal cables due to interference. Fibre optics are considered to be much thinner and lighter than metal wires. In this data can be transmitted digitally in spite of analogical form.
Wireless: It is considered to be fastest growing technological in the field of communication. It can be defined as a method of communication in which data is transmitted from one point to another with the need of any wire, cables or any kind of physical medium [10]. In a communication system information is mainly transmitted from transmitter to receiver when it is placed over a limited distance. Some of the commonly used wireless technologies are mobile phones, GPS, receiver, Bluetooth and lastly Wi-Fi.
In the above case scenario wireless type of communication should be as it provides a list of advantages like mobility, convenience, flexibility and operates at much lower cost.
Synchronous connection is mainly used for this purpose as this uses the independent clocking signals in order to synchronize the transmission of the data. They are also associated with providing a permanent connection between two end points. The synchronous connection that would be established would be done by making use of synchronous serial interface which would be installed in the host machine [5]. The synchronous connection would also be reducing the overhead bits and it would also be helping in the overcoming of the two main deficiencies of eth asynchronous method which includes the efficiency and the lack of error detection. Major advantage of using this is that this type of communication generally occurs on a real-time basis and this type of communication would only occur if the peoples are connected at the same time. Synchronous communication would help in getting immediate response and instant feedback. In this type of communication the data would not be sent in individual bytes but would be sent as frames of large data blocks. The frame size might be varying from few bytes through 1500 bytes for the Ethernet [6]. And clock is also embedded in the data stream encoding and sometimes also might provide be provided on the separate clock lines in order to make the sender as well as the receiver remain synchronized during the frame transmission. There would occur a continuous and consistent time based transfer of the data blocks. This would help in quick transmission form location to the other. There would be no gaps between the characters which are to be transmitted and the timing which is supplied by the modems or other devices at each end of the communication. The time that is needed for the synchronous connection is also obtained from eth devices which are located on eth communication link of the office.
References:
Davidson J. An introduction to TCP/IP. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012 Dec 6.
Goralski W. The illustrated network: how TCP/IP works in a modern network. Morgan Kaufmann; 2017 Apr 12.
Townes M. The spread of TCP/IP: How the Internet became the Internet. Millennium. 2012 Sep;41(1):43-64.
Qaseem A, Forland F, Macbeth F, Ollenschläger G, Phillips S, van der Wees P. Guidelines International Network: toward international standards for clinical practice guidelines. Annals of internal medicine. 2012 Apr 3;156(7):525-31.
Lackner G. A Comparison of Security in Wireless Network Standards with a Focus on Bluetooth, WiFi and WiMAX. IJ Network Security. 2013 Nov 1;15(6):420-36.
Brooks RA. How to build complete creatures rather than isolated cognitive simulators. InArchitectures for intelligence 2014 Jan 14 (pp. 239-254). Psychology Press.
Wang CX, Haider F, Gao X, You XH, Yang Y, Yuan D, Aggoune H, Haas H, Fletcher S, Hepsaydir E. Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2014 Feb;52(2):122-30.
Yang N, Wang L, Geraci G, Elkashlan M, Yuan J, Di Renzo M. Safeguarding 5G wireless communication networks using physical layer security. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2015 Apr;53(4):20-7.
Thompson J, Ge X, Wu HC, Irmer R, Jiang H, Fettweis G, Alamouti S. 5G wireless communication systems: Prospects and challenges [Guest Editorial]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2014 Feb;52(2):62-4.
Bi S, Zeng Y, Zhang R. Wireless powered communication networks: An overview. IEEE Wireless Communications. 2016 Apr;23(2):10-8.
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