Importance of Pasteurisation Free Essay Example

This chapter will explain the previous studies related to the mathematical methods used to determine temperature distribution in packaged foods using software for heat penetration studies. The understanding of theoretical aspects is important before progressing to the design and calculation process. It will focus on the background of the study, problem statement, methodology, result and conclusion that have been used in the previous researches. All these findings could be used to analyze the problems faced and develop temperature distribution mathematical model in study of the heat penetration in packaged food.

Packaged food

With no treatments demonstrating the ability to cure a food allergy- peanut allergy that is generally persistent and sometimes life-threatening food allergy, the focus of drugs in development has been on providing a level of protection against accidental exposure reactions. However, no study has estimated the relative risk reduction of a food-allergic population receiving a specific immunotherapeutic treatment for their allergies. Method used was the probability of an allergic reaction due to the unintended presence of peanut protein in packaged food products was modeled per study group and food category combination using Monte Carlo simulations.

Results are the population treated with the 250 µg peanut protein patch demonstrated a significantly increased dose response distribution after 12 months of treatment, which resulted in a relative risk reduction of 73.2% to 78.4% when consuming peanut-contaminated packaged food products. In conclusion, the result supports the potential real-world clinical relevance of this investigational immunotherapy and its possible role as a future therapy for peanut-allergic sufferers. (Jogsten et al.

, 2009)

The purpose of the study was to assess the role that some food processing and packaging might play as a source of Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) through the diet. However, hundreds of related chemicals such as homologues with shorter or longer alkyl chain, Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and telomers, which potentially may degrade to PFCAs are not regulated yet. The levels of PFCs were determined in composite samples of veal steak (raw, grilled, and fried), pork loin (raw, grilled, and fried), chicken breast (raw, grilled, and fried), black pudding (uncooked), live lamb (raw), marinated salmon (home-made and packaged), lettuce (fresh and packaged), pate of pork liver, foie gras of duck, frankfurt, sausages, chicken nuggets (fried), and common salt. The result shows that Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOs) was the compound most frequently detected, being found in 8 of the 20 food items analyzed, while Perfluorohexanoic acid toxicity (PFHxA) was detected in samples of raw veal, chicken nuggets, frankfurt, sausages, and packaged lettuce. The conclusion is that it is not sufficiently clear if cooking with non-stick cookware, or packaging some foods, could contribute to a higher human exposure to PFCs. (Yunus et al., 2013)

Halal industry has received special attention worldwide as one of the most potential businesses to be explored and developed with one of the highly growth markets at present is the Halal packaged food industry. Even though several studies have focused on the purchase of Halal products produced by Non-Muslim manufacturer, however their results are still inconclusive. A total of 150 set of questionnaires were distributed randomly in Klang Valley. The hypotheses which were tested using Pearson Correlation have revealed that Halal awareness and product ingredients have significantly influenced Muslim’s intention to buy Halal packaged food that are produced by Non-Muslim manufacturers. It is expected that the findings of this study will assist the Non-Muslim’s Halal certified manufacturers to develop the best strategy in winning the heart of Muslim consumers. (Pongutta et al., 2019)

Nutrition labelling, a tool to provide nutrition information to consumers at the point of purchase, is one of the key measures recommended to promote a healthy diet. However, there are potential barriers for consumers that might hinder the effectiveness of nutrition labelling, such as lack of nutrition knowledge, lack of motivation to use nutrition labels and lack of time to read the labels. The method used was interviewing individuals at 23 major supermarkets across the country in March 2015, then use mixed multivariate logistic regression model to identify factors associated with the ability to make healthier choices when reading front-of-pack (FoP) labels. The result show that out of 1364 participants, only 11% claimed to read the guideline daily amount (GDA) label every time; those who did not read the main reason was that it was not understandable or attractive. The conclusion is the use and understanding of GDA are still low, mainly because GDA is incomprehensible and unattractive

Mathematical methods

The Equal-Width and Modified Equal-Width equations are used as a model in partial differential equations for the simulation of one-dimensional wave transmission in nonlinear media with dispersion processes. It is in detention that all of these methods are problem dependent, some approaches work well with influenced problems but not suitable for the others different problems. Method used is employ two methods in which one is extended simple equation method and other one is exp(-u) expansion method on both equations to construct new exact traveling wave solutions which are more powerful and have numerous application in physics and applied mathematics. The performance of the method due to graphically representation of different types solitary waves shows that the technique is efficient and more powerful mathematical tool for solving different kind of nonlinear problems in mathematical physics. The extreme benefit of the method is that this is very straight forward and concise. (Noureldine et al., 2015)

Borehole NaI(Tl) scintillators are widely used in different detecting systems (well type, parallelepiped, cylindrical, etc.) in environmental radioactivity, low level radioactive waste, prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis, some nuclear physics experiments, geology, etc. Achieving a high efficiency in the gamma-ray detection is an important and crucial issue for the low-level gamma activity measurements. To meet this efficiency requirement, a 4NaI(Tl) borehole cylindrical detector (30.4 cm 30.4 cm) was developed with a central circular hole of radius 1.75 cm at Dynamitron Tandem Laboratory (DTL) at the Ruhr-Universitat Bochum. The photofraction and intrinsic efficiency are calculated using the present expressions and compared with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulation for borehole scintillation detectors using a circular disc source of radius of 1.5 cm. The comparisons with the experimental and Monte Carlo method data reported in the literature indicated that the present method is useful in the efficiency calibration of the borehole detector. (Shabani et al., 2018)

In a regular well testing data analysis, it is assumed that the permeability and the skin of reservoir remain constant during the injection or production. But in an acidizing operation in which a reactive fluid is injected into the porous medium, the permeability and the skin of reservoir are changing continually. The proposed method is based on continuity equations of acid in the reservoir coupled with analytical equations of ORPM (Output Rate Prediction Method) in the wellbore. The radius of the fine mesh simulated region must be selected as large as enough to be sure that it covers the invasion radius of acid (usually the invasion radius of acid is less than 1 m). By using the mass transfer coefficient which was determined from history matching of the surface pressure data, and the analytical equation of the ORPM and coalescing them, a proper model for estimation of the skin variation during a real field acidizing operation was proposed. The conclusion is ORPM can represent a practical estimation for the fluid loss during a real acidizing operation. (Silva et al., 2010)

Pasteurisation is a very useful method for the conservation of several industrialised food products, increasing their storage time, and this method also involves heat transfer to such products. Obviously, this operation has a certain cost, which is directly related to the values of the thermo-physical parameters of the products to be pasteurised. Taking into account that the heat conduction is described by the diffusion equation, there are basically two methods employed for solving this equation in the transient state: the analytical method and the numerical method. The result shows that for the case of the transient state, adequate choice of an increasing expression for the thermal diffusivity, as function of the local temperature, produces better results for the heating kinetics of tomato puree and custard cream than the results presupposing a constant value for this parameter. In this case, the errors of the experimental data about of the numerical solution can be considered randomly distributed. (Hong et al., 2018)

Nitrification, the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate, plays a key role in the global nitrogen cycle linking organic matter mineralization to microbial denitrification and anammox in water, soil, and sediment. At present, as no appropriate method exists for direct measurement of nitrification rates in situ, potential nitrification rates are generally determined using incubation system. This method is based on mathematical modeling analysis for the time series variation of DIN (nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium) in an incubation system without an inhibitor. Compared to the traditional methods with specific inhibitors, this method is not afiected by inhibitors and can determine both instantaneous and average microbial ammonia oxidation rate (Va) and nitrite oxidation rate (Vn) accurately and simultaneously. Practical application indicated that this method can well determine the dynamic variations in Va and Vn in both water and sediment samples.