Indonesia is an island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. Its population in 2014 was 253 million people. Its labor force was 120 million people, where 38.9% of it is in Agricultural Sector, 13.2% of it in Industrial Sector, and 47.9% of it in Services Sector. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2013 was $867,500 million, growing 5.3% from 2012.
Indonesia is ranked among the top ten largest textile producing countries. From long time ago, the textile industry has played a major role in contributing to Indonesia’s economy.
Being a major contributor, it creates a large job opportunities for the local workers. Indonesia’s government aims to increase its nation’s value of contribution to the world to 5% by the year 2030.
There are four basic types of Market Structures. Firstly, Perfect Competition. Perfect Competition is where a large number of small firms compete against each other. There is not a firm that have a significant market power. It also produces and sells completely identical goods.
Secondly, Monopolistic Competition. Monopolistic Competition is similar to Perfect Competition, but the firms produces and sells similar but slightly differentiated products. Thirdly, Oligopolistic Competition. The market structure of oligopolistic competition is dominated only by small number of firms, typically consists around 3 to 5 dominant firms. Lastly, Monopoly Competition. Monopoly Competition refers to a market structure where only one single firm controls the entire market.
In Indonesia, there is an association called Textile Association of Indonesia. The members of the association consists of 5 categories, which are Garment with 23 firms, Spinning with 19 firms, Weaving with 10 firms, Accessories with 1 firm, and Trading with 10 firms.
With a total of 63 firms in one association, we can assume that the market structure of the textile industry in Indonesia is Monopolistic Competition.
In addition, the textile industry in Indonesia is Monopolistic Competition because it follows the assumptions, which are all firms wants to maximize profits, they produces and sells differentiated products, there is free entry and exit to the market, and consumers may prefer one product over the other.
The Performance of Indonesia’s Textile Industry
Here are some tables to analyze the Performance of Textile Industry in Indonesia.
| Performance (000 Ton) | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| Fiber(Polyester,Viskose,Cotton)Capacity | 1300 | 1390 | 1390 |
| Production | 1090 | 1063 | 1075 |
| Utilization | 83.8% | 76.5% | 77.3% |
| Export | 396 | 394 | 400 |
| Import | 994 | 996 | 1077 |
| Local Product Sales | 694 | 669 | 675 |
| Consumption | 1688 | 1665 | 1752 |
| Local Market Share | 41.1% | 40.2% | 38.5% |
| Performance (000 Ton) | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| Spun & Filament Yarn Capacity | 2733 | 2733 | 2733 |
| Production | 2159 | 2095 | 2199 |
| Utilization | 79.0% | 76.7% | 80.5% |
| Export | 990 | 1002 | 1001 |
| Import | 209 | 230 | 239 |
| Local Product Sales | 1169 | 1093 | 1198 |
| Consumption | 1378 | 1323 | 1437 |
| Local Market Share | 84.8% | 82.6% | 83.4% |
| Performance (000 Ton) | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| Woven, Knitted Fabric and Non-Woven Capacity | 2742 | 2742 | 2742 |
| Production | 1493 | 1443 | 1567 |
| Utilization | 54.4% | 52.6% | 57.1% |
| Export | 314 | 216 | 262 |
| Import | 654 | 724 | 777 |
| Local Product Sales | 1179 | 1227 | 1305 |
| Consumption | 1833 | 1951 | 2082 |
| Local Market Share | 64.3% | 62.9% | 62.7% |
| Performance | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| Garment and Other Product Capacity | 2420 | 2450 | 2450 |
| Production | 1833 | 1951 | 2082 |
| Utilization | 75.70% | 79.60% | 85% |
| Export | 547 | 550 | 525 |
| Import | 119 | 151 | 155 |
| Local Product Sales | 1286 | 1401 | 1557 |
| Consumption | 1878 | 1878 | 2021 |
| Local Market Share | 68.5% | 74.6% | 77% |
Source: BPS, Bank Indonesia, MOI, APSyFI processed by IndotextilesAs we can see from the tables, the Textile Industry in Indonesia is relatively good in utilizing its technologies to process raw materials and produce goods. Most categories are between 75% and 85% of Utilization level, but not in Woven, Knitted Fabric and Non-Woven category. The Utilization level on Woven category is much lower compared to the other, but still it is in improving trend.
The Consumption level in year 2016 was slightly dropped, but it quickly increases again in year 2017.
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
| Total Export | 2247 | 2162 | 2188 |
| Total Import | 1976 | 2101 | 2248 |
| Balance of Trade | 271 | 61 | -60 |
From the table above, the Balance of Trade of Indonesia in Textile Industry is decreasing every year. In year 2015, the Balance of Trade was 271 tons, and it decreases to 61 tons in year 2016. Moreover, it keeps decreasing to minus 60 tons in year 2017. The Balance of Trade of Indonesia was in Surplus and it stops in year 2016. Indonesia experienced a Trade Deficit in year 2017.
Government plays a major role in developing the textile industry in Indonesia. Government body that mostly contribute to the development is the Ministry of Industry. Ministry of Industry handles the other industries as well. They do focus on the textile industry as it is one of the oldest industry, and contributes the most to Indonesia’s economy growth.
Recently, in order to push the textile industry, Ministry of Industry has proposed a program called Energy Refund Program. This proposal will be coordinated with the Ministry of Finance, and will be discussed with the Ministry of Economic Coordination.
“We review the allocation of this Energy Refund Project to improve the Export Value. Textile and Textile Product Industry will be the brain of this project,” said the General Director of Ministry of Industry, Harjanto. In this project, he explains that the electricity cost charged to the firms will be reimbursed back.
The electricity cost in Indonesia is relatively higher compared to its competitor countries. Ade Sudrajat, Chairman of Textile Association of Indonesia said that high electricity cost is a main problem in the textile industry. It costs US$0.010, 5/kWh in Indonesia, compared to US$0.06/kWh in South Korea and Vietnam. “Our cost is higher compared to the other,” he said.
By doing so, the government is trying to push out the Production Possibility Frontiers (PPF) by removing the cost of electricity, and allows the firms to allocate the unused money to produce more units. Furthermore, after producing more units there will be greater quantity in market for sell and some of it will be sold to the other countries, resulting in an increase in exports.
To sum up, the textile industry in Indonesia is a senior industry. Being one of the oldest industry, it has contributed a lot to Indonesia’s economy. The market structure in the textile industry is Monopolistic Competition as it follows all the assumptions of a Monopolistic Competition.
For the past recent years, the textile industry in Indonesia keeps having a decrease in its Balance of Trade. In order to prevent further deficit, the Ministry of Industry has taken an action by proposing a program called Energy Refund Program. The main aim is to decrease the manufacturing cost and allows firms to allocate this reimbursed fund to produce more quantities.
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