Infection Control In Development For Fever Development

Fever development and benefits

Describe about the Infection Control in Development for Fever Development.

What is fever? Explain how Peter’s fever developed.

The state in which body temperature of an individual is more than the normal body temperature is considered as fever. Normally the human body temperature is 38.5 degree Celsius. When the body temperature of a patient rises above the normal body temperature then the patient is considered to have a fever. During the period of fever, the patient feels cold due to muscle contraction. Bacterial, parasitic, and viral infection are some of the medical conditions, which may lead to the occurrence of fever.  

Peter was feeling unwell for two days and therefore he visited his doctor. From the diagnosis of peter it was clear that his body temperature is 38.9 degree Celsius that means he has a fever. Further examination also  revealed that peter was also having pharyngitis or sore throat, he was also sneezing all the time and his nose was running continuously. It is evident from these symptoms that peter have developed a fever (Craft et al., 2015).

State, with explanation, two benefits of fever.

The system that develops the immunity of the body gets stimulated by a fever. This stimulation insists the body’s immune system to increase the production of more antibodies, proteins like interferon, and white blood cells. The human body is protected from the foreign microorganism that has harmful effect by all these biological molecules.

The body temperature is raised through a number of degrees due to fever and this increase in temperature makes it difficult for the foreign virus and bacteria who invaded to flourish and survive. It becomes very much difficult for the invading microorganism who have harmful effect to grow, flourish and survive when the body temperature increases because the temperature that is optimum for the multiplication of these invading microorganism is less than the increased temperature.

Iron is shuttled in the liver due to a fever and thus it becomes not easily available for the use of the invading harmful microorganism as a fuel for the growth of the microorganism inside the body. Thus, fever acts as a very important growth inhibiting factor of the invading organism.

Given that influenza is caused by a virus, why was Peter prescribed an antibiotic?

Antibiotics are not effective against influenza infection. Antibiotics are those drugs which are mainly used for  the treatments of the patients who are going through a bacterial infection.  However, phenoxymethyl penicillin is prescribed to peter because exudates of yellow-white pus was seen over the tonsils of peter which indicates that peter had a pharyngitis. To treat pharyngitis and tonsillitis phenoxymethyl penicillin is used.

Prescription, mode of action and effectiveness of phenoxymethylpenicillin

The doctor prescribed phenoxymethylpenicillin. Discuss the mode of action of phenoxymethylpenicillin.

Phenoxymethyl penicillin is an antibiotic used in the prevention or treatment of bacterial infection.The peptidoglycan is the most important part required for the formation of the bacterial cell wall. Phenoxymethyl penicillin directly acts on the peptidoglycans and causes the bursting of the bacterial cell wall and thus prohibits the bacteria from forming cell walls and as a result of this  the bacteria susceptible to the antibiotics, other fluids  and as a result the bacterial growth stops and ultimately the bacteria is killed. The bacterial cell wall strength is increased by the peptidoglycan and because of this; it becomes possible for the bacterial cell wall to prohibit the entry of the external fluids and particles inside the cell. At the time of bacterial multiplication, few small holes are opened up in the cell wall as the cell further divide into daughter cell. The reconstruction of the cell wall by backfilling those holes present in the cell wall with the help of peptidoglycan that is newly produced. This is possible only in one condition that is  absence of penicillin around the surrounding vicinity. The formation of the protein which is required to link peptidoglycans together in the cell wall is inhibited by the penicillin. As a result of the above said inhibition the transpeptidation of the bacterium is not completed which is very much necessary to close the hole of the walls. When these holes remains open the surrounding fluids rushes into the cell due to osmotic pressure leading the cell to explode (Lee & Bishop, 2016).

Explain why antibiotics are not effective against viruses.

The viruses do not have any cell therefore the antibiotics are not effective against viruses. The viruses are the infectious agent having a protein coat, which live inside the cells of different other living organism. Breaking down of the cell wall of the bacteria is the principal mode of action of the antibiotics. Therefore, the antibiotics have no effect on the viruses because the viruses hire all the mechanism of the host organism’s cells for replication and other activities to survive. The procedure of replication of viruses is also different from the bacteria. The replication mechanism of the bacteria is used by the viruses so the antibiotics are unable to differentiate the viruses from the bacteria subsequently the antibiotics cannot produce any effect against the viruses and it appears that the antibiotics are ineffective against the viruses (Bullock & Manias, 2013).

Spreading of influenza and breaking its mode of transmission

Describe two (2) possible ways that Peter could have contracted the influenza virus (modes of transmission).

The contraction of influenza virus to Peter may be cuased by the following processes

1)      Due to the inhalation of aerosol which is virus-laden. A sneeze of an infected person may release many thousand droplets of viruses. These droplets remains suspended for a very long interval of time in the air and may cause infection when the healthy person inhale them (Lehne et al., 2012). 

2)      Due to direct contact making with the individual who are infected. An individual who is infected frequently touches the mouth or nose of them while sneezing and at the moment  any healthy person gets a hand shake with that infected person. The infection of influenza spreads to the healthy person as  they touches their own nose  or mouth with that contaminated hand. Another way of the spreading of the virus is through the nonliving things which are infected with viruses. Suppose person who is infected touches a non-living thing after they have touched their mouth or nose during sneezing or after that. Now when a healthy person touches the thing to pick up the thing subsequently the hand of them is contaminated and this further leads to infection of those people if they does not wash the hand before they touch their nose or before eating.

Identify two (2) ways by which the modes of transmission could be broken

To break the transmission of influenza it is recommended that the washing of the hands should be done very often with hand cleaners which are alcohol based or  with water and soap. The infected person should cover their mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing. Use of Facemask by the infected person can be useful in the process of decreasing the spread of the virus. Promotion of seasonal  Influenza vaccine administration must be brought into practice among the people to make the immune system strong against the virus. All the person having the symptoms of infection in the respiratory system must be ensured that they should have adherence to the technique of respiratory hygiene and must implement those technique, cough etiquette procedures, hand hygiene techniques throughout the period of the risk of spreading of  influenza virus prevails (Boland & Wilson, 2011).

Describe the physiological basis of the first signs/symptoms of Peter’sthroat. Relate your response to this case study.

The first sign that was encountered in the case of the peter’s throat was the redness of the throat. The redness of this part of the throat occurs because a large amount of the blood along with the immunological molecules like the macrophages, phagosome have a tendency to reach this infection site so that they can engulf the virus and the antigens particle. This causes an accumulation of blood in this portion of throat. This high amount of blood accumulation and blood flow towards the infection sight is the main reason behind occurrence of redness in the throat.

Describe the physiological basis of the second signs/symptoms of Peter’sthroat. Relate your response to this case study.

Peter’s throat have the second symptom of swollen. The primary reason  behind this is swollen is a large accumulation of immunological molecules occurred in this infection site by the accumulation of  blood in this area.  An agglutination reaction occurred among the immunological molecules like antibody and antigen. They binds with each other to form agglutination reaction which ultimately leads to the inflammation  and subsequent pain in that area (Marieb & Hoehn, 2016). This inflation occurred in peter’s throat because there was an infection of influenza virus.

Describe the physiological basis of the third signs/symptoms of Peter’sthroat. Relate your response to this case study.

The third and last sign or symptoms of peter’s throat that he encountered was a patchy covering of  yellow-white exudates of pus over tonsils of peter. This type of symptoms may be seen in the condition of acute tonsillitis and when there is a viral infection. It can be seen most of the time that tonsils during an infection are bright red and coated by yellow-white pus. In respect to the peter’s case, it can be concluded that the infection of virus of influenza  in his tonsils is the main reason of the accumulation of  patchy yellow-white pus in that portion of the throat (Grossman et al., 2014).

Compare and contrast the processes by which viruses and bacteria replicate

Bacterial Replication process	Viral replication process
Bacteria have its own replication machinery and cell organelle.	Viruses hire the replication machinery of the bacteria.
Bacteria replicate their own DNA or RNA. Most of the bacteria normally carry out asexual reproduction. Some bacteria also perform sexual reproduction in which a transfer of the genetic material (plasmid) between two bacteria occurs. The bacteria cannot degrade the genetic material of the virus because the genetic material of the virus is always packaged in a protein membranous coat.	The viruses either the degrade the DNA or RNA of the bacteria and uses the replication machinery of the bacteria to replicate their own genetic material or sometimes the virus incorporate its genetic material into the DNA or RNA of the bacteria and gets it genetic material replicated with the replication of the host DNA or RNA.
Similarity
Both bacteria and virus uses the same replication machinery because the virus just hacks the replication machinery of the bacteria the replication enzyme for both the virus and bacteria are same.

Presentation

Referencing in-text and in reference list conforms to APA 6^th referencing style.

Critique supported by relevant literature as prescribed.

Correct sentence structure, paragraph, grammatical construction, spelling, punctuation and presentation.

Reference:

Boland, M. (Director ), & Wilson, J. (writer). (2011). Infection control in healthcare

Bullock, S., & Manias, E. (2013). Fundamentals of pharmacology. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Craft, J., Gordon, C., Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., & Brashers, V. L. (2015). Understanding pathophysiology-ANZ adaptation. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Grossman, S., Porth, C. M., Conelius, J., Gerard, S. O., Moriber, N., O’Shea, E. R., & Wheeler, K. (2014). Porth’s Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States.

Lee, G.M., & Bishop, P (Eds) (2016) Microbiology and infection control for health professionals (6th ed.). Melbourne , Australia Pearson.

Lehne, R.A.., Moore, L.A., Crosby, L.J., & Hamilton, D.B. (2012). Pharmacology for nursing care (8^th ed.). St. Louis,Mo: Elsevier

Marieb, E.N., & Hoehn, K. (2016). Human anatomy & Physiology(10^th global ed.). Harlow United Kingdom: Pearson,

World Health Organisation, (2015). Influenza, an unpredictable threat