Interest Bearing Securitie: Portfolio Management

The investment in the assets has been seen to be risky and challenging to handle the market of finance. The practice is set to focus on the concept of the risk and the investor will to take the amount. The investor has a higher risk or the lower risk averter. This will depend on how to handle the level of returns along with yielding the investment in the due course of time. The allocation decision is for the different patterns where the assets rely on the preferences of the investor. (Hall et al., 2015). The focus has been on holding the period of the investments with their securities.

It is the claim which has been against the loan issuer. The field has been mainly depending upon the interest rate paid to the security owner. There have been different interest bearing instruments which are depending on the instrument issuer with the collateral sense to handle the loan and the maturity with the details of how the interest is paid. The interest coupons have been paid on the bond for the yearly basis where there have been interest only once. This is at the end of the maturity of the bond with the redemption data. This is called as the zero-coupon bond. (Zaidi et al., 2015).

The other interest payment involves the instruments which have been sold at a discount, with the interest. The sale where the price is seen by discounting the loans and includes the interest payments which have been not made in the bond to calculate the net present value.

The money market has been the segment for the financial markets with the higher liquidity growth with the trading of the short maturities. The market has been through the borrowing and the lending for the short terms from certain days to year. The money marks hold the negotiable certificates for the deposits, the acceptance of the banker, the treasury bills, commercial paper and the other municipal notes. These are based on the federal funds and the repurchasing agreements. These are also called the cash investment as they are for the short maturity period. These have been conservative to offer the lower return with the securities. The risks are related to the market of the money where the investor needs to be aware of the changes. (Benigno, 2016).

The long term patterns have been consisting o the securities which are other than the shares through the original matures for a particular year. The accommodations are based on the varied practices in the countries to handle the long term patterns with the defined success to include the maturity period for the time of two years. The bond has been to hold the long term debt instruments with the corporation or the government. There have been important coupon rates which are stated under the rate of interest with the capitalisation which depends on the bond risks and the other risk free rate structure.

The capital markets have been including the stocks and the market of the bonds. These are able to handle the world markets which focus on the stock exchange and the other commercialised banks. The operations are based on operating the close scrutinised structure where the use of the capital is through the long term purpose like the mergers and the business lines. The companies with the federal and the local government issue the debt through certain bounding markets. (Ferris, 2015). These are offering better returns but are risky for the short term funding.

The money markets have been for the funding which are important like the retired living which is on the fixed income through the use of the money market in order to keep it safe. The deposits and the collateral loans with the acceptances and the bills are important for the operations in the money market. The short term debt is mainly for the covering of the payroll expenses. The use of the money markets is to maintain a right amount for the liquidity with the investments that yield a smaller return.

There have been techniques for the valuation of the securities and assets through the impact of inflation or economy or the other shocks. There have been debentures, preference shares and the equity shares for handling the time value of money. The setup is based on securities which will have a potential with additional return above the face value. The valuation is based on the long term debt instruments which has been used by the larger companies in order to borrow the money. There have been terms which are used with the bond, loan stock or the notes. The debentures are based on the interest at a particular rate till the maturity with the principal amount on the maturity. (Ho, 2015). Here, the value of the:

The preference shares are mainly to carry the fixed dividend for the valuable which can be based on the bonds that are redeemable or irredeemable based on the annual dividends and the maturity amount. This is through the cash information and the maturity amount.

The equity shares are based on the dividend capitalisation and the earning capitalisation. There has been no fixed dividend which has been associated to the equity factor with the growth rate at a steady state with the preference shares.

The asset allocation is based on the determining of the overall risks and the return. There is a need to focus on the goals with the proper basic management approach. The strategic asset allocation with the rate of returns for the different asset classes. The constant weighting asset allocation is mainly for handling the buy-and-hold strategy where there is a drift through the established policy mixture. The patterns have been set for the strategical asset allocation which needs to focus on the short term divisions with the exceptional investment opportunities. This adds to the timing of the market to allow for the more favourable approach. With the interest rate immunisation, there has been a strategy which ensure that there is a change in the rate of interest which will not be affecting the portfolio. This is mainly to make sure that the value of the fund pension or the different assets of the firm will increase or decrease depending upon the pension funds. (Hussin et al., 2015). The interest rates include the cash flow match with the duration matching, volatility and the convexity.

The practical approach is the duration for the assets which are matched with the total duration of the liabilities. This is to make sure that they have been profitable under the change of the interest rates with their assets and the liabilities. The patterns are able to easily match to the price functions of the assets along with making sure of the derivatives for the asset price function.

There have been problems related to the protection against the mismatch like the default by the borrower. The users of the technique are working on the bands, including the insurance company and the other pension funds. The disadvantage has been associated to the duration match which is set under the assets and the liabilities which remains completely unchanged.

There is a possibility that there has been an increase in the interest rates with the longer time period. The investors who are buying the long term bonds have to sell them before the maturity so that they are able to handle the discounted market price. With the short term bonds, the risks have not been significant where there is a concern on how to handle the driven changes. The long term bonds are holding the great duration due to the rate change which has a great effect on the bonds. (Dyson et al., 2016). The concepts have been difficult to the conceptualisation. The valuation is based on the market and the income approach which focus on both the income statement and the assets. This is able to operate the concern with the preparation of the liquidation.

The foreign market investments include the level of economy with the economic risks and the political risks which have been associated to the investments. There have been assess which allow the potential investors to assess the risks that have been attached to the investment opportunities. These are through the foreign investments through the international or the overseas fund, global or the world funds, country funds, regional funds for the specific geographical area.

The major risks which have been associated to it are the transactional costs where there is a need to invest in the international market. This has been relatively globalised and connected to handle the market, an individual is investing in. there have been commissions for the brokerage which are higher than the international markets. the liquidity risks in the emerging markets have been not able to sell the stock. (Fuller, 2016). The currency risks have been for the investors to protect the investment. There have been different types of the liquidity rates for the hold of the international stock patterns. The risks are related to the political, currency and the market risks. There has been an exchanging rate of the fluctuations which can easily boost or limit the returns on the investment. The secret prices could be considered as the offset by the decline in the currency value. The political risks relate to the immense changes where there is a need for the workers and the investors to be aware of the political risks. The information is based on the investment where there has been dissemination with caution. The current risk is related to the control pattern which has a negative impact on the values of the risks tolerance.

With the changing market, there is a need to work on handling the international stocks which have been becomes a larger share for the investment. There is a need to work on the small exposure patterns to the emerging markets which are experiencing the growth and the industrialisation. (Garbade et al., 2015). The higher risks of the investments are based on the growth with the patterns to hold the exchange trading funds.

With the changing times, there is a need to set up the interest through the different options which will be able to handle the fixed charge rates. The equity security and the other funds have been set by the management to work on them. The patterns of the omission of the dividends does not have the owners of the equity for the enforcement to claim for the dividends. There are cases which relate to the regular dividends in the events of liquidation and are entitled to the omitted dividends with certain preferences of the assets for the different preferred stocks.

Garbade, K., & McAndrews, J. (2015). Interest-Bearing Securities When Interest Rates are Below Zero. Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Fuller, G. W. (2016). Introduction. In The Great Debt Transformation (pp. 1-24). Palgrave Macmillan US.

Dyson, B., Hodgson, G., & van Lerven, F. (2016). A response to critiques of ‘full reserve banking’. Cambridge Journal of Economics, bew036.

Hussin, A. H., Hussin, N. H., & Razak, D. A. (2015). Shariah Stock Screening Methodology: A Comparison Between Shariah Advisory Board of Securities Commission Malaysia and International Index Providers. In Proceedings of the Colloquium on Administrative Science and Technology (pp. 191-202). Springer Singapore.

Ho, C. S. (2015). International comparison of Shari’ah compliance screening standards. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 8(2), 222-245.

Ferris, A. L. (2015). An annotated Afrikaans/English list of words and phrases used on the floor of the Johannesburg stock exchange (Doctoral dissertation).

Zaidi, S. A. H., Shah, I. H., Umair Ashraf, R., Ghauri, S. M. K., & Hassan, I. (2015). Standardization of Islamic market indices. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 25(2), 240-256.

Benigno, P. (2016). Designing Central Banks for Inflation Stability.

Zaidi, S. A. H., Shah, I. H., Umair Ashraf, R., Ghauri, S. M. K., & Hassan, I. (2015). Standardization of Islamic market indices. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 25(2), 240-256.

Hall, G. J., & Sargent, T. J. (2015). A History of US Debt Limits (No. w21799). National Bureau of Economic Research.