TB is defined as Tuberculosis which is a type of health disorders that caused by germs and bakeries. TB is affecting many human body systems such as the lungs, brain, kidneys, and spine. This is one of the biggest problems is world-wide and it is estimated that the rate of TB is increasing in the last few years. According to world health organization TB is one of the greatest common pollutions and in last few years around 2 million people were diagnosed due to TB in the UK (Abdelbary, et al., 2016). It is observed that around 10 million people were diagnosed due to the problem of TB each year. World health organization provided a data report each year and also published many research projects on the topic of TB. The main objective of this report is to evaluate an inclusive and valuation of the Tuberculosis epidemic, the cause of TB, and treatments methods for TB health disorder. The End TB policy was developed by world health organization and this strategy include around 194 states to classify the reason of TB in the UK (Blauenfeldt, et al., 2016). This type of problem increases when any person communicates with other person and it is observed that around 10% of people in the UK were suffering due to this type of health disorder. This report is explaining the problem of TB in the UK and other countries and cause of this health problem. World health organization provided any data or information regarding TB disease and also published many project reports. The purpose of this report is to understand the problem of TB and how this type of health disorder can be reduced in the UK and other countries. This report will divide into various parts such as of the cause of TB, symptoms of TB, the role of international health policy, health care systems, social and cultural factors, the role of public and health promotion, and global context of TB (Clifford, et al., 2016). There are many authors that researched on this health disorder and they observed that this type of problem is increasing when any person who is suffering from TB communicate with another person than this problem spread from one person to another. The problem of TB is increasing in worldwide and in 2015 around 10.4 million people have suffered this health problem in which around 5 million are children and 4 million are adults that suffered due to a problem of TB (Couvin, and Rastogi, 2015). The problem of TB also increases another health disorder such as HIV, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. This will be discussed in this report and also discuss the role of health promotion for the prevention of TB.
TB refers to a health disorder which is increasing rapidly in the last few years and it is the second largest problem of death which occurs due to germs, and bacteria. According to world health organization, the proportion of TB has doubled in the UK in last few years and around 2 million people in 2015 were diagnosed due to TB (Dittrich, et al., 2015). In 2016 this rate is increased and 2.5 million people were suffered from TB and it is the very serious problem worldwide. There are many countries that are suffering this type of problems such as India, China, South Africa, UK, Indonesia, and Pakistan and it is estimated that in the UK around 60% of people were suffered from HIV in 2017. According to the world health organization, the rate of TB is increased by 1.5% from the year 2014 to 2015 (Fang, et al., 2015). There are many authors that researched this problem and investigated that in 2020 the rate of TB will be increased and it reaches around 8 billion worldwide. In the year 2014, it is detected that around 480,000 new circumstances of TB were added and the main reason for this increment is the lack of healthy diets and medication. According to a report from the World health organization around 1.3 million persons died in 2015 due to this type of health disorder. Between 2000 and 2015 around 22% of people died due to HIV and TB disease and it is estimated that this disease is in 5th position which is a very serious problem. World health organization published many reports every year and also observed that around 6 million new cases were added in 2015 (Donoghue, et al., 2015).
TB is one of the leading health risks and it affects many human body systems such as the lungs, brain, kidneys, and spine. It is observed that between 2000 and 2015 around 30% of people infected with HIV and TB and this rate are increased by 1.5% in 2016 (Falzon et al., 2016). There are many risks factors of TB health disorder such as diabetes, blood cancer, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and malnutrition. There are many countries in which this type of problem is increased such as Africa, China, Russia, Afghanistan, South Africa, and the Philippines. There are many symptoms of this health disorder such as chills, fatigue, coughing, fever, loss of weight, night sweats, and loss of appetite. This is a very serious problem in humans and it can spread to other portions of the human body system by the bloodstream. TB also affects the bones which can lead to pain in spinal, and joints, also affect the brain system which can cause meningitis, this disease also affects the kidney and liver which can cause cancer and high blood pressure and this disease also impact on blood circulation system that causes cardiac tampered. In the last few years around 3 million people were suffered from HIV and TB and in 2015 almost 456, 000 people died due to this health disorder (Fogel, 2015). There are a few another symptoms of TB which are related to lungs infection such as coughing, chest pain, and sickness or weakness. This type of health problem is spread when any person which is suffering from this problem move in the open environment and communicate with another person than this problem spread into another person which is the very dangerous problem.
According to world health organization in 2015 the rate of TB disease is increased by 1.5% and it is observed that around 2 million people in 2016 were affected by this health disorder (Forrellad, et al., 2014). To reduce this type of problem world health organization developed many sustainable goals and end TB strategy that helped to reduce this type of health problem. TB disease is a 9th most leading cause of death worldwide and it is the very serious problem for all countries. In the year 2016, it is calculated that around 1.3 million people died due to HIV and TB and in the year 2017 this rate is increased by 1.6% (Garcia, et al., 2014). According to the world health organization, the rate of TB and HIV is increased by 2% per year and it is observed by the World health organization in 2020 this rate will be increased by 5%. There are many key factors which leading this type of health problems such as unhealthy diets, germs, bacteria produced by waste, unwanted waste, lack of physical activities, and lack of exercise. Between 2000 and 2016 around 44 million were suffered from this health disorder and 490,000 new cases are added worldwide (Getahun, et al., 2015).
Figure: data of TB between 2009 and 2011
(Source: Graustein, et al., 2015)
The problem of TB is increasing day by day and to reduce this health disorders there are many organizations and communities such as world health organization and National Health Service which provide many health policies and strategies (Graustein, et al., 2015). According to the world health organization in 2015 around 2 million people were diagnosed due to this problem and it is estimated that this rate is increased by 1.6% in the year 2016. TB is one of the greatest mutual health harms and world health organization published many reports per year and also provided many policies and targets to reduce this type of problem worldwide. Between 2000 and 2015 around 30% of people were suffered from this health problem and world health organization observed that in 2020 this rate will be increased by 5% (Harausz, et al., 2016). World health organization provided many health policies related to TB disease such as the sustainable development goals for prevention of TB, and END TB strategies both are developed by world health organization (He, et al., 2015). According to the World health organization by END TB strategy in 2035 the problem of TB will be reduced by 95% and also estimated that in 2020 the rate of TB disease will be reduced by 80%. This part will explain various international health policies for the prevention of TB and other health disorders.
WHO is world health organization which provides many health’s policies and prevention method for TB and other health disorders and this organization also published reports on TB per year (Healy, et al., 2016). This organization provided many policies for TB disease in which there are main two strategies such as the sustainable development goals and the end TB strategy (Hoff, et al., 2015).
World health organization established the sustainable development goals and end TB strategy to reduce HIV and TB infections. The Millennium development goals were developed by the UN in the year 2000 and this strategy reduced the problem of TB and HIV by around 10% in the year of 2005 (Houben, and Dodd, 2016). The main object of these goals is to understand the problem of HIV and TB and promote healthy diets and medication and health programmes which can reduce TB and other health disorders. The sustainable developments goals provide a platform to reduce this type of problem and it is estimated that around 15% of the problem is reduced in 2011 and also reduced the problem of HIV. These are the following goals involved in this strategy (Hunter, 2016).
The main objective of this strategy is to reduce the problem of TB and HIV worldwide and in 2035 this action plan will reduce TB disease by 95% (Kakkar, and Dahiya, 2014). This strategy covers the period from 1016 to 2035 and the main aim of this strategy is to end the global TB epidemic. There are main four principles of this strategy which are following
The 2035 goals are a 95% decrease in TB expiries and a 90% decrease in the TB occurrence rate, matched with points in 2015 (Källenius, et al., 2016). The 2030 goals are a 90% decrease in TB deaths and an 80% decrease in the TB occurrence rate, associated with planes in 2015. Afterward, 2025, an unprecedented hastening in the rate at which TB occurrence falls worldwide is compulsory if the 2030 and 2035 goals are to be reached. Such a rushing will depend on an industrial breakthrough – for sample, a post-exposure injection or a small, efficacious and safe action for dormant TB contagion (LTBI) – so that the danger of emerging TB illness among the around 2–3 billion persons who are previously diseased with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considerably condensed (Kumari, et al., 2017).
Figure: End TB strategy
(Source: Kumari, et al., 2017)
Figure: Projected incidence and mortality curves that are required to reach End TB Strategy targets and milestones, 2015–2035
(Source: Källenius, et al., 2016)
The London Meeting Fitness Committee discovered TB in 2003. That inspection warned that more must have been completed to fight the emerging threats of TB in the wealth and obligatory a comprehensive TB design. 12 years afterward, we have discovered that a considerable lot of the issues featured in that inspection continue an examination of London’s TB managements (Kumari, et al., 2017). General Health England proceeds to see TB as a huge overall wellbeing challenge and has logged it as unique of its key energetic needs. In 2015, it pushed a collective nationwide TB method to close the NHS. The methodology needs a coordinated, multi-office response to TB switch and management transverse over England (Lönnroth, et al., 2015). The main objective of this strategy is to reduce the problem of TB and other health disorder in the UK and also dedicated on the part of the Mayor in tackling tuberculosis in the UK. According to the world health organization, around 40% of cases were added in 2016 in London and it is estimated that 2 million people were diagnosed due to TB and HIV. There are many social, clinical and environmental factors that are leading this type of health problem and it is one of the most health problems in the UK. There were more than 2,500 new instances of Tuberculosis in London in 2014, creating up roughly 40 for each penny of all circumstances in the UK. 33% of London’s wards surpass the World Health Organization “high frequency” edge of 40 cases for each 100,000 populace. What’s more, a few wards have occurrence levels as high as 113 for every 100,000 individuals – altogether higher than nations, for example, Rwanda, Algeria, Iraq, and Guatemala.
The general population who are most in danger of creating dynamic TB illness are individuals whose resistant frameworks have been debilitated. This makes it troublesome for the body to fend off the disease or keep the microbes in an idle state. Individuals with ceaseless weakness because of the way of life factors will probably experience the ill effects of debilitated resistant frameworks. These variables incorporate smoking, poor sustenance, stress, and medication or liquor manhandle. Numerous individuals in high-chance gatherings, for example, harsh sleepers, have various existing together medical issues which make them especially powerless to TB. TB is firmly connected with hardship. Packed and inadequately ventilated living conditions make it less demanding for TB to spread noticeably all around.
Public health England provides many policies and strategies for the reduction of TB and other health disorders in the UK. It is observed that in 2014 around 2 million people were suffered from TB and HIV and this rate is increased by 25 in the year 2015 (Luo, et al., 2014). In 2011 around 8,280 new cases added and at that time numbers of people were suffering from TB problem. According to data from the world health organization the rate of TB and HIV has doubled in the last few years in England. The National Health Service provided many guidelines to reduce this type of problem in the UK and other countries. The national institute for health and care excellence also provided their policies and through which the problem of TB is reduced by 20% in the year 2016. The main of NICE community is to evaluate the problem of TB and provide prevention methods to reduce this type of health problem.
TB is one of the most common problems for all countries and it is estimated that this problem is increased when any person communicate with another person. Healthcare system is a platform to reduce this type of health problems and there are many health care systems in all countries. According to world health organization, health care systems are providing a platform to identify a cause of TB and other disease and also provide prevention methods and process. There are many countries which are suffering from TB and other health disorders such as England, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Philippines, and South Africa (Marzo, et al., 2014).
In Singapore, the problem of TB is increasing rapidly and it is estimated that in 2011 around 1 million people were diagnosed due to TB and HIV. The occurrence of TB weakened from 307 circumstances for every 100,000 populace in 1960 to 55 circumstances for each 100,000 of every 1987 (Murray, et al., 2014). From 1986 to 1998, the degree of TB amongst inhabitants was genuinely static running from 49 to 56 for each 100,000 occupant populace. Succeeding the dispatch of the Singapore Tuberculosis Elimination Program (STEP) in 1996, the rate of TB has decayed and vacillates inside a steady scope of 35 to about 45 circumstances for every 100,000 populace among Singapore occupants. This is one of the most dangers problems which are spread when any person interacts with the other person and it also affects the human body system. The Singapore Tuberculosis Elimination Programme was established in the year 1997 to reduce TB and other health problems in Singapore. This program includes few steps such as interventions, clinics, observing of treatment development and result for all gears by incomes of a National Action Surveillance Office and defensive treatment for lately diseased handy associates of communicable TB problems (Nahid, et al., 2015).
In England, the rate of TB and HIV is increased rapidly in the last few years and it is observed that in 2011 around 1 million people were diagnosed due to TB disease. Therefore to reduce this health disorder England developed many health care system and the main objective of this health care system is to evaluate TB and HIV in England and prevention methods to reduce TB in England. Just a few people with TB in the lungs or larynx are irresistible to other individuals. TB is reparable with a blend of particular anti-infection agents, treated for no less than a half year in individuals with completely delicate strains of TB (Nikolayevskyy, et al., 2016). On the off chance that left untreated, one individual with dynamic aspiratory TB may taint upwards of 10 to 15 individuals consistently. The on-going lessening in TB cases is for the most part because of a decrease in cases in the non-UK conceived populace, which make up almost 75% of all TB cases in England. This decrease is probably going to reflect late decreases in the number of transients from high TB load nations and the effect of pre-passage TB screening.
Australian government developed healthcare systems to reduce TB, HIV and other health disorders and the main goal of the Australian health care system is to reduce the problem of TB and HIV. Health care system proves many benefits to patients such as reduce health risks, promote health and wellbeing services, promote healthy diets and exercise and provide a proper guideline for reduction of TB and other health problems. There are main three key factors of Australian healthcare systems such as federal, territory, and state (Orme, 2014). The federal system delivers backing and also a provision for the conditions and fitness promotion. The dominant part of individuals living in their own particular homes with extreme or significant restrictions in center exercises gets casual care (92%). 38% get just casual help and 54% get a blend of casual and formal help. In 2009, 12% of Australians were casual guardians and around 30% of persons were the essential parental figure. In 2011– 2012, the administration gave AUD3.18 billion below the pay tried Carer Sum database, and AUD1.75 billion through the Guardian Payment (not pay tried, and offered as a supplement for day by day mind).
TB is one of the most risk factors which is the 2nd largest cause of deaths in 2015 and it is estimated that there are many social and cultural factors which increases TB and other health disorders. According to National Health Service, TB generally occurs in children and women’s and around 2 million children were diagnosed due to TB between 2000 and 2003. Social conventions and gendered social shame were solid effects on adherence to Spot (Perez, et al., 2017). Most patients portrayed the contention between their social convention of vegetarianism also, the suggestion to devour eggs and drain under DOT. Besides, patients customarily watched fasting yet were urged to eat while taking medications. The contentions between social conventions and dietary suggestions made patients default treatment or persevere through negative judgment by family individuals in the event that they clung to treatment. TB increase many other health problems such as HIV, blood cancer, smoking, and heart disease. A few late investigations have discovered that financial factors, for example, congestion and joblessness, are related with tuberculosis rates in England and Wales, while different reports from Western Europe, New Zealand and Canada have recorded that migration from countries where tuberculosis is normal has been to a great extent in charge of abating the abatement in horribleness rates in these created nations. These examinations have demonstrated that the rate of tuberculosis in foreigner networks is far more noteworthy than in the indigenous populace. Accordingly, it is important to evaluate the relative significance of different components, which might be interrelated, in a request to comprehend the flow the study of disease transmission of the sickness (Principi, and Esposito, 2015).
In this modern generation, many people and children eat unhealthy foods like fast foods which increase many health problems such as diabetes, TB, obesity, and heart disease. It is estimated that if any person eats unhealthy foods and drink beverage than he can suffer from many heart disease and to reduce this type f problem many health care systems developed in all countries. The government of England developed many policies and strategies to reduce this type of problem and the also promote healthy diets and exercise. Health promotion plays a significant character in the field of healthcare and it also provides a platform to identify the cause of TB and how this type of health disorder can be reduced in the UK. There are many people who are suffering from many health diseases and it is observed that in 2016 around 2 million people were diagnosed due to TB and HIV. According to world health organization, there are main two key factors which are leading this type of health problems such as unhealthy diets and lack of exercise or physical activities. To reduce this type of problem health promotion provide many services for patients and also promote healthy diets and exercise. Public or government play a significant role in the reduction of health disorders because the government is a platform which investigates this type of health problem and provides many resources and strategies to reduce this health disorder. There are many strategies developed to reduce TB such as promote healthy diets and exercise, reduce the use of unhealthy foods, and reduce the use of sugar in all products. These all strategies and policies help to reduce health risks and heart disease (Zumla, et al., 2015).
Health promotion is a most important platform to promote health and wellbeing services and also used to reduce the various type of health diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, TB, and HIV. There are many key factors which are increasing many health risks such as Tabaco, smoking, use of unhealthy foods, lack of exercise and physical activities. There are main 3 key factors of health raise such as decent supremacy for fitness, wellbeing literacy, and strong cities. it is defined as a process which is used to improve the health of any person by promoting healthy diets and exercise. The main objective of health promotion is to describe health risks and also investigate different types of health problems. Therefore in the last few years, health promotion play an important role in health care services and it is estimated that health promotion reduced the problem of TB and HIV by 30% in 2014. The royal society for public health is one of the health promotion community in the UK which is developed to reduce the problem of TB and HIV and it is observed that this health care service reduce TB and HIV by 25% in the year 2010 (Zumla, et al., 2015). Accruing to world health organization health promotion is divided into four categories such as
Therefore public and health promotion are very important for healthcare service because they provide a platform to reduce different types of health disease and risks.
TB is one of the greatest common fitness risks and globally it is increasing day by day. According to the National Health Service, it is evaluated that around 2 million people in 2014 and 2.4 million people in 2015 were diagnosed due to TB and HIV. Tuberculosis (TB) has happened for periods and leftovers a notable worldwide medicinal subject. The problem of TB is the 10th largest cause of death and it can be reduced by promoting healthy diets and exercise (Sharpe, et al., 2016). This is regardless of the way that with an auspicious determination and correct treatment, many people who create TB illness can be relieved. The best gauge is that there were 1.4 million TB passing’s in 2015, and an extra 0.4 million passing’s coming about because of TB illness among HIV-constructive individuals. As far as cases, the best gauges for 2015 are that there were 10.4 million new TB cases (counting 1.2 million among HIV-positive individuals), of which 5.9 million were among men, 3.5 million among ladies and 1.0 million among kids. Over every one of them, 90% of cases were grown-ups and 10% kids, and the male: female proportion was 1.6:1 (Singla, et al., 2014).
Not surprisingly, 2016 worldwide TB report is constructing fundamentally with respect to information assembled from nations and regions. In 2016, this framework was opened for detailing toward the finish of March. Following the May due date for revealing and ensuring audit and follow-up of submitted information amongst June and August, information was accessible for 202 nations and territories that record for over 99% of the world’s population and assessed TB cases; this included 183 of WHO’s 194 Member States. Different wellsprings of information utilized as a part of 2016 incorporate the HIV department in WHO and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), which gather data about the arrangement of TB preventive treatment to individuals living In 2015, there were an expected 1.1 million passing’s because of HIV, counting 0.4 million passing’s from TB among HIV-constructive individuals At the point when an HIV-constructive individual bites the dust from TB ailment, the hidden cause is delegated HIV in the worldwide grouping of illnesses framework (Singla, et al., 2014).
There are many other global health issues and diseases such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, obesity or overweight, cardiovascular disease, chronic illness, and heart disease. In which diabetes and HIV both are one of the most common health issues which are increasing rapidly in the last few years. According to the world health organization the rate of HIV has doubled in the last few years and it is estimated that in 2015 around 2 million people were diagnosed due to HIV. There are few other health issues are describing below-
HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus which is a type of health issue and it is the 3rd largest cause of death. The rate of HIV is increased in the year 2014 and there are mainly two reasons of this increment such as the use of unhealthy foods and lack of exercise or physical activities (Steingart, et al., 2014). HIV is a type of virus which affects human body systems such as the immune system, lungs, reduce blood circulation in the body, and it develops a problem of AIDS in all countries. There are many symptoms of this health issue such as fever, joint pain, sore throat, enlarged glands, muscle aches, and chills. To reduce this type of health disorder world health organization developed many strategies and policies which reduced this problem by 20% in the year 2016. This problem can be reduced if any person eats healthy foods and follow a proper exercise program which can resolve this type of health issue.
Diabetes is defined as a health disorder which is one of the most important diseases in worldwide and it is estimated that in 2014 around 1 million people died due to diabetes. According to the world health organization in 2015 around 2 million people were diagnosed due to diabetes and this rate is increased by 2.5% in the year 2016 (Thompson, et al., 2017). There are mostly two kinds of diabetes such as type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. It increases many other health issues such as obesity, overweight, heart disease, chronic disease, cardiovascular disease, and blood cancer. This problem can be reduced by improving health and wellbeing programmes, reduce the use of unhealthy diets, improve education and training programmes in all hospitals, and follow proper exercise plan (Van du and Viljoen, 2015).
Conclusion
TB is a most common health issue in all countries and this type of problem occur by germs and bacteria. There are many authors who researched this problem and observed that this is the 4th highest cause of deaths. TB affects human body systems such as lungs, immune system, and reduces blood circulation in the body. According to the world health organization it is estimated that in 2016 around 480,000 new cases were added and at that time the rate of TB has doubled. This report evaluated and described the problem of TB and different strategies and policies to reduce this problem. World health organization provided two main strategies for this health disorder such as the sustainable development goals and the end TB strategy. The main objective of both strategies is to reduce the problem of TB by 95% and in 2035 this will be reduced by 97%. This report explained the role of administration and health promotion in wellbeing care services and health promotion is one of the best ways to promote healthy diets and exercise. Therefore this problem can be reduced of any person eats healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, fish, eggs, and milk, and do exercise regularly than this type of problem can be reduced. To TB and other health disorder, many organization and communities developed their strategies and policies which are discussed in this report. The government should develop more health care systems and program and promote healthy diets and exercise by providing education and training program which can reduce the rate of TB and other health problems. Teachers should promote healthy diets and physical activities in school and also motivate to students and their parents which can help to avoid this type of health problem.
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