The storage of electrical and heat energy is an important aspect in various institutions such as universities. Depending on numerous knowhow, it permits the keeping of excess energy awaiting usage in the coming hours, days or months. This paper simply articulates the optimization of electrical and heat storage in university building and there are several ways that can be used by various universities to store the energy and this includes;
Thermal and electrical energy mainly develop as a result of a combination of heat and power plant. This involves the residential micro-CHP plants which have an advanced energy proficiency than conventional thermal power system thus resulting to a reduction in ecological effect, mitigated greenhouse release of gases, reduce consumption of fuel and increase in economic profitability. The accumulation of thermal energy is done when the price of electricity in the market is low and discharged when the price is high as mentioned by Katulic et al 2004. The research was also conducted showing the yearly power demand and also cold climate with a high penetration of electric space heating as shown below;
Fig 1: Showing the demand of power yearly (Hadorn, 2013, p. 218)
An efficient operation of the production unit at more efficient loads comes as a result of the heat storage system (Fleischer, 2015, p. 56). And the accumulation of heat can be done using three mechanisms which include;
The idea of associating or incorporating a system of thermal energy storage to a prevailing combined heat and power which assist in upgrading the productivity of energy decades started a long time ago (Paksoy, 2008, p. 129). The preceding writers did not pay much attention to the notion of having a very powerful and squeezed system of storage (Paksoy, 2008, p. 54). The storing of energy has been acknowledged as a significant answer for decentralized energy system. The energy consumption in building conducted in a few selected countries is shown by the bar graph below;
Fig 2: Showing the energy consumption in buildings (Kerry, 2010, p. 345)
According to Victor et al 2013, the storing of the heat in a large amount can be done in reversible scorpion process and chemical processes. The storage of heat in scorpion process is done by dismantling the force existing amid the sorbate and sorbent in terms of the strength of a chemical. Other authors who also conducted research involving storing of energy in which entails reaction of chemical included Sakha and Don 2012, Chan et al in 2012 and Mette et al. 2012.
The identification of thermochemical as composition of storing chemical ignoring electrochemical and electromagnetic was done by Souk Poe et al. 2009 and later amended by Yu et al. 2013 who came up with idea that sorption thermal storage to be disseminated into four groups which includes liquid absorption, solid adsorption, chemical reaction and composite materials (Paksoy, 2008, p. 63).
When designing a building, the technique mentioned above belongs to the mass of a building that allows the storage of heat and setting up of inertia against variations in temperature. And this is the reason why it is useful in areas where there are temperature fluctuations on a daily basis (Kerry, 2010, p. 120). The thermal mass is capable of absorbing the thermal energy when there is a high temperature in the surrounding compared to the mass and then reverting the energy when the surrounding is not hot. The materials that should be used for thermal mass should have high density as well as high specific heat capacity and the thermal mass is ideal placed inside the structure and positioned where it can still be unprotected to low-angle winter sunlight since it is warmed positively by the sun or furthermore by internal heating systems during the day (Fleischer, 2015, p. 129).
This is a water tank used in hot water storage for space heating (Rumbarger, 2009, p. 56). Water has a high specific heat capacity thus making it be a suitable heat storage medium and more heat can be stored per unit of weight. These type of tanks are enclosed with heat insulation to assist in the reduction of energy being consumed, speeding the process of heating and maintaining the desired operating temperature (Hadorn, 2013, p. 123).
It is important to note that the addition of insulation to an already insulated tank during extremely humid locations may cause condensation leading to mold or rust. In the case of the solar hot water storage tank, heat is stored from the solar thermal collectors (Kosny, 2015, p. 31). Closed water circuit is also used in hot water storage tanks and this is achieved by tremendously applying coils or external heat exchangers that assist in powering other external heat exchangers. The use of a closed water circuit is beneficial since it avoids drawing off domestic hot water directly and also reduction in the level of oxygen thus allowing relaxation of materials used in hot water tank. The mineral precipitate may be caused in the tank when the water supplied locally entails greater composition of liquefied minerals, for example, limestone and this leads to leakage in the tank as a result of corrosion (Dincer, 2011, p. 98).
This is an efficient and economical strategy of storing a large number of heats and material phase transformation performs a beneficial task in the conservation of energy because it has high storage density with small change in temperature making it the latent heat storage material (Paksoy, 2008, p. 76). A rise in the source temperature causes breakage in the chemical bonds within the PCM making the phase of material to convert from solid to liquid. Attaining the phase change temperature makes the material to start melting and the process of melting thus referred to as the Latent Heat. The storage of heat is done all through the process of melting or the phase change process. The achieving of storage of latent heat can be done through a solid-liquid, solid-solid, liquid-gas and solid-gas phase change in case paraffin is used as the changing phase of the material.
The absorption of heat continues in the PCM deprived of a noteworthy the temperature increase until the material transformation takes place to the liquid part (Fleischer, 2015, p. 67). The diagram below shows a working model of PCM.
Fig 3: Showing a model of Phase Change Material (Paksoy, 2008, p. 98)
The drivers of energy storage include;
Dincer, I., 2011. Thermal Energy Storage. s.l. Sanoma.
Fleischer, A., 2015. Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials. s.l. Adventure Works Press.
Hadorn, J., 2013. Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environment. s.l.: McGraw-Hill Education.
Hall, M., 2010. Materials for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Buildings. s.l. Media Participation.
Kerry, I., 2010. Solar Thermal Energy Storage. s.l.: Wiley.
Kosny, J., 2015. PCM-Enhanced Building Components. s.l. OLMA Media Group.
Paksoy, H., 2008. Thermal Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Consumption. s.l. Scholastic.
Rumbarger, J., 2009. Architectural Graphic Standards for Residential Constructions. s.l.:Informa.
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