1.Issue: After going through the fact given in this question, the issue arises if Tim has the authority to create a contract that is legally enforceable against Motorbikes Pty Ltd.
Rule: there are several situations where the director is going to execute a document for the company. In this regard, section 127, Corporations Act provides the methods in which a company can validly execute a document. Therefore, it is possible for a company to execute the document in accordance with the provisions of sections 127, using all without using the seal of the Corporation. Therefore even if the corporation has a company sees it is not necessary that it should be used by the corporation. Usually the execution of a document that takes place according to s127, takes place without the use of the common seal. It is possible to do it directly in case the following has signed the document:
Another relevant provision in this regard is section 126 of the Act. This section provides that when a person is acting under express or implied warranty that has been conferred on the person and the company executive contract on behalf of the corporation. There was a person is allowed by the law to give contract on behalf of his corporation in the same way as if the contract was created by any natural person. Generally it is provided by the Constitution of the company that such power has been conferred on the directors of the company (according to section 198A, in case of the corporations that are governed by replaceable rules).
In this regard, and issue may arise if a third party wants to bind the company to the contract that was created by a director on an officer of the company, on behalf of the company regarding the:-
For the purpose of deciding the issue, the general principles related with the law of agency can be applied for the purpose of considering if the agent may be held personally responsible to a third party particularly when the contract was executed on behalf of the corporation, by the agent. But under certain circumstances, the law allows the third party to rely on the statutory assumptions that have been mentioned in Ss128 and 129, Corporations Act. But it needs to be noted that according to section 128(4). It is not possible for a third party to make statutory assumptions under the circumstances where the person who wants to make these assumptions was aware of or had reason to suspect that the assumption may not be correct. But an exception is available, where the person has real knowledge of the suspicion and not only the circumstances were of the nature that any reasonable person would have made inquiries regarding it.
Application: in the present question, Michelle and Tim had formed a company. The name of the company was Motorbikes Pty Ltd. Michelle was the director of the company and Tim was its company secretary. On the other hand, John was willing to sell his motorcycle. He approached Tim and he was ready to purchase the motorcycle at a price of $5000. This contract was signed by John and Michelle. However, later on, Michelle starts to doubt his decision. He believes that he had purchase the motorcycle at a higher price. Therefore he wants to get rid of the contract. Therefore in this case, the issue is if the contract created by Michelle is binding against the company, Motorbikes Pty Ltd. in view of the relevant provisions that have been mentioned in the Corporations Act, the conclusion arises that the contract has been signed by Michelle and Tim. Both of them are the director and the company secretary of the corporation respectively. Due to this reason, it can be stated that the contract is legally enforceable against the company.
Conclusion: in view of the provisions of Corporations Act, it is clear that in this case, the contract signed by Michelle and Tim is legally enforceable against Motorbikes Pty Ltd.
2.Issue: After going through the facts of this question the issue that needs to be decided is if the contract created by George can be considered as binding against the corporation.
Rule: Under the law, corporation is treated as a distinct legal entity. As a result of corporation is treated as being different from the persons who manage or operate the company. But in order to enter into a contract with the company, generally begins of the company holds negotiations and dealings on behalf of the company. In this regard, it has been provided by the law that if the agent has not been provided the necessary authority, such contract cannot be enforced against the company. Therefore, it is significant that while dealing with the agent of the company, the third party should be aware of the fact that the agent has the authority to act for the company in that particular transaction.
In this regard, actual body is provided to the agent by the company when authority has been expressly or impliedly provided to the agent by the company so that the agent may act on its behalf. For instance, a company may grant a Journal 32-bit and by passing a resolution which empowers the agent to bind the company to the contract created by such an agent. In the same way, the implied authority of the agent occurs when, in view of the position of the agent in the company, it can be expected by third party that the agent has indeed the power to enter contracts on behalf of his corporation. However, implied authority differs on the basis of the position of the agent and also on account of the type of contract created by the agent. Due to this reason, it is expected that the managing director will have the authority to enter major contracts for the company. But this cannot be said in case of the company secretary, who may have the authority to enter minor contracts only.
Sometimes, the company has not provided actual authority to the agent but the third party may still be allowed to bind the company to the contract that was formed by the agent. For this purpose it is required that the third party should be in a position to establish the presence of ostensible authority on part of the agent. The fact dealing with the ostensible authority of the region mainly depends on the way, company has presented the agent to third parties. In this way, it is possible to establish the ostensible authority of the agent:
If the company has made a representation to the third-party according to which the agent enjoys the authority to form contracts on behalf of the company:-
Such representation was made in the representations made by the company concerning the matter.
The other party relies on such representation and the representation induced to the third party to form the contract.
The Constitution does not deprive the company from its ability to form the contract or to delegate authority, for this purpose.
In this regard, the assumptions mentioned in the Corporations Act can also be made by third parties. These assumptions have been provided in Ss 128 and 129.
Application: after going through the facts of this question, the issue arises if the contract created with Cakes Pty Ltd can be enforced against Gerard. This contract was created by using the company’s seal. In this regard, section 127(2) provides that a document can be secured by a company by affixing the common seal off the company to the document and the document should be attested by (i) two directors (i) director and company secretary (iii). The sole director, in case of provides a company that has a sole director who is also the company secretary. Hence in this case, the document had been executed by affixing the company seal. Moreover, the document has been attested by the director of the company, Gerard and the company secretary Sarita. Under these circumstances, it can be said that a legally enforceable contract was formed between Cakes Pty Ltd and George. As a result, the contract is legally enforceable against George.
Conclusion: it can be concluded in this case that the contract is legally enforceable against George and the contract was formed with Cakes in the same way as if the contract has been formed with a natural person.
Graw, Parker, Whitford, Sangkuhl and Do, Understanding Business Law 7th ed LexisNexis Butterworths, 2015
Latimer, P, Australian Business Law CC, 2016 Edition
Stephen Graw, 2011, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 7th Ed., Thomson Reuters
Sweeney, O’Reilly & Coleman, 2013, Law in Commerce, 5th Ed., LexisNexis
Vermeesch, R B, Lindgren, K E, 2011, Business Law of Australia Butterworths, 12th Edition
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