Advice the band Smashed Avocados on the following issues:
When Ned on Maria’s instruction changed the amount of the last 10 CD’s left from $15 to $30 of their fans did not take this well and she pointed out that the marked price was $15 on the CD. She also informed Ned that she will take up this matter with the consumer affairs as they were cheating their customers. This can be seen under section 18, of the Consumer Act, 2010. It will come under misleading or deceiving of a product. This was the outcome of the case, of Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571. When a good or services creates any kind of misleading impression about the price of the product or services they are said to be breaking the law. It is illegal for any business to engage itself into deceptive or misleading practices. In such cases the law states that even if misleading or deceiving that has been caused is unintentional then also the person responsible for doing so will still be liable.
One very famous case considered for misleading and deceptive conduct is Google V Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. The behaviour of the business has an impact on its customers. For example, a customer is contemplating whether he should buy a certain gadget; he takes help of an expert in that field. The customer on the expert’s advice buys a particular gadget but it was not compatible with what the customer wanted. The retail assistant was aware of the fact that the gadget was not compatible this can be considered as misleading due to the retail assistants silence or not disclosing the fact that could help the customer change his mind.
Thus, for the sudden change in the cost of the CD’s will make Maria and the band liable to their fan. As they had caused a breach under section 18 of the Consumer Act of Australia causing misleading and deceiving to their fan. In the case of Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 349, the defendant said that he has withdrawn his contributions from the company’s pension funds and they would pay him equal contribution of the companies ex gratia payment.
Maria had made an offer to the public saying that the band members will sign a poster and give it to the highest bidder. After the highest bid was made by Frankie, Maria learned that one of their members had gone home right after the concert due to headache. Frankie was furious at this point and reminded Maria about the laws. Maria had made an offer which an expression of willingness to a contract on certain terms. It is made with an intention that it will become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it has been made. On finding out that all four members of the band cannot sign the poster this caused revocation of the offer. Revocation means cancelling or annulling something which was previously made. Revocation is the withdrawal of an offer made by the person making the offer. Revocation of offer can be seen in the case of Wakeling v Ripley (1957) SASR72. Thus, Maria will be liable to Frankie for the revocation of the contract made by her.
When there is no expressed or implied terms of agreement between the parties then in that case there will be no contract being obliged to them. The authority of the court is to only enforce the contract for the parties and not make the contract for them. One very essential element of a contract is that it should be valid. All the parties to a contract are bound to the terms and conditions to which they have agreed only exception being there should be no fraud or undue influence. Also there should be good faith between the parties entering into the contract. The law recognises that the parties sometimes don’t create any legal binding contracts.
Ned, a close friend of the band was asked to work on the door. And he worked very hard in promoting the event on social media, making posters from his own art, and made the CD’s. With all the unpaid work he had done he thought he could also tour with them and help them but he was told they would not take him as it would be expensive in comparison to the other option they were getting. This made Ned sad and he demanded payment for his contribution made in this concert. Since Maria and the band asked Ned to help there was an expressed contract between them and therefore, in such a contract the parties have made an contract orally and so Maria and the band will be liable to Ned.
Contracts are usually an agreement between two parties where a legal obligation is created which allows them to do certain things and prohibits them from doing certain things. A contract is made to establish the agreement and the rights and duties of the parties are fixed in the contract. Contracts are expressed or implied. A written contract is always preferred as in case of dispute the contract can help in providing the solution for the dispute. In case a general public is concerned or affected statues are prescribed and restrictions are made on the terms of the contract. Usually there is an Insurance Contract whose terms protect the common interest of the public guaranteeing that they will get financial compensation in case of an accident.
In certain cases, the words used in contracts are sometimes not considered as a part of the contract as the intention of the parties is an essential element; this can be seen in the case of Ms. V Maharaj. In Edward V Skyways Ltd. Skyways had used the term ‘ex gratia’ payment. This meant that extra payment was offered to Edward by Skyward after he left the company but this did not happen. The court in such a case goes through the intention of both the parties and takes consideration of the term ‘ex gratia’. Finally the court decided that this term was not strong enough to rebut the presumption between the parties.
Thus, Maria cannot change the price of the CD suddenly as it would result in misleading and deceiving the customers and on doing so the band will be liable. In relation Frankie, the highest bidder, there was revocation of contract and the band will be held liable for it. Also in relation to Ned they will be liable to pay him for his work and the band had asked Ned to help them.
Conclusion
Contract is legally binding between two parties; it can either be expressed or implied. Contracts are enforced by law. There should be two parties, one party will make an offer and other will accept it. There should be an intention of the parties to enter into a contract. As a result if either of the party fails to fulfil any promise made by them in the agreement, the person who has caused the failure shall be responsible. The intention of the party should be legal. A written contract is always preferred as in case of dispute the contract can help in providing the solution for the dispute. Thus, it is very important to see the terms and the representations between the parties.
Reference List:
Appleman, John Alan, Jean Appleman, and Eric Mills Holmes. Excuses for Nonpayment and Defenses to Actions for Premiums. Vol. 5. Appleman on Insurance Law and Practice, 2015.
Appling, Darren Scott, Erica J. Briscoe, and Clayton J. Hutto. “Discriminative models for predicting deception strategies.” Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web. ACM, 2015.
Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571
Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 349
Furmston, Michael Philip. Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston’s Law of Contract. Oxford university press, 2017.
Furst, Stephen, and Vivian Ramsey. Keating on Construction Contracts eBook. Sweet & Maxwell, 2015.
Gañán, Carlos, et al. “A model for revocation forecasting in public-key infrastructures.” Knowledge and Information Systems 43.2 (2015): 311-331.
Kray, Laura J., Jessica A. Kennedy, and Alex B. Van Zant. “Not competent enough to know the difference? Gender stereotypes about women’s ease of being misled predict negotiator deception.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 125.2 (2014): 61-72.
Kumar, P. Vinod, and S. N. Ansari. “An Efficient Data User Authentication Protocol to Enable Data User Revocation.” IJSEAT 4.11 (2016): 634-637.
Lenard, Patti Tamara. “Patti Tamara Lenard replies.” Ethics & International Affairs 30.02 (2016): 271-273.
Newell, Carter. “What to do in a multiple offer scenario.” REIQ Journal Dec 2016-Jan 2017 (2016): 36.
Wakeling v Ripley (1957) SASR72
Whitney, Frederick A. “Restatement of the Law of Contracts (Book Review).” (2014): 38.
Yasoobi, Milad Azizi, and Arsallan Sabet Saeidi. “The Comparative Study of Offer Revocation in Iran’s Law and International Convention on Sale and Principles of International Contracts.” International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)? ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 1439-1451.
Yip, Jeremy A., and Maurice E. Schweitzer. “Mad and misleading: Incidental anger promotes deception.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 137 (2016): 207-217.
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