Discuss about the Literature Review for Current Hydroponics Farming.
Blockchain refers to the type of distributed ledger that is used for the maintenance and management of transactional data and information. Blockchain is a technology that works as a decentralized database that is connected and managed with the aid of the computer systems synced with each other using Peer to Peer (P2P) network. All of the systems connected in a P2P network in a distributed environment maintain one copy of the ledger so that the updates and transactions are maintained and carried out in real-time and single points of failure are eliminated from the entire network. Earlier, Blockchain and its applications were restricted only to digital currencies, such as Bitcoin. However, the technology has now advanced and there are various other applications that are being witnessed (Tschorsch and Scheuermann, 2016).
The functioning of Blockchain can be explained through a Blockchain ledger that comprises of two record types viz. individual transactions and blocks. The first block comprises of the header along with the data associated with the transaction being carried out in a specified period of time. The timestamp associated with every block is utilized to develop an alpha-numeric string which is referred as hash. Once the first block is created, the subsequent block makes use of the hash of the previous block in order to calculate the hash of its own. There is a validation process carried out prior to the addition of a new block and the process is computational in nature. The validation is carried out using the majority process that is given by the nodes in the network on the basis of the correctness of the hash calculated for the block. The nodes must agree upon the same state. The block that is added to the chain of the block can be referenced in any of the subsequent blocks; however, it is not allowed to change the block. If an attempt is made to remove or swap a block, then the hash values created of every block get disturbed (Purvis, 2018). When the nodes fail to come to consensus, then there are no blocks added to the chain unless the issue is resolved. Usually, the resolution is made by removing the block causing the problem. There are several platforms that are used in the Blockchain and these may be permissioned or permission-less. A popular example of permissionless Blockchain is Bitcoin. It allows all the nodes present in the network to carry out the transactions and take part in the procedure of consensus. The private chains prefer the permissioned process, such as Multi-chain in which every single node shall be allowed to carry out the transactions; however, consensus process is only limited to certain approved nodes (Wang, Chen and Xu, 2016).
The selection consensus and validation algorithms to be applied in Blockchain are not easy to make. It is because the selected algorithm makes up for the most significant aspect of the Blockchain platform. There are primarily four types of standard algorithms that are used to come to consensus. Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithms are used in the public platforms. Some of the other algorithms include Proof-of-Stake (PoS) algorithm, Practical byzantine fault tolerance algorithm (PBFT), and Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) algorithm.
Blockchain is now being largely implemented in the education sector. It is because the technology can offer several advantages to the education sector. The most important and significant benefit is security of information that comes easy with the Blockchain technology. The single points of failure are eliminated from the technology and it is next to impossible to corrupt a Blockchain. Qualifications, badges, and credits along with all the educational data associated with a particular educational institution can be easily secured with the aid of Blockchain. The requirement of e-learning and distance education has increased rapidly over the past few years. It is necessary to maintain the quality of education and proof of learning by the educational institutions. Blockchain is a technology that can allow the development of an open and secure database (Zheng et al., 2017). There are also a few risks and threats that are associated with the technology. There may be issues of ownership in case of a problem that may come up. The research has been conducted using the synthesis approach to understand the issues and implementation of Blockchain in the education sector. The report covers the literature review, issues of Blockchain in education, implementation of Blockchain in education, details of research methodology and its implementation. The results of the research process along with the recommendations and conclusion are also covered in the report.
There are several educational institutions that have implemented Blockchain technology in their architecture and many of them are using it to support student records management, degree management, and evaluation of the learning outcomes of the students.
Blockchain technology has the potential to formulate the entire transcript. In association with education and learning, it comprises of the learning contents along with the outcomes. It may also include the performance of the students and the academic certificates. In case of the informal methods of learning, the details about research experience, student skills, online learning along with the individual interests are also covered. All of this information and more can be securely stored on a Blockchain network and can be accessed using appropriate methods. One of the applicants of Blockchain technology in education is the University of Nicosia. The university utilizes the technology for managing the certificates of its students that are received using MOOC platforms. (Sharples and Domingue, 2016). Another applicant of the technology is Sony Global Education that uses Blockchain for the development of global assessment platform in order to give services for the management of student information and student degrees (Hoy, 2017). Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a giant in the field of education and has used Blockchain technology for the development of digital badge to assist in the process of online learning. The students associated with MIT Media Lab that have attended the projects and have cleared the assessment will be certified and the certificates will be stored on the Blockchain platform and network (Skiba, 2017). Holberton School is another applicant of the technology that is the first to make use of the technology for the storage of degrees of the students. Blockchain ledger can be used in this case to match all the types of educational data with the unique id of the user. The information comprises of the learning behaviour of the student in a class, micro academic project experience, education background and details of the student, and likewise. Blockchain technology can also be used in the field of education to reduce the cases of degree fraud. There have been numerous cases of degree fraud that have been encountered in the past. The use of Blockchain in the storage and management of student degree can control the same. The student id can be easily matched with the corresponding details, certifications, learning, and degrees from any location all across the globe. As a result, trustworthy information can be obtained with the aid of Blockchain while maintaining the reliability of the information to bring down the rate of degree fraud.
Blockchain can also be used as a capacity-currency transformation bank in the education sector. The Blockchain ledger records and keeps a track of the learning experience of the user. It then follows the development of specific knowledge and skills to get an idea of the learning cycle and levels. All of this information can be then be transformed in specific types of digital currencies and can then be stored on a Blockchain network. There are certain schools and institutions that have adopted the concept already. For instance, Kudos is one of the education reputation currencies that measures the learning outcomes and skills and store the same in a virtual wallet.
The use of Blockchain in the field of education has provided numerous benefits. There is a lot of research and development work that is going on to develop and understand further applications that may be implemented in the education sector. However, it is unquestionable that there are a few drawbacks and issues of implementing the Blockchain technology in the education sector.
Due to complexities present in the system, it becomes necessary to get certain behaviour and outcomes reviewed by the specialists and instructors subjectively. Some of these may include essays and specific presentations. It is troublesome to evaluate such learning tasks and activities using intelligent algorithms and without the involvement of human. The use of Blockchain technology in schools and other educational institutions for the management and storage of student records and educational data will integrate all the information sets in Blockchain ledgers. The immutability feature that comes along with the technology will include an added layer of protection for all of this data. It will eliminate the possibility of making changes in the records for certain students.
Also, there may be various technical issues and faults that may be witnessed with the use of Blockchain in the field of education. For instance, Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm as discussed in the section above has witnessed performance issues with respect to the transactions carried out per second (Kraft, 2015). This may enhance the costs associated with the technology and lead to the emergence of barriers in the application of the same in the field of education (Vukolic 2015).
The implementation of the Blockchain technology in education can be done in multiple innovative methods while dealing with the issues associated with the technology. The implementation can be done beyond student records management and assessment of the achievements. The technology can be utilized for the learners as well as the teachers in designing of the learning activities, performance tracking & measurement and a lot more.
Smart Contract that runs on the Ethernum Blockchain network is one of the computer protocols that simulate a real contract (Kosba et al., 2016). It can be used for the facilitation of the contract negotiation process, can also be used for the simplification of the contract terms along with the implementation of contract execution, and the verification of the fulfilment state of the contract. The contract also points out the unique identity of all the parties that are involved in the transaction through digital mechanisms and stipulates the obligations of both the parties with the aid of code. It has the potential to bring down and control the third-party costs and comes with the reliability and enhanced security of the transactions. It also provides improved executive power as compared to the traditional contracts. As a result, the utilization of smart contract by learners and teachers can significantly eliminate some of the issues present in the education sector. When observed from the perspectives of students, it was observed that there were certain negative factors that were creating hindrance in learning, such as reduced motivation and enhanced financial pressures. Blockchain is a technology that may be utilized to instigate motivation among the learners with the implementation of the concept as learning is earning. The smart contract can be implemented between the parties as learners and teachers in an educational scenario. There may be awards and rewards distributed to the students on the basis of real-time data with just a click of a button. The digital currencies may be distributed as one of the forms of the rewards that may be stored in the virtual wallet. It may be later utilized for paying fee for tuition, exchanged with real currency, and likewise.
Another significant issue in the education sector is evaluation. Formative assessment is being used since long; however, it is not easy to track the detail of teaching and learning using the same. The implementation of smart contract and other applications of Blockchain may be done to deal with the challenge. The reliability, security, and traceability that come along with Blockchain signify that the data recorded using Blockchain is more accurate and protected as compared to the traditional mechanisms and platforms. For instance, in the processes of collaborative learning, it has been observed that free-riding comes up that hinders the process of fair evaluation (Santos, 2017). The issue can be mitigated with the aid of Blockchain technology. Smart contract can be utilized to resolve the issues that emerge in the process of collaborative learning. The students will be asked to submit their assignments and work on the learning platform using their unique id and smart contract will review the learning outcomes and performance using the information. The results of these activities will be stored in the blocks. The student behaviour will also be stored in the block and the same will act as evaluation for future as well. Decentralization is associated with the public Blockchain and associated algorithms. The consistency of a majority of the nodes can be ensured with the aid of distributed ledger. The behaviour and opinion of the students will be kept in perspective at the time of the assessment which will add to the fairness of the evaluation process.
The ability and skills of the instructors and teachers is often calculated using the feedback that is provided by the students. However, the feedback provided is usually one-sided and lacks the authenticity and subjectivity. As a result, the feedback may not be useful for improving the skills of the teacher. Blockchain technology and smart contract can therefore be used to develop an enhanced assessment system. In this system, the instructors or the teachers shall submit the pre-planned instructions to the educational institution. The teaching activities shall then be recorded in the Blockchain network. The smart contract shall be used for the verification of the teaching skills, design of the instructions, consistency of the practice, and likewise. This will be a useful indicator for the purpose of evaluation. The use of rewards shall be done in this case and the teachers shall be rewarded with the digital currencies. The teachers evaluated as good or excellent performers shall be rewarded better and the ones lacking the skills will be motivated to earn the rewards.
Student development is one of the basic aims of the learning activity. The supervisor is accountable and responsible for supervising the overall student development and performance. The supervisors are provided with the responsibility of helping the learners and the students to keep them informed about the latest enhancements in the learning process. Also, they shall have the information of student tasks, activities, assignments, and progress. However, there are loopholes that are currently witnessed in the process of supervision. The issues can be addressed using Blockchain and smart contract. All of the details shall be monitored and addressed using the smart contract platform and the details must be recorded in a Blockchain ledger. The activities carried out by the supervisor in terms of the number of discussions carried out with the student, guidance to the student to motivate for better performance, and likewise will be captured by the smart contract and will be stored in a Blockchain ledger. This will induce the interest of the supervisors as well as the students. The use of rewards shall be done in this case and the supervisors shall be rewarded with the digital currencies. The supervisors evaluated as good or excellent performers shall be rewarded better and the ones lacking the skills will be motivated to earn the rewards (Chen et al., 2018).
Blockchain is technology that shall be used and implemented to form a bridge between learning methods and its outcomes. It will provide reliability, security, and proof of value for the students, teachers, and supervisors. It is also possible to resolve the issues of information gaps and asymmetry due to the features as immutability and decentralization. The authenticity of the information is also ensured and maintained collectively using the technology and its associated applications. The implementation of Blockchain and the use of digital currencies can act as catalysts for motivating the students, teachers, and supervisors.
The methodology that has been used for the research work is the synthesis approach along with the use of inductive inquiry and hypothesis-driven research. An exploratory research mechanism has been followed to analyse and understand the research done by the researchers in the past and to integrate the facts to provide the answers to the research questions and achieve the objectives of the research. There is also close observation that has been done on the academic journals and research papers published on the topic as Blockchain, its potential applications, benefits & drawbacks, and the implementation of the technology in the field of education. The synthesis approach is used to collect the information from varied sources of data. Blockchain is one of the emerging technologies and there is a lot of research work that is being done in the field. There are advancements that are being made in Blockchain with each passing day. The use of qualitative methods will lead to the generation of practical approach for carrying out the research work (Thompson et al., 2015).
The research methodology as synthesis approach will assist in the process of conquering qualitative data and information sets obtained from the researchers working on the topic as Blockchain technology and its implementation in the education sector. There are several qualitative methods that have been used for the purpose of data gathering. Some of these methods include domain analysis, observation, interviews, groups discussions, and brainstorming sessions.
The primary aim of the usage of synthesis approach in the research work is to obtain the answers from the research papers and journal articles. The methodology will be applied in this case to provide the answers to the questions as listed below:
The completion of the literature review will provide information on the use, issues, and implementation of Blockchain in the field of education. The data sets that will be collected using the synthesis approach will then be analysed using the automated data analytics tools. The application of these tools will provide the answers to the research questions that have been listed above.
The table that has been illustrated below provides details and answers to the research questions.
|
Sr. No. |
Research Question |
Assumptions |
Hypothesis |
Research Types |
Study Area |
Potential Funding |
Collaboration or Projects |
|
1 |
What are the applications and issues of Blockchain technology in the student records management process? |
Data duplication, lack of fair evaluation, inability to assess the student performance |
The issues will be addressed using Blockchain and smart contract in the areas of learning and teaching |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
2 |
What is the applicability of Blockchain in education and the current status? |
Gradual advancement in the application of Blockchain in education through smart contract |
Secure management of the student data, fair evaluation, easier performance tracking |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
3 |
What are the loopholes present in the process of authorization and certification that may be resolved using Blockchain? |
The issues associated with degree fraud |
Use of smart contract in education |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
4 |
Will Blockchain be helpful in controlling degree fraud? |
It is impossible to corrupt the Blockchain |
Use of smart contract in education |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
5 |
What are the alternate technologies apart from Blockchain that may be applied in the education sector? |
Smart technologies and intelligent concepts |
Integration of Business Intelligence concepts with Internet of Things (IoT) |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
6 |
Can social media be used for marketing the role of Blockchain in education? |
Social media is being used and applied in every sector in the current times |
Use of social media networks for students, teachers, and supervisors |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
7 |
What is the future of Blockchain in education? |
A lot of research and development work is being done in the area of Blockchain |
Use of advanced Blockchain concepts and applications in student record management, learning evaluation, and performance tracking |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
8 |
What is the likelihood of the adaptation of Blockchain in education? |
There is greater awareness among the learners and teachers in association with Blockchain and its implementation in education |
Education sector is open to adapt the enhanced technology |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
|
9 |
How long will it take to make and reflect the changes that may come up with the application of Blockchain in education? |
Change is not easy to manage |
Gradual change and the implementation of the changes will be witnessed in the field of education in terms of the implementation of Blockchain technology |
Synthesis methodology along with hypothesis driver research and inductive inquiry |
Student Record Management System, Learning Evaluation, Performance Tracking |
Public/Private Agencies and Organizations |
University of Nicosia, MIT, Sony Global Education, Holberton School |
The research conducted on the use and implementation of Blockchain in education has provided a set of benefits and drawbacks that shall be understood before making a decision.
There are several benefits that will be provided to the students, teachers, and supervisors with the use of Blockchain in the field of education.
There are certain issues and drawbacks that may also be witnessed with respect to the implementation of Blockchain in education. Because of complexities in the framework, it ends up important to get certain conduct and results checked on by the authorities and teachers subjectively. A portion of these may incorporate papers and particular introductions. It is troublesome to assess such learning assignments and exercises utilizing shrewd calculations and without the association of human. The utilization of Blockchain innovation in schools and other instructive organizations for the administration and capacity of understudy records and instructive information will coordinate all the data sets in Blockchain records. The immutability highlight that joins the innovation will incorporate an additional layer of assurance for the majority of this information. It will dispose of the likelihood of rolling out improvements in the records for specific understudies. Likewise, there might be different specialized issues and blames that might be seen with the utilization of Blockchain in the field of instruction. For example, Proof of Work (PoW) calculation as talked about in the segment above has seen execution issues as for the exchanges completed every second. This may improve the expenses related with the innovation and prompt the development of boundaries in the utilization of the same in the field of training.
Costs is another issue that may come up as there may be additional costs that may be required to be spent in training, technical infrastructure, and implementation.
Education in the present times is highly nationalistic and is also a devolved issue. In a particular country, it is needed to have a shared approach to target a wide range of credentials that are associated across various levels in the education sector, such as institutes, universities, examination cells, students, employers, teachers, and likewise. Blockchain technology could be a solution that may sit above all of these levels and bodies.
The current process that is followed in certification is not fair and fir for its purpose. The system is subject and exposed to loss and frauds. Blockchain-based platforms shall be utilized in the process of authorization and certification to avoid the frauds that are currently witnessed. Sony Global Education is one such platform that shall be utilized by the education institutes. The platform provides the services that allow the individuals to securely share the information with the other parties and their aim is to implement the same at the global level. The assessment scores can be easily and securely stored using the Sony Global Education platform. It is recommended to research and utilize such innovative applications (Oeb, 2018).
There are various business organizations and companies that provide a lot of training to their employees; however, the assessment of the same in not an easy process. The current technologies, such as SCORM and other that are used in the process are outdated and suffer from a lot many loopholes. It is necessary to implement a system that is open, online, and secure. Training is not only a part and activity that is carried out in the business organizations. It is an activity that is essential in the academic cycle as well. Blockchain shall be used in the training processes and assessment of the knowledge and skills of the trainees. In the current times, there is a lot of shift that is being witnessed towards vocational education. Vocational education is being observed at the academic and professional levels. However, the management of the process and the certifications is not easy. Blockchain is a solution that shall be adopted in the process for the authentication of the methods along with the certification.
The implementation of Blockchain in education shall not be done using Big Bang approach. This will lead to higher chances of failure as too many changes will be introduced at once. However, the implementation shall be done in a phased manner and there shall be planning done in advance to tackle the changes that will appear. This will eliminate and reduce the likelihood of failure (Tinianow, 2018).
Conclusion
Blockchain is a technology that works as a decentralized database that is connected and managed with the aid of the computer systems synced with each other using Peer to Peer (P2P) network. Blockchain is now being largely implemented in the education sector. It is because the technology can offer several advantages to the education sector. Qualifications, badges, and credits along with all the educational data associated with a particular educational institution can be easily secured with the aid of Blockchain. Blockchain technology can also be used in the field of education to reduce the cases of degree fraud. There have been numerous cases of degree fraud that have been encountered in the past. The use of Blockchain in the storage and management of student degree can control the same. The Blockchain ledger records and keeps a track of the learning experience of the user. It then follows the development of specific knowledge and skills to get an idea of the learning cycle and levels. There are certain drawbacks that shall also be analysed in advance. The use of Blockchain in education will eliminate the possibility of making changes in the records for certain students. Technical faults and enhanced costs may also be observed with respect to the use of Blockchain in education.
The smart contract can be implemented between the parties as learners and teachers in an educational scenario. There may be awards and rewards distributed to the students on the basis of real-time data with just a click of a button. The concept of rewards may be used for the teachers and supervisors as well. The digital currencies may be distributed as one of the forms of the rewards that may be stored in the virtual wallet. Blockchain is technology that shall be used and implemented to form a bridge between learning methods and its outcomes. It will provide reliability, security, and proof of value for the students, teachers, and supervisors. It is also possible to resolve the issues of information gaps and asymmetry due to the features as immutability and decentralization.
References
Chen, G., Xu, B., Lu, M. and Chen, N. (2018). Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education. Smart Learning Environments, 5(1).
Hoy, M. (2017). An Introduction to the Blockchain and Its Implications for Libraries and Medicine. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 36(3), pp.273-279.
Kosba, A., Miller, A., Shi, E., Wen, Z. and Papamanthou, C. (2016). Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts. 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP).
Kraft, D. (2015). Difficulty control for blockchain-based consensus systems. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 9(2), pp.397-413.
Oeb (2018). 10 ways Blockchain could be used in education | OEB Insights. [online] OEB Insights. Available at: https://oeb.global/oeb-insights/10-ways-blockchain-could-be-used-in-education/ [Accessed 9 Jul. 2018].
Purvis, K. (2018). Blockchain: what is it and what does it mean for development?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/jan/17/blockchain-digital-technology-development-money [Accessed 9 Jul. 2018].
Santos, R. (2017). On the Philosophy of Bitcoin/Blockchain Technology: Is It a Chaotic, Complex System?. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Sharples, M. and Domingue, J. (2016). The Blockchain and Kudos: A Distributed System for Educational Record, Reputation and Reward. Adaptive and Adaptable Learning, pp.490-496.
Skiba, D. (2017). The potential of Blockchain in education and health care. pp.220–221.
Thompson, K., Carvalho, L., Aditomo, A., Dimitriadis, Y., Dyke, G., Evans, M., Khosronejad, M., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Reimann, P. and Wardak, D. (2015). The synthesis approach to analysing educational design dataset: Application of three scaffolds to a learning by design task for postgraduate education students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(5), pp.1020-1027.
Tinianow, A. (2018). When It Comes To Adopting Blockchain Technology, Education Leads To Utilization. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/andreatinianow/2018/06/20/when-it-comes-to-adopting-blockchain-technology-education-leads-to-utilization/#f15e5f74ea85 [Accessed 9 Jul. 2018].
Tschorsch, F. and Scheuermann, B. (2016). Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18(3), pp.2084-2123.
Vukolic, M. (2015). The Quest for Scalable Blockchain Fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. BFT Replication. Open Problems in Network Security, pp.112-125.
Wang, H., Chen, K. and Xu, D. (2016). A maturity model for blockchain adoption. Financial Innovation, 2(1).
Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X. and Wang, H. (2017). An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends. 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress).
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