This report aims to perform a literature review of automobile engineering. A comprehensive discussion of the various aspects of automobile engineering is provided in this report. Lastly, this report concludes with an appropriate conclusion for this report.
The sector of automotive engineering combined with engineering of aerospace and the marine engineering is the branch of vehicle engineering that incorporates the elements of electronic, mechanical, electrical, safety engineering and software as combined to the manufacture, design and the operation of the automobiles, trucks and the motorcycles along with the respective subsystems of engineering (Zhang, Zhang and Wang 2013.). This also consists of the modification of the vehicles. The domain of manufacturing deals with creation and the assembly of the complete parts of the automobiles. The field of automotive engineering is research comprehensive and it involves the direct application of the mathematical formulas and the models. The major study of automotive engineering is for designing, developing, fabricating, and test the vehicles or the components of the vehicle from the stage of concept to the stage of production (Zifeng 2013). Production, development and the manufacturing are the most crucial functions of this field.
The automobile engineering branch of engineering deals with the automobiles and the practices for propelling them. An automobile is referred to the vehicles that are driven by an engine with internal combustion and it is commonly used as a medium of transportation of passengers and the goods on ground. The self-driving cars are also referred as automobile.
The main components of an automobile can be categorised as:
Frame and chassis: The chassis is created with the frame and with the cross and side members. It is usually created of box, channel members and the tubular, which are riveted or welded together (Lensch-Franzen et al. 2017). Additionally, it consists of the springs connected with the wheels and the axles, the brakes and the steering system, the exhaust system, the fuel tank, the battery, the radiator, and many other accessories that are connected along the frame that supports the body.
Power plant or engine: The power plant of any vehicle is the engine, commonly, the engine with internal combustion with diesel or petrol is utilised for running a vehicle. The varieties of engines are either two-stroke or four-stroke vehicle (Leuders et al. 2014). A typical engine comprises of piston, cylinder, valve operating mechanism, valves, fan, carburettor, oil pump, and feed pump. Moreover, an ignition system is required in an engine to burn fuel in engine cylinder.
Transmission system: the power that is developed by an engine is transferred to the wheels by the transmission system. The transmission system should complete three jobs:
Clutch: The main purpose of clutch is allowing the drivers to decouple or couple the transmission and the engine. When the clutch is put in an involved position, the power of the engine flows to the transmission through the clutch. When the gears are altered while the vehicle is moving, temporary decoupling of the wheels and the engine is permitted by the clutch for performing the gear shifting in the vehicles (Zong et al. 2013). As an example, in any scooter, hand is used for operating the clutch but in the situation of a car, foot is used for operating the clutch. It is mandatory to interrupt the power flow prior changing the gears. Without any clutch, this task cannot be performed efficiently.
Final drive: This is the last stage in the transfer of power from the engines to the wheels. The speed of the propeller shaft is reduced compared to the wheels. The drive of the propeller shaft is turned by 90o angle for driving the wheels. The propeller shaft consists of small bevel pinion that meshes with the crown wheel (Daynes and Weaver 2013). The crown wheel provides the rotary motion to the rear axles. In comparison of the bevel opinion, the crown wheel size is much bigger and hence the speed of the rear axles is lower in comparison to the pinion speed. The final drive is two types, which are the gear type and the chain type.
Braking system: The main application of the brakes is to stop or slow down the vehicle. The hydraulic brakes are commonly used in the automobiles, where the brakes are commonly applied to the pressure on any fluid (Gu et al. 2013). In some vehicles, mechanical brakes are utilised. These brakes are commonly operated by using the pedals, cams, leavers and the linkages. The parking brake or the hand brake is commonly known as the mechanical brake. These brakes are generally used to park the vehicles on the surfaces that are sloppy and the in the situations of emergency.
Gear box: The gear box contains the arrangement of gearing for getting various speeds. The gears are utilised for getting more than one ratio in the speed (Gore et al. 2014). When both the gears of mating have the same number of teeth, both of them will rotate at the same speed. In the situation when there is more teeth in one gear, the gear that consists of the less number of teeth would rotate faster than the larger gear. Commonly, in cars, six gears are situated along with a reverse gear. The first gear offer the lower speed but significantly higher torque. The higher gears offers progressing increased speeds. The gears are disengaged and then engaged by the shift lever.
Steering system: The steering system is basically used for turning the vehicles from left to right or right to left and perform the steering of the vehicle. The place of the steering wheel is in the front of driver. Control to the steering is provided by the steering system that is linked mechanically. The major function of the system of steering is to deliver the angular motion to the front wheels for negotiating the running of the vehicles. Directional stability is provided to the vehicle during the moving of vehicles in the forward direction.
Front axle: The majority part of the vehicle weight is shifted to the wheels using the axle. Several actions are performed by the front axle. This carries the weight of front of the vehicle and it also takes the vertical and horizontal loads when the vehicle is moving on uneven surfaces. When the brakes are applied on the front wheels, this endures the stress of bending and the torsional stresses. It is commonly made from the forging of steel drop. It is strong in construction.
Suspension system: the axle and the wheel assembly is separated from body of the automobile by a suspension system. The major function of the suspension system is to separate the vehicle body from the vibrations and shocks that is produced due to the irregularities on the road surface. The shock absorbers are offered in vehicles to fulfil thus purpose. The form of shock absorbers is in damper and spring. Suspension system are offered in the vehicles both on the rear end and the back end of the vehicles. The suspension system manages the stability of vehicles in the pitching or the rolling during the motion of a vehicle.
The I.C. engines (two and four strokes) performs on one of following cycles:
Constant pressure (Diesel cycle): Air is absorbed during the suction stroke is compressed when during the compression stroke and the pressure and the temperature increases by significant amount than the measured fuel amount is ultimately sprayed in the cylinder by the fuel injector. Because of the increased temperature and pressure, the fuel is ignited and it generates hot gases (Wang et al. 2013). The piston is thrown downwards and the work is generated.
Constant volume (Otto cycle): The heat is provided at the constant volume. The petrol and air is combined in the carburettor outside the cylinder. Fuel that is required in the proportion is drawn during the suction stroke.
Fuel supply system in the spark ignition engine
The supply system of fuel of the spark ignition engine includes:
In some of the spark ignition engines, the tank of fuel is located above the level of carburettor. Fuel flows from the fuel tank to the carburettor due to gravity. One or more filters are placed among the carburettor and the fuel tank. Transparent sediment bowl is placed for holding the dirt and dust of the fuel. If in any case, the carburettor is above the fuel tank, a lift pump is offered in between the carburettor and the tank for allowing the fuel from the tank to the carburettor of the engine (Moorthy, Mitiku and Sridhar 2013). The fuel flows from the fuel tank to the sediment bowl and then it flows to the lift pump. The fuel flows from the fuel tank to the carburettor using the specific pipes. From the carburettor the fuel travels to the engine cylinder using the inlet manifold of the engine.
Fuel is drawn from the fuel tank by the fuel feed pump and it is forced to the injection pump using the fuel filter. The injection pump provides the high pressure fuel to the injection nozzles using the high pressure pipes and the delivery valves. Fuel is injected in the combustion chamber using the injector nozzles. The fuel which leaks out from the injection nozzles passes through the leakage pipe and then it returns to fuel tank using the pipe of overflow. The valve of overflow is installed at the top of filter prevents the feed pressure in the particular limit. When the pressure of feed surpasses the allocated limit, the valve of overflow is opened and it makes the extra fuel returns to the fuel tank using the pipe of overflow.
The engines uses water as the cooling system are referred as the water cooled engines. The water is circulated around the cylinders for absorbing the heat from the cylinder walls. The water that is heated is conducted using the radiator for removing the heat and then cool the water.
Thermo siphon method: this consists of the radiator, fan, water jacket, hose connections and the temperature gauge. The main principle on which the system works is that the water that is heated that surrounds the cylinder becomes to be lighter and then it rises upwards the liquid column. The hot water travels to the radiator where it comes to pass using the tubes that is surrounded by the air. The circulation of water occurs due to the reason that the water jacket and the radiator are linked at the both sides which are the bottom and the top. Fan is driven using a V belt for sucking the air using the tubes of the unit of radiator, and cooling the water of radiator. The major disadvantage of this system is the situation of circulation of the water is immensely decreased by the accumulation of the foreign or scale matter in passage and ultimately causes in the overheating of engine.
Open jacket method: a jacket or a hopper that contains the water that is surrounded at the cylinder of engine. As long as the hopper consists of the water, the engine continues to operate under satisfactory conditions. When the water starts to boil, it is then replaced by the cold water.
Forced circulation method: this method consists of a water pump that is used for forcing the water from radiator to the jacket of water of the engine. After the circulation of the complete run of the water jacket, the water travels the original place which is the radiator where it loses the heat by the radiation process. For maintaining the accurate engine temperature, a valve of thermostat is kept at the outer end of the head of cylinder.
Conclusion
Therefore it can be concluded that the automobile engineering is basically based on the engineering of automobiles. The sector of automotive engineering combined with engineering of aerospace and the marine engineering is the branch of vehicle engineering that incorporates the elements of electronic, mechanical, electrical, safety engineering and software as combined to the manufacture, design and the operation of the automobiles, trucks and the motorcycles along with the respective subsystems of engineering. The main purpose of clutch is allowing the drivers to decouple or couple the transmission and the engine. The final drive is the last stage in the transfer of power from the engines to the wheels. The speed of the propeller shaft is reduced compared to the wheels. The main application of the brakes is to stop or slow down the vehicle. The hydraulic brakes are commonly used in the automobiles, where the brakes are commonly applied to the pressure on any fluid. In some vehicles, mechanical brakes are utilised. The gear box contains the arrangement of gearing for getting various speeds. The gears are utilised for getting more than one ratio in the speed.
References
Daynes, S. and Weaver, P.M., 2013. Review of shape-morphing automobile structures: concepts and outlook. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 227(11), pp.1603-1622.
Gore, M., Theaker, M., Howell-Smith, S., Rahnejat, H. and King, P.D., 2014. Direct measurement of piston friction of internal-combustion engines using the floating-liner principle. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 228(3), pp.344-354.
Gu, X., Li, G., Jiang, X., Huang, Z. and Lee, C.F., 2013. Experimental study on the performance of and emissions from a low-speed light-duty diesel engine fueled with n-butanol–diesel and isobutanol–diesel blends. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 227(2), pp.261-271.
Lensch-Franzen, C., Gohl, M., Kronstedt, M. and Mink, T., 2017. Model Based Approach for Efficiency and Emission Optimisation under Real Driving Conditions. MTZ worldwide, 78(12), pp.52-59.
Leuders, S., Lieneke, T., Lammers, S., Tröster, T. and Niendorf, T., 2014. On the fatigue properties of metals manufactured by selective laser melting–The role of ductility. Journal of Materials Research, 29(17), pp.1911-1919.
Moorthy, R.S., Mitiku, Y. and Sridhar, K., 2013. Design of automobile driveshaft using carbon/epoxy and kevlar/epoxy composites. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 2(10), pp.173-179.
Wang, Z.L., Yan, J.M., Ping, Y., Wang, H.L., Zheng, W.T. and Jiang, Q., 2013. An efficient CoAuPd/C catalyst for hydrogen generation from formic acid at room temperature. Angewandte Chemie, 125(16), pp.4502-4505.
Zhang, P., Zhang, K. and Wang, P., 2013. Design and Implementation of Temperature Acquisition System for Small Coal-fired Boiler [J]. Journal of Anhui University of Technology (Natural Science), 1, p.015.
Zifeng, L.I., 2013. An inevitable way in drill-string whirling research: combination of drilling fluid power lubrication with drill string dynamics [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 3, p.030.
Zong, C.F., Li, G., Zheng, H.Y., He, L. and Zhang, Z.X., 2013. Study progress and outlook of chassis control technology for X-by-wire automobile. Zhongguo Gonglu Xuebao(China Journal of Highway and Transport), 26(2), pp.160-176.
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