Discuss about the Literature Review on Psychosis.
Psychosis is a special type of mental disorder in which an individual loses its impairment from his/her surroundings from the reality. It is considered as a serious mental disorder. Hallucination or delusions are the most important symptoms in psychosis (Mishara & Schwartz, 2015).
Individuals experiences hallucinations due to the absence of the stimulus. Frightened experiences are being faced and that causes the self hurting or self killing attitudes towards own selves. The symptoms of psychosis vary from one person to the other (Bach et al., 2013). Symptoms of psychosis includes difficulties in concentration, depression, over sleeping or insomnia, anxiety, suspiciousness towards the family members, excessive delusions, hallucinations, withdrawal from the society, disorganization in verbal speech and lastly suicidal thoughts (Pérez-Álvarez et al., 2016).
Among all the different symptoms, hearing voices are one of them. Hearing voices are caused due to some reasons that the brain suffers from. Split mind can be caused due to the awful trauma due to the sexual abuse in young ages, it also being caused due to the worse memories that are hidden in the bran in the form of suppressed issue (Read et al., 2014). Low self esteem can be another root cause of any individual facing psychosis. It can be the reason due to the depression on any particular issue along with the audible negative stream that also causes episodic depression that can lead to psychosis. Street drugs like cocaine, heroin, amphitemines, dopamines also leads to the hearing voices followed by the acuteness of psychosis. Hearing voices can also be from different severe mental illness also (McGorry, 2015).
Hearing voices or auditory hallucinations are the common features in Schizophrenia or bipolar mood disorder. David and Nayani’s 1996 study analyzed the clinical interview data from 100 patients suffering from psychosis with hearing voices (Stafford et al., 2013). The investigators concluded that hearing voices are increasing in number and its complexity also increases in a particular duration of time.
In the year 2014, McCarthy-Jones along with his colleagues surveyed the hearing voices or the auditory hallucination description among 199 patients out of which 81% was diagnosed of DSM-III-R schizophrenia from the Mental Health Research Institute (MHRI) Unusual Perceptions Scale. Analysis on these findings suggests four broad common factors like commentary (86%), voices related to specific thoughts (36%), voices on specific memories (12%), and non-verbal auditory hallucinations (42%) (Marshall et al., 2014).
Psychosis, if kept untreated it may lead to severe psychological disorders like Schizophrenia or the bipolar mood disorder. Hearing voices can be the part of both the severe disorders. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that causes psychosis; however, schizophrenia likewise has different side effects. Also, it isn’t the main source of psychosis (Iyer et al., 2015). At times, other maladjustments cause psychosis, including sadness, bipolar disorder, dementia and marginal identity issue. Psychosis may come up amid times of extraordinary anxiety, a noteworthy absence of rest, or injury. Individuals who are utilizing or pulling back from specific medications or meds may encounter psychosis. Psychosis may likewise be created by cerebrum damage, neurological issue, or another medical issue. So while psychosis can be a piece of schizophrenia, it can be brought on by numerous different things as well (Hussain & Seitz, 2014).
The concern is addressed and being a part of Hearing the voice project as well as Lived Experience network the questionnaire is developed on the voice experience. The purpose is recording a detailed as well as various collections of the experiences according to the word of the people that hear the voice themselves. The review also critically research the the voice hearing having the aspect of psychological phenomenon.
The appropriate literature was searched and conducted with the help of ISI Web Science, Psyche Info and Pubmed databases. The review is focused on the experience of HV (Hear Voice Network) in First episode of Psychosis and the influence it has on the on the sensing of the young people (Iyer et al., 2015). The search strategy is the combination of the reflected terms. The initially search terms are Psychosis, first episode, voices, auditory hallucinations and qualitative.
It occurs during the period of adolescence and in the early adulthood. Some of the people argued that the process of development lead for acquisition of self sense, identity, social roles as well as acceptance (Mouzon et al., 2014). Before FEP the difficulties related to the social as well as emotional uplifting from the stage of early adolescence. It results in fear, isolation from society, confusion, disruption, confusion and a loss in aspiration for the future. The social support should be high during this phase. The peer attachment and the drawing of social support should be strong for the outcomes of longer span and with the adaptation of the psychosis. The main stigma regarding the illness those are mental and an unusual voice hearer with erratic behavior leads to the reduction of friend and isolation from the society. The individuals who are facing these have limited amount of social contacts and it also limited the possibilities of the positive self validation. The research also states that if mentally ill in adolescence as well as in the early adulthood is labeled there is effect in the identity and progression psychologically (Kaiser & Feng, 2015).
Within the literature of psychiatric, the concept of psychosis acts as a disturbance in self and the subjectivity, that acts as a long standing area in the field of psychology. Psychosis is frequently translated as a discontinuity where parts of self do not adhere anymore or are no longer installed in a clear history. In addition to the alteration of the experience in the world with the personal organization that appears from existing from the outside self (Hussain & Seitz, 2014). A character emergency frequently comes about because of feeling inundated by the sickness, caught in “patient hood” and changed into somebody who is broken and downgraded, first by others and after that independent from anyone else making a feeling of detachment and dismissal.
Trauma is generally linked to the development of psychosis that results from the disturbance in experiencing the psychotic trauma (Schmitt et al., 2014). Dissociation, a side effect of injury, includes disturbing adjustments in feeling of self, which many contend is especially intense in psychosis. Authoring is not only considered in a social context but also in a psychological process. Sharing endeavors to creator, the experience grapples and gives a feeling of individual organization and independence. Feeling hushed, refuted or rejected in endeavors to creator one’s own story was experienced by members as harming.
‘Ontological frailty’ was communicated in member’s instability about their feeling of being on the planet and the perplexity coming about because of FEP (Reading, 2014). ‘Epistemological uncertainty’ refers to member’s vulnerability about their methods for knowing the driving members for questioning their own particular discernments, making trouble in recognizing the reality from non real world. This examination depended on individuals between 20 to 37 years, barring more youthful individuals’ perspectives, and investigated psychosis comprehensively instead of concentrating on voice-hearing (Taylor & Perera, 2015). There is a considerable requirement for further complete exploratory investigations of the subjective experience of Hearing Voices in FEP that are appropriate to the formative phase of this gathering of individuals.
Auditory Hallucination is a medical terminology that is being used for describing the symptom of hearing voices that is being considered as the milestone of schizophrenia, which acts as a dysfunction of the brain. It is also claimed that there is insufficient prove for the validation of schizophrenia as a coherent entity of the disease (Bora & Pantelis, 2013).
Researchers have tested the conviction that voice-hearing is an indication of dysfunctional behavior proposing HVs is basic inside typical populaces. Along these lines, voice-hearing can be viewed as lying on a continuum of experience, with those with a psychiatric conclusion shaping the most extraordinary end of the continuum. This exploration offers supports for normalizing voice-hearing encounters and proposes passionate reactions to voices separate administration clients from non-client.
Early Intervention Administrations (EIS) work with youngsters matured in the vicinity of 14 and 34 amid the three year time frame taking after a FEP. EIS expect to bring issues to light trying to decrease shame; enhance prior acknowledgment, get to and mediation; lessen mental trouble for both the individual and their family; advance recuperation; and diminish more extensive psychosocial challenges (Schmitt et al., 2014). Method of reasoning for interceding early is ‘length of untreated psychosis’ (DUP) has been found to contrarily influence results of those affected. A current meta-investigation of 26 FEP contemplates showed a mean DUP of roughly 2 years. Recognizable proof is frequently made troublesome by the confounding clinical demonstrative picture and practices that might be viewed as ‘immature turmoil’. More research is expected to build comprehension of elements hastening as well as deferring help-chasing in FEP populaces (Aas et al., 2014).
Voices frequently present as an analysis of the individual’s conduct or in a summoning and persecutory way. Commonly voices are vindictive, bringing about pain. Responses to voices can change after sometime, perhaps because of changes in voices, or the capacity to adapt to them. For a few, voices can contribute emphatically by giving companionship, consolation and direction.
Researchers have demonstrated a high rate of traumatic histories in individuals who hear voices. Many reviews highlight the relationship between kids mishandling with advancement of voice-hearing. Individuals, regularly without psychiatric disease, may hear voices subsequent to anguish injury; people frequently hear voices taking after deprivation and battle veterans with a conclusion of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) regularly encounter voice-hearing (Reading, 2014).
Looking into the demonstrated people groups associations with voices regularly “reflect” connections in their social universes. Specifically, a solid connection has been found between past traumatic situation and voice content. The vulnerability stretch speculation is an overwhelming model of psychosis based upon a biopsychosocial system (Hussain & Seitz, 2014). The preface is people acquire or encounter early injury making helplessness to psychosis that is activated under distressing conditions. This theory is censured for privileging the natural and undermining different variables, for example, stress, to only being “triggers” of hidden disease.
In spite of the wealth of research showing a solid relationship amongst trauma and HVs, numerous people who encounter injury and don’t go ahead to hear voices, and others without injury histories do encounter this wonders. It is likely there are different pathways to HVs and as of now little is thought about the instruments by which injury brings about psychosis. In the research of traumas, perspectives of voice-listeners themselves have frequently been dismissed, especially perspectives of youngsters whose injury histories might be later (Mouzon et al., 2014).
The total of 46 papers was found after removing the duplicates. The duplicates were removed from the searches. Forty papers are been selected as relevant and it follows the qualitative review and a more ten papers are been selected from reviewing the lists of references.
The research could be done in two ways. The researches are qualitative and quantitative research.
Quantitative Research: The psychiatric as well as the psychological research has used the method of quantitative research. The method helps in getting the links within the causes and the factors of psychosis. Considering an example if the research uses the vast range of methodologies that are scientifically proven. The research helps in establishing the social factors in the form of significant risks for psychosis that includes the attachment insecurity, violence in between the parents, children being neglected and abused, racism, dysfunctional parenting and in-taking of marijuana in the early phase of adolescence. Though the psychiatrist Strauss in the year of 1989 has argued with the loss of information in the systematical process that are been characterized by the individuals having experiences on the questionnaire and the structural interview. Quantitative research are been generally criticized as it decreases the significant experiences and increases the meaningless symptoms.
Qualitative Research: The efforts are been growing for the systematical study of the experiences of the voice hearers through qualitative research. The approach of Quantitative research is generally based on the positivist ways of enquiring and assumptions are been done on the base of scientific methods. On the other hand the qualitative research generally criticizes the notions that claims the existence of multiple realistic been constructed socially and the failure of science for depicting the realities of all the experiences.
The first study helps in exploring the experiences of Voice hear network. In 1989 Romme and Escher researched and founded that there are many Dutch voice hearers who are from the general public. Those public were very much capable in coping up without the intervention of the psychiatric. They also used a vast range of explanations for making sense of the experiences. The experiences could be categorized in two categories. The first category helps in viewing the voices that arises from the individual like mystical, psychodynamic and parapsychological origins and the second category is the voices that are been viewed from the external factors like biological origins and the spiritual origins. People generally transit the three phases for coping up with the voices. The starting phase is characterized by the voice onset and experienced as confusing as well as frightening. The organization phase incorporates the selection as well as communication voices. The stabilization phase incorporates the accepting voices as a part of self as well as no longer perceiving the overpowering and appeared for facilitating the cope. This model also adapts a reference frame for attributing the appropriate meaning of the voices. The success of the coping is unclear when the people viewing themselves. The additive research is needed for identifying the process that enables the progress through the phases.
The largest mixed methods process of investigation of the hallucination phenomenon of the auditory nerve. The survey was been completed with the help of various sample of human being who can hear the voices with the help of different diagnosing and the histories of clinic. The findings overlaps with the sample interpretation of the hallucination in the past and it also suggest the significant findings of the association among the perception and thinking.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The review was critically researched in the phenomenon of hearing the voice that highlighted the studies that also explore the aspects of voice hearing in a subjective way. The significant gap within the literature review is the young people or the people entering the phase of adolescence facing FEP are acknowledged. The assumption of psychosis also disrupts the self sense.
The research has a significant contribution for the exploration of the way people making the sense of voice hearing. The review also focuses on the sample of the adults. The literature also suggests that the difficulty of the young people has much distressing. The research based on the EIS base interventions is been carried by rising the questions of the adults for delivering the results to the young people that hear voices. The better understanding of the voice hearing in the people at the phase of the adolescence pays much more attention to the impacts that HV has on the people at the stage of adolescence.
References
Aas, M., Dazzan, P., Mondelli, V., Melle, I., Murray, R. M., & Pariante, C. M. (2014). A systematic review of cognitive function in first-episode psychosis, including a discussion on childhood trauma, stress, and inflammation. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 182.
Bach, P., Gaudiano, B. A., Hayes, S. C., & Herbert, J. D. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis: intent to treat, hospitalization outcome and mediation by believability. Psychosis, 5(2), 166-174.
Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2013). Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 144(1), 31-36.
Hussain, M., & Seitz, D. (2014). Integrated models of care for medical inpatients with psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Psychosomatics, 55(4), 315-325.
Iyer, S., Jordan, G., MacDonald, K., Joober, R., & Malla, A. (2015). Early intervention for psychosis: a Canadian perspective. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 203(5), 356-364.
Kaiser, T., & Feng, G. (2015). Modeling psychiatric disorders for developing effective treatments. Nature medicine, 21(9), 979-988.
Marshall, M., Husain, N., Bork, N., Chaudhry, I. B., Lester, H., Everard, L., … & Fowler, D. (2014). Impact of early intervention services on duration of untreated psychosis: data from the National EDEN prospective cohort study. Schizophrenia research, 159(1), 1-6.
McGorry, P. D. (2015). Early intervention in psychosis: obvious, effective, overdue. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 203(5), 310-318.
Mishara, A. L., & Schwartz, M. A. (2015). Perception, Memory, Context: How Delusions Form and Persist. In Abstracts for the 15th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research (ICOSR) Schizophrenia Bull (Vol. 41, No. 1, p. S113).
Mouzon, B. C., Bachmeier, C., Ferro, A., Ojo, J. O., Crynen, G., Acker, C. M., … & Crawford, F. (2014). Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model. Annals of neurology, 75(2), 241-254.
Pérez-Álvarez, M., García-Montes, J. M., Vallina-Fernández, O., & Perona-Garcelán, S. (2016). Rethinking schizophrenia in the context of the person and their circumstances: seven reasons. Frontiers in Psychology, 7.
Read, J., Fosse, R., Moskowitz, A., & Perry, B. (2014). The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited. Neuropsychiatry, 4(1), 65-79.
Reading, R. (2014). Psychosis and schizophrenia. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(2), 298-299.
Schmitt, A., Malchow, B., Hasan, A., & Fallkai, P. (2014). The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders. Frontiers in neuroscience, 8, 19.
Stafford, M. R., Jackson, H., Mayo-Wilson, E., Morrison, A. P., & Kendall, T. (2013). Early interventions to prevent psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 346, f185.
Taylor, M., & Perera, U. (2015). NICE CG178 Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Adults: Treatment and Management–an evidence-based guideline?. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(5), 357-359.
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