Macroeconomics Questions And Labor Productivity Determination

a.

Public Savings = T – G

$1billion – $3billion

= – $2 Billion

b. 

Private savings = Y – T – C

$20 Billion – $13 Billion – $3 Billion

= $4 Billion

c.

Private savings is the source of loanable funds. Therefore high level of private spending leads to increased supply of loanable funds

d.

S = Y – C – G

$20 Billion – $13 Billion – $3 Billion

 = $4 Billion

e.

There are no net exports since it is a closed economy. That is the GDP is as a result of internal   economic activity only

1. What is investment equal to in this economy?

Investment is equal to the National Savings

= $4 billion

Labor productivity is very important as it measures the economic growth of within a country. It looks at the how much goods and services were produced in a country in one hour of labor meaning that it measures the GDP (real gross domestic product) that was produced in one hour of working. Labor productivity is determined by four factors; technological progress, the quality of physical labor, the quantity of capital goods that are available to workers and how efficiently resources or inputs are allocated. Human capital is important in lifting labor productivity because it measures the economic value of the skills an employee possesses; so the higher the human capital, the higher the labor productivity. Labor productivity in a country can be determined in the following manner; let’s say the real GDP of a country was AUD15 trillion at the end of 2016 and the aggregate hours if labor was 350 billion, the labor productivity will be determined by dividing the real GDP by the aggregate hours of labor, equating to approximately AUD42 per labor hour. Now that the labor productivity has been determined, the economic growth of a country can be established in the following way; let’s say the real GDP of the country rises to AUD20 trillion at the end of 2017 and the aggregate hours of labor increases to 400 billion, the labor productivity must again be established and then divided by that of the previous year. So it will be AUD50 divided by AUD42 equaling to about 1.2% growth (Burda and Wyplosz, 2013).

1.  When Hans Rosling talks about China catching up with the US he is talking about the fact that from the time China was dominantly led and ruled by a foreign power from 1809 the country’s economy kept declining instead of growing like that of the United States due to colonial exploitation but in the 1950 as modern china started to emerge and the country’s health started to improve and after the economy started to grow very quickly catching up with the United States.
2.  Free trade is an economic practice that gets rid of government intervention such as tariffs, limitations or bans regarding imports and exports of goods.  Free trade offers various benefits to emerging countries that will enable them to catch with high income or developed economies. Regarding health, free trade will increase the life expectancy of people in emerging counties by increasing the employment rate as a result of more operation with developed countries that will increase job opportunities. More job opportunities mean an increase in income and the general standard of living which will reduce hunger and lack of medical care. Free trade will enable emerging countries to easily access more economic resources for example land, labor and capital especially for small emerging countries with lower amounts of natural resources.
3.    The other word that can be used is “GDP per capita” can be used as an alternative for “income per person.”
4.    It is important to adjust the income per person for inflation because it dictates how expensive goods and services are over a certain period; as a result, it will affect the purchasing power of consumers and their standard of living because their nominal income does not change with the prices. So the more the prices increase, the less money will have to spend.

1.  Automation may impact unemployment in years to come by replacing human tasks with much more efficient and smart machines. The people who might suffer the most are factory floor workers who do not have the required skills to work with advanced technologies in factories. Further, these people’s chances of finding a profitable employment will be lower because as time passes the occupation that used to help them get back on their feet are disappearing. This will create inequality in the job market as demand for skilled workers will increase while that of unskilled workers will decrease; the same will happen to the income. There are various things policy makers can do to address this situation including boosting digital literacy and infrastructure in schools as well as retraining in companies and ensuring that ever type of worker, skilled or unskilled is equally protected in the enterprise.  
2.  One industry that has suffered job losses as a result of globalization is the car manufacturing industry in Australia; many companies such as Toyota want to leave the Australian market because of the high production costs when compared to places like China or the United States causing jobs to move overseas. Globalization creates unemployment in an industry because it moves job patterns, ways and wages causing instabilities in the employment market because developing countries the same capabilities to produce high-value-added components as developed countries. Job patterns, ways and wages and other aspects such as the price of goods have suffered irreversible changes because certain parts of international supply chains have been relocated such as what is happening with companies like Toyota who are relocating factories to parts of the world where the cost of production is cheaper (Mankiw, 2014).
3.  One thing that I found interesting from reading the Report was the number of opportunities that automation creates. I found this interesting because I always looked at automation is a negative manner, focusing on the way it dehumanizes a lot of processes in an industry but this article opened my eyes to how beneficial it could be if used correctly.

One of the benefits of automation is that it lowers barriers to regarding starting your own business, makes flexible work schedules much easier and has widened markets and made it possible for job Australians to get more education (Borio, 2014).  

References

Borio, C., 2014. The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 45, pp.182-198.

Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C., 2013. Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press.

Mankiw, N.G., 2014. Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning.