Manager Behavior And Ethics In Organizations

Five Ethical Approaches and Manager’s Behavior

In Part-1, it has discussed about the behaviour of manager in respect of five approaches i.e. Fairness, rights, common good, virtue, and utilitarian approach. In Part-2, it has been referring about the multiple sclerosis describing about the consequentialism and properly medication should be given to the patients (Burgess, 2016). Then lastly, in Part-3, it has been discussed about the organization assumption to recruit young employees.   

Elaborate the managers’ behaviour in respect of five approaches and compare each of the approach committed to the overall benefit.

Ans. There are five different sources of ethical standards, which are mentioned below-

• The Fairness and Justice approach-The Fairness or Justice Approach to ethics has its roots in the teachings of the Greek theorist Aristotle who said, “Equals should be treated equally and unequal in an unequal way” (Schwartz, 2016).
• The Utilitarian approach- It is an approach that determines right from wrong by concentrating on consequentialism. It carries the most ethical consideration, which will produce the greatest good for the greatest one. It is the most common approach to moral reasoning utilize in business as it accounts for benefits and costs (Merges, 2016).
• The Virtue approach- This approach deliberates that there are certain ideas for the advancement of our humanity and acts in the ways that develop our highest potential. The certain examples are self-control, integrity, fidelity, compassion, honesty, prudence, fairness, generosity, and courage.  A person with the developed virtues naturally acts in the manner constant with moral principles (Walker, 2018).
• The Rights Approach- It is the second most important approach, which concentrates on the people’s right to choose for them. It is stated that humans are different from mere things as their dignity based on their capability to choose freely what they want. They have a fundamental right to be respected and their choices to be fulfilled (Cerrutti, 2017).
• The Common Good Approach- It is regarded, as all people are part of a larger society. This approach focuses to make sure that the social systems, environment, social policies, and institutions on which we depend are helpful to all (Paudyal, Baral and Keenan, 2016).

There are major ethical approaches, which has the following benefits to be discussed in this section-

• TheFairness and Justice approach- It normally comes to applying the same standards, morals in similar conditions. It also decreases the role of biases in decision-making and treats others in an ethical and good manner (Skarlicki et al., 2016). 
• The Utilitarian approach- This approach determines the moral standard and convictions, which ethically comes from the concept of consequentialism. It permits the people to represent an action, which is right or wrong. It results in the consequence of an ethical action, which brings happiness all around (Swart and Zevenberg, 2018).
• The Virtue approach- This approach brings the spirit of forgiveness and generates a sense of togetherness, which solves all the conflicts. It also encourages to work cooperatively and naturally inclined towards biased decision-making. It concentrates on individuality and growth of moral reasoning.
• The Rights Approach- This approach is significantly beneficial to many large-scale projects involving human services. This has resulted in a new set of demands and obligations from business (Cross, 2017).
• The Common Good Approach- This approach assists in developing and maintaining the common good, which needs the collaborative efforts of all individuals (Wiefek and Heinitz, 2018).

1. The NHS approval of a new drug concentrates on clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness for the patient suffering from multiple sclerosis.

Ans.  Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurologic disease that represents an uncertain course and has an intense effect on the lives of patients and their families. The main goal is to manage the disease utilizing disease modification therapies (DMTs), which has been shown to decrease progression and protect relapses. The NHS approval for a new drug is primarily based on cost-effectiveness as the treatment of the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with the inclusion of interferon beta. It is utilized to compare treatment options by protecting the lives of people depending upon the societal perspective. It is seen that the average cost of patients for a lifetime treatment would be €1,243.445. However, it is necessary to save the patient’s life and maintain the quality-adjusted life years accessible with interferon progressively (Melendez-Torres et al., 2017). 

The interferon should be superior to the unlikely case in which they delay the progression of treatment because of the reason that the drug is very expensive, which is not affordable by the middle-class people. For a typical patient of Multiple sclerosis treatment would be more effective and efficient with lower costs. It is predicted that the beta interferon was developed for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. These treatments have a verified record of safety and efficacy, which needs frequent cure via injection and are productive. The optimization of medication in patients of multiple sclerosis does not react to the first-line therapy for attaining the effective outcome. Switching to the approved therapies of NHS is used for the treatment of patients with suboptimal response. It exhibits a favorable advantage and attained by reaction of interferon beta with clinically activated interferon beta (Tacchino et al., 2017).    

 

1. Is cost-effectiveness for the approval of the new drug concentrate on virtue or consequentialism approach?

Ans. It is stated that the cost-effectiveness aspect for the approval of the new drug is based on consequentialism approach as it concentrates on efficiency in providing safe and productive health care to sustain the ethical consideration. Such preferences are socially rational as standard formulations, which requires maximizing with the greater good and involves killing innocent people. It requires the rejection of constraints on the expansion of welfare and respect for people suffering from multiple sclerosis. Cost-effectiveness is not a matter of concern as it enhances the well-being of patients of multiple sclerosis. It is to be examined by the approval of NHS in the management of health. The maximization of advantages should be equitable with the philosophical theory of consequentialism. The consequentialism approach determines the rightness of an action, which can only be judged by its consequence.  This has a major impact on the professional, scientific integrity, and quality of health care. It is stated that the medical representative induces new drugs, which is to be cost-effective and easily accessible to patients of multiple sclerosis (Farisco and Petrini, 2016).    

1. Was the NHS delay in giving the final verdict was a sign of unethical attitude or an ethical decision?

Multiple Sclerosis Case Study: NHS and Cost-effectiveness Consideration

Ans. The NHS had a delay in making the final verdict was a sign of ethical deliberation of the patients of multiple sclerosis as it has been examining that they are not getting immediate cure and treatment at the adequate time.  Around 54% of people may develop secondary line multiple sclerosis. They should take care about their health and delay in taking appropriate decision can danger their life. The drug interferon beta should be further licensed for the efficiency of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis and delay should not be compromised. They should maintain the cost, which is to be effective for the patients. They should make growth and expansion in developing relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis so that the patients get the proper treatment and drug which is beneficial for their health (Coombs and Grech, 2016).

The BDL organization is specialized in shoe manufacturing, as the HR is following the recruitment strategy of hiring young employees in comparing to people above 50 as in their prospective young employees are more productive. Is this discrimination?

Ans. The BDL organization is specialized in shoe manufacturing as their HR is following the strategy of eliminating the personnel whose age is above 50 and predominantly concentrating on young personnel. In their perspective, they need to hire young personnel only as they are generating more flexibility, competent, the capability to learn and adopt new things. However, old personnel have more experience and because of that, they have more skills and knowledge.  Yes, this is considered discrimination as our world is moving towards innovation and competitiveness. We need youth, which is more vigorous and active to work as compared to older employees. They develop a positive attitude towards work and maintain a healthy relationship with the nature and policies of employment (Drake et al., 2016).

This will help the organization in building employment opportunities and productivity, which will generate the best results. It is easy to manage young personnel, as their attitude towards work is sincere and honest. They are always ready to adopt new things and more flexible towards benefits and timing. It is stated that when an uncertain situation arises, young people effectively equipped to continue and adapt to innovation and transformation. As the discrimination should be reduced as older personnel are also important for the future as it brings profitability and productivity for the organization. It is important for the organization to retain the personnel who have more competency and capabilities to attain success in the future. However, they need to hire young as well as older employees, which together can make the organization better and effective in the future. It is quite evident that as the age increases the capabilities of workers decreases and as a result, it is not effective for the organization. Age progression is important for social, economic, and financial understanding as it decreases the efficiency and productivity levels of employees. So, the organization finds efficient and productive in retaining young employees so that they can stay in the organization for a longer period (Lindsay et al., 2015). 

Recruitment Strategy at BDL Company

Conclusion

In the conclusion, the discussion has been made on describing the five approaches, which contributed to the overall benefits to the company. In addition, describing about cost effectiveness or clinical effectiveness should be considered to patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. In the last part, the organization primary belief is to recruit more young employees.  

References

Burgess, J.T. (2016) Reconciling social responsibility and neutrality in LIS professional ethics: a virtue ethics approach. In Information Cultures in the Digital Age, 34(7), pp.161-172.

Cerrutti, M. (2017) Mercosur and Regional Migration: A Human Rights Approach. Latin America Since the Left Turn, 32(4), p.88.

Coombs, M. and Grech, C. (2016) Ethical issues in critical care. ACCCN’s Critical Care Nursing, 23(7), p.106.

Cross, D. (2017) A human rights-based approach to community justice: Adding value to desistance focused practice. European Journal of Probation, 9(2), pp.149-168.

Drake, R.E., Bond, G.R., Goldman, H.H., Hogan, M.F. and Karakus, M. (2016) Individual placement and support services boost employment for people with serious mental illnesses, but funding is lacking. Health Affairs, 35(6), pp.1098-1105.

Farisco, M. and Petrini, C. (2016) Ethical Frameworks and Comparative Effectiveness Research. Comparative effectiveness research in health services, 67(6), pp.7-39.

Lindsay, S., McDougall, C., Menna-Dack, D., Sanford, R. and Adams, T. (2015) An ecological approach to understanding barriers to employment for youth with disabilities compared to their typically developing peers: views of youth, employers, and job counselors. Disability and rehabilitation, 37(8), pp.701-711.

Melendez-Torres, G.J., Auguste, P., Armoiry, X., Maheswaran, H., Madan, J., Kan, A., Lin, S., Counsell, C., Patterson, J., Rodrigues, J. and Ciccarelli, O. (2017) Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of beta-interferon and glatiramer acetate for treating multiple sclerosis: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess, 21(52), pp.1-352.

Merges, R.P. (2016) Against Utilitarian Fundamentalism. . John’s L. Rev., 90, p.681.

Paudyal, K., Baral, H. and Keenan, R.J. (2016) Local actions for the common good: Can the application of the ecosystem services concept generate improved societal outcomes from natural resource management?. Land Use Policy, 56, pp.327-332.

Schwartz, M.S. (2016) Ethical decision-making theory: An integrated approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 139(4), pp.755-776.

Skarlicki, D.P., van Jaarsveld, D.D., Shao, R., Song, Y.H. and Wang, M. (2016) Extending the multifoci perspective: The role of supervisor justice and moral identity in the relationship between customer justice and customer-directed sabotage. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), p.108.

Swart, J.A. and Zevenberg, J. (2018) Utilitarian and nonutilitarian valuation of natural resources: a game?theoretical approach. Restoration Ecology, 26, pp.44-53.

Tacchino, A., Brichetto, G., Zaratin, P., Battaglia, M.A. and Ponzio, M. (2017) Multiple sclerosis and rehabilitation: an overview of the different rehabilitation settings. Neurological Sciences, 38(12), pp.2131-2138.

Walker, R.L. (2018) Virtue, Vice, and” Voracious” Science: How should we approach the ethics of primate research?. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 61(1), pp.130-146.

Wiefek, J. and Heinitz, K. (2018) Common Good-Oriented Companies: Exploring Corporate Values, Characteristics and Practices That Could Support a Development Towards Degrowth. mrev management revue, 29(3), pp.311-331.