Discuss about the Men and Masculinities in International Perspective.
In the last half century, males have shown considerable strengths, as well as flexibility in the facade of substantial economic, social, in addition to cultural transformations in the Australian society (Richardson, 2004). Life’s situations may make it hard for men to undertake healthy options, as well as to access care plus data essential to attain finest health. Accessible research demonstrates that Australian men have life expectancy of 78.7 years while women at 83.7 years among the females. To address this challenge facing males the National Male Health Policy was developed in 2010 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008).
The National Male Health Policy (NMHP) was launched in 2010 to promote the health of the males in Australia. The NMHP offers a structure for enhancing the health status of all men in Australia plus attaining equal health results for populace groups of men in danger of poor wellbeing. The policy is instrumental as it offers practical recommendations for action crafted to direct directions into a novel decade, particularly in fields confirmed to make a change in enhancing the health of men in Australia and those individuals with poor health. The policy was a result of the Australia’s government commitment in 2007 to develop the original NMHP in acknowledgment of the particular health challenges that were facing the Australian males. The commitment entailed consulting with males, health experts, governments, and community organizations (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). The commitment also involved looking at accessible proof and acknowledging that enhancing men’s health needs, taking action on numerous spheres of male’s health. Furthermore, the outcome of the policy focused on engaging men regarding their health; educating males concerning avertable health challenges affecting them; improving the utilization of active health resources by men through lowering access bottlenecks, which target men with poorer health results.
The NMHP has several supporting documents that include fact sheets on diverse aspects of male health, like healthy schedules in addition to reproductive behaviors, and clues for men themselves regarding health issues affecting them. In the policy, the term “male health,” is used all through the document, which demonstrates that the policy is about males of all ages in Australia. The policy is founded on the reality that early encounters may lay the basis for wellbeing results afterward in life, where high-quality health must start early in life. Additionally, being considered an adult may be at diverse ages of makes from diverse cultures, as well as ethical contexts (Ferguson, 2001). Decisively, for any policy to achieve the intended outcomes and to properly align resources to the acknowledged need, approaches should be informed by vigorous evidence. The important policy area is the attention towards building the male health evidence-base. The policy is crucial as it offers the needed infrastructure, which will permit researchers, fitness experts, in addition to policy-makers to better comprehend the effect of age and gender on behavior, attitudes plus results of health (White & Holmes, 2006).
The policy recognizes that the need to value, as well as support responsibilities played by men in the community, was widespread during the consultations at the initial stages of policy development. Males play a varied role and significant roles in Australia (Gideon & Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016). Males in Australia as underscored by the policy make a noteworthy input to the community in paid work, with about 6 million men in paid employment in 2009. Therefore, enhanced health for males in Australia will not only have a constructive effect on people lives, but will too contribute to progress in involvement along with efficiency and considerable savings on health care services (Ring & O’Brien, 2007).
The NMHP is an important policy towards the health of Australia in improving health equality between the males and females. The policy is great because it understands the health needs of the male population in Australian. The policy offers comprehensive, extensive and innovative document that advocates for a whole system towards benefited the health of males. The policy highlights the need to focus on prevention and the significance of supporting males through community development work (Veal & Lynch, 2012). Importantly, the policy did not attempt to blame the male for their poor health status, but instead, embraced an understanding of masculinities and means males are socialized to behave (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). Furthermore, the policy has been seen as important because it adopts social determinants approach to defining males’ health. The policy claims that the males’ health position is rather than just a result of physiological, biological functioning; however, that it is as well impacted by much wider social, economic, cultural, as well as environmental factors (Adams, 2006).
The policy underscores the fact there is a growing appreciation that social along with economic elements, which include paucity, are primary determinants of the health status of males. Through acknowledging diversity in males as a population, the policy recognizes the right of all males in Australia to the best potential health, regardless of social and ethnic differences (Emslie, 2005).
The policy played a leading role in seeking to support males to build on their strengths, as well as become more lively advocates of their healthiness. It seeks to set up more encouraging atmospheres and to fashion an improved atmosphere where to permit males to be better agents of their well-being. It is a prominent inconsistency that despite the male’s high-flying existence all through the ages at the heart of health policy, males have been noticeably quiet and mainly not reflective in articulating regarding their health issues. Thus, the policy promotes different initiatives tailored to support the males, in the constitutional, society, and charitable segments, to be stronger agents of their health (McMurray & Clendon, 2011).
The NMHP acknowledges that gender has an important effect on health because both males and females have various health needs along with outcomes. The policy guides the planning and delivery of health services, as well as health promotion programs for males in Australia (World Health Organization, 2001). Under the policy, the Department of Health will:
Conclusion
It is clear that the National Male Health Policy is a milestone history not only to the benefit of males in Australia, but together with their families. The policy seeks to improve the health inequalities between males and females in Australia to ensure that all the males access better health care services (Baker, 2002). The policy ensures that health services are tailored plus managed by providers that will meet the needs of the males. The policy is a practical policy, which makes many recommendations geared towards improving male health. The policy acknowledges that improving the health of males is a pooled duty where the government, health experts, community organizations, and men should be inspired to take part.
References
Adams ,M .(2006). Raising the profile of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander’s men’s health: An Indigenous man’s perspective. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2, pp.68?74.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Labour Force, Australia. 6202.0.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2008). Australia’s Health, 2008 cat. no. AUS 99, AIHW, Canberra.
Baker, P. (2002). Getting It Sorted: A New Policy for Men’s Health. London: Men’s Health Forum.
Emslie, C. (2005). Women, men and coronary heart disease: Review of the qualitative literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 283-395.
Ferguson, H. (2001). Men and masculinities in late-modern Ireland. In: Globalising Men: Men and masculinities in international perspective, B. Pease and K. Pringle (eds.). London: Zed Books, pp. 118-34.
Gideon, J., & Edward Elgar Publishing. (2016). Handbook on gender and health. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
McEachan R, Lawton R, Jackson C, Connor M & Lunt J. (2008). Evidence, theory and context: Using intervention mapping to develop a worksite physical activity intervention. BMC Public Health, 8:326.
McMurray, A., & Clendon, J. (2011). Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. Chatswood, N.S.W: Elsevier Australia.
OECD (2003). Society at a glance. OECD Social Indicators 2002.Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publications Service.
Richardson, N. (2004). Getting Inside Men’s Health. Kilkenny: Health Promotion Department, South-Eastern Health Board.
Ring I.T & O’Brien J.F. (2007). Our hearts and minds –what would it take for Australia to become the healthiest country in the world?. Medical Journal of Australia. 187(8), pp.860?865.
Smith JA (2007). Beyond masculine stereotypes: Moving men’s health promotion forward in Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 20?5, p.23.
Veal, A. J., & Lynch, R. (2012). Australian Leisure. Sydney: P.ED AUSTRALIA.
White, A. & Holmes, M. (2006). Patterns of mortality across 44 countries among men and women aged 15-44 years. The Journal of Men’s Health and Gender. 3 (2): p. 139-51.
World Health Organization. (2001). Madrid Statement: Mainstreaming Gender Equity in Health: The Need to Move Forward. WHO.
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