Methodologies And Challenges In Conducting Phenomenological Research

Methodological Needs in Phenomenological Research

Question:

Discuss about the Methods and Procedures for Conducting Human Science Research.

There have been several evidences from the phenomenological research that is generated from the first person reports relating to life experience. As per the phenomenological principles, scientific investigations are considered to be valid when information sought is arrived on the description which makes it possible to understand the meaning and essence of experience. According to Mackey and Gass (2015), an individual is required to exclude all the empirical interpretations and existential affirmations that is required to be undertaken based on the acts of the ideation. For attaining scientific evidences relating to phenomenological investigations, the scholar under this situation begins and executes the sequence of approaches or procedures which satisfies the necessities of an prearranged, discipline and systematic study.

The above stated discussion states the methodological needs might be organized in relation to the methods of preparation, methods involved in the collection of data and methods that are involved in the organization and analysis of data. The method provides a systematic procedure of accomplishing something that is orderly and disciplined involving care and rigor. Process and methods makes up the method that provides steps and directions to be followed and move the sturdy into the action. Every method that is involved in the human science research comprises of the open ended procedure (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). There is no form of definitive or exclusive requirements. Every projects comprises of their own truthfulness and creates its own method and process to enable the movement of the investigations and grouping of the information.

The first challenge that is involved with the researcher is the preparation to conduct phenomenological investigations in order to arrive at the topic and questions that comprises of the social meaning and personal significances. The questions stated should be clear and with tangible terms. The key terms of the question must be defined, conversed and clarified in order to make sure that the intention and the purpose of the investigations is clear.

Under the phenomenon research the questions cultivates out of the intense attention in the specific problem of the topic. The curiosity of the researcher and interest in the particular problem inspire the purpose of the search. Personal history brings into the actions the problems into the focus (Flick 2015). With the emerging of the completeness of the topic any kind of tangent might complicate the diction of the controllable and exact question. Even though this procedure of allowing aspects of the topic to enter into the awareness is necessary to formulate the core question which will remain visible and alive all through the investigations.

Challenges in Conducting Phenomenological Research

There is no form of in-advance criteria for locating and choosing the research participants. Over-all deliberations comprise of age, race, religion, ethnic and cultural factors along with political and economic factors. Necessary criteria comprise of the research participants has experienced the occurrence which is strongly interested in understanding of the nature and meaning that are eagerness to contribute in the prolonged meeting. Possibly the follow up of the meeting provides the investigator with the authenticity to record and publish the data in the study or other journals.

Silverman (2016), has investigated the experience of psychologist-psychologist or existence in relationship of the clients. At the time of identifying the participants and enlisting them to the study several authors have prepared a statement that described the nature and objective of the study in locating the presence of the psychotherapists whose existence is considered as necessary element of therapeutic effectiveness. Human science researchers are usually directed by the moral values on examination with human participants. The discussion that is performed in this study has sufficiently maintained the required vital ethical standards that establishes clear contracts with the research contributors that identified the need of the privacy and well-versed agreement in order to develop the process for insuring complete disclosure of the nature, purpose and necessities of the research (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). All the studies that were performed were in the form of qualitative nature and comprised of the participants that were volunteered to be co-researchers has placed emphasis on the procedure that were open ended and methods that can be shifted in response to the participants.

The investigators even offered the detailed information concerning the nature and objective of the study in relation to the co-researchers before making the selection of the research participants. Since minimum amount of risk was involved in relation to the health and well-being of the research participants (Panneerselvam, 2014). The co-researchers generally contribute to the effectiveness of way guiding the lengthy interview. Information that are considered by the researcher to be confidential and private was removed so that the identity of the research participants is safeguarded. Confidentiality of the data that was maintained is considered to be relevant unless the co-researcher was completely informed and agreed to use it. There it is noteworthy to denote that the research participants can be reviewed and affirmed or change the data of research in order to correspond to the needs and perception of the researchers.

Data Analysis and Software Used

There is another method of performing phenomenological study which includes appraisal of the specialized and research literature associated with the subject of research and query. The investigators evaluate before relevant studies are performed and discoveries from the investigators own study reflects what new information an individual is seeking or anticipating to obtain.

MAXQDA software is used for qualitative analysis of data. For the present analysis the relation between relationship and performance in an organization is analysed. The variable relationship was subdivided into “development” and “commitment.” The variable “performance” was subdivided into “productivity” and “organization.”

	relationshipdevelopment	relationshipcommitment	performanceorganization	performanceproductivity	relationship	performance
relationshipdevelopment		-0.131 (p=0.7176) N=10	-0.105 (p=0.7737) N=10	0.789 (p=0.0067) N=10	-0.265 (p=0.4594) N=10	-0.195 (p=0.5900) N=10
relationshipcommitment	-0.131 (p=0.7176) N=10		-0.161 (p=0.6569) N=10	-0.146 (p=0.6863) N=10	0.504 (p=0.1374) N=10	0.655 (p=0.0398) N=10
performanceorganization	-0.105 (p=0.7737) N=10	-0.161 (p=0.6569) N=10		-0.197 (p=0.5856) N=10	0.178 (p=0.6218) N=10	0.039 (p=0.9141) N=10
performanceproductivity	0.789 (p=0.0067) N=10	-0.146 (p=0.6863) N=10	-0.197 (p=0.5856) N=10		-0.356 (p=0.3122) N=10	-0.003 (p=0.9940) N=10
relationship	-0.265 (p=0.4594) N=10	0.504 (p=0.1374) N=10	0.178 (p=0.6218) N=10	-0.356 (p=0.3122) N=10		0.776 (p=0.0084) N=10
performance	-0.195 (p=0.5900) N=10	0.655 (p=0.0398) N=10	0.039 (p=0.9141) N=10	-0.003 (p=0.9940) N=10	0.776 (p=0.0084) N=10

From the above analysis it is seen that the correlation between the variable performance – productivity in an organization is very strongly, positively related with relationship – development of the employees (r = 0.789, p-value = 0.0067). Moreover, the correlation between performance and relationship of employees in an organization is also very strong, positive (r=0.776, p-value = 0.0084). In addition, the correlation between performance and relationship-commitment of the employees is also strong and positive (r = 0.655, p-value = 0.0398). The relationship is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance.

	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	p value	Eta squared
Between groups	1,010.400	9	112.27	0.000	0.000	1.000
Within groups	0.00	0	0.00
Total	1,010.400	9
Homogenity of variance
Levene	0.00
p value	0.00

The above table shows the analysis of variance between relationship and performance. “Relationship” was taken as the dependent variable and “performance” was used as the factor. From the above ANOVA table it is seen that there is statistically significant difference between relationship and performance (p-value = 0.000).

				Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.291
Nr.	Item	Mean scale w/o item	Std.dev. scale w/o item	Corrected item scale corr.	Alpha w/o item
1	relationshipdevelopment	120.30	68.32	-0.04	0.48
2	relationshipcommitment	163.00	61.38	0.20	0.18
3	performanceorganization	161.80	80.78	-0.14	0.36
4	performanceproductivity	169.70	74.05	0.31	0.20
5	relationship	168.30	75.76	0.35	0.22
6	performance	115.40	65.56	0.41	0.04

Reliability analysis is used to analyse the variation in the scales of the responses. The analysis of the data shows that the Cronbach’s alpha = 0.291. Thus, the reliability of the scales is poor. Moreover, the variable relationship-development has Cronbach’s alpha = 0.48. Since the Cronbach’s alpha item is more than Cronbach’s alpha. Hence, the variable should be removed to increase the reliability of the data.  

Conclusion:

The study can be summarised by stating that the objective of using the technological and non-technical literature. The literature can be concluded by stating that the theoretical sensitivity concerning the concepts and relations in search of the evidences from a person’s own research which confirms the relevancy of the research in interpreting the data. On the other hand, the secondary data might provide relevant interviews and field notes along with the descriptiveness of the materials for relevant events and perspective of the research participants. In large number of studies reports, newspapers and diaries are considered as one of the most important source of data that supplements the usual interviews and observations.

References:

Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.

Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.

Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner’s guide to doing a research project. Sage.

Silverman, D. ed., 2016. Qualitative research. Sage.

Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd..