1.Mobile data network deals with the mobile IP and thus whenever we move from one place to another, the mobile network keeps on changing or we can say that the mobile network gets switched to the better station that provides good service in that area and thus helps to maintain the connection secure (Yuan & Buckman, 2006). The data over the network is transmitted in the form of packets. The data is bind and provided over the network to be transmitted at another end. The packets move accordingly to the specified IP address. If any packet gets lost, it is due to the transmission error or various other factors i.e. network congestion, due to packet loss the reliability of network decreased as well as latency and throughput get affected. It also affects the quality of service.
Request and reply both are necessary to go towards the next node and thus every node request for the data and subsequently ask for the acknowledge to move forward over that path and if in case that node did not provide the actual information than the data over the node get cancelled and no further processes can take place. The routes are decided depending upon the reverse and forward links of the nodes connected to the available source and destination unit medium and thus they are transmitted in actual data node distribution. The data is further broadcasted to provide the available data utility and thus helps to gain access to the best route to get to the destination.
Various protocols are used to provide the secure transmission of data over the network and therefore SCTP provides a secure, reliable and message-oriented transmission of data like TCP and UDP. It also provides congestion control mechanism. It sends message in the form of chunks and thus provides a sequence number to the streams of data so that the receiver can know which the actual sequence of data transmitted is. To provide an easy implementation and processing of data and provide desired results (Wang & Canny, 2006). The data transmission with the help of SCTP is shown in the figure below, various request are being made for the transmission of data. Chunks are the additional data storage information that moves with SCTP protocol to provide the reliability of data.
The data is transmitted from SCTP A to SCTP Z and thus sender sends the actual amount of data that other party wants and thus starts the communication. The SACK value is transmitted along with the actual data and by checking the available resources that are with the SACK at SCTP A the further SACK and DATA is transmitted that makes data executable. The SACK value can further be taken as the acknowledgement of the available data files and resources.
2.(a) The Ad-hoc network is analysed and established with the help of table driven routing. Whenever a network topology changes the update message is propagated to maintain simultaneous flow of data at different nodes. Each node maintains multiple routing tables so that the information is reliable and consistent throughout the network.
DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) is usually suitable for small networks. The criteria depend on time complexity. Dynamic Source Routing is used for wireless network to establish the desirable path between various nodes, this type of routing can be used up to a network of 100 nodes. The DSR is also a self maintained thus; it is used to maintain all the faults themselves without the intervention of user request. The data get configured by it and each source helps to determine the route that it should follow to reach the destination. The two basic things to keep in mind while talking about DSR is that: – Route Discovery and Route Maintenance. Route Discovery helps to give the best path from source to destination and Route Maintenance ensures that the chosen best path should be loop free and thus there should not be any traffic. The routes are decided to the specified nodes and thus all the data is gathered at every nodes that provides the information to reach the destination. The node 1 will get the information of the entire subsequent path and will decide at which path to move forward.
(b) Ad-hoc on demand distance vector routing protocol is basically developed for wireless mobile data communications. It is free to be operated on mobile Ad-hoc network. The AODV routing protocol does not affect the global nodes, the local network affects only the local nodes that are to be available within the area interface. They also make use of sequence number to indicate which route to be followed. Further, it helps for unicast and multicast communications. The AODV protocol has expiry date for particular route which expires if that route is not used. All the routes are maintained but the one that used on regular basis are maintained periodically but the route that are not in use they get expired and thus are not maintained for operation as they get destroyed (McPherson, Smith-Lovin & Brashears, 2006). The unused route is also called as STALE. The route table gives the entry of all the available routes and thus specifies the lifetime for which particular route is valid
The route can be changed depending upon the distance indicated in the path so that the data packet can be reached on time and there can be no packet loss. Here, source, destination and next-hop are addressed with the help of IP-addressing and thus IP address is unique and every node will be represented as new one. The various basic messages are: – PREQ- route request, RREP- route reply, RERR- route error, HELLO- for link status monitoring. As soon as the RREQ reaches the destination the communication gets started. There is a provision that route must be included in header of packet before the actual transmission started as that route helps to further generate the same data resource entities. The sequence number feature is unique and new and thus it helps to keep the track of all the available active nodes. It also helps to destroy or delete the inactive cell and thus helps to get knowledge about the desired cells and functionality.
3.a) No functionality loops should be formed while processing of data and specific tasks of the cells. Routing loops creates faults and thus they are not liable to function properly and thus the route with limited data and secure transmission should be selected for better data transmission media. The mobile host is movable thus the location of the user gets changed according to the distinct locations. Due to advancement in internet, the task of processing at fixed location overcome with new strategies. While mobility support router sends various packets to mobile host so it is possible that the host is moving from one place to another and thus, the network drop can take place and disturbs the continuity of packets transmitted. Packet lost also results in discarding of information and if you did not have duplicate copy or backup of that data, the data gets lost permanently.
The data has to be gathered and provided to remote network so that it is possible for different networking interface to get the information of the same. The packets might have to be redirected to avoid further confusion of the data interface so that all the packets should reach their location on time.
b)The route can be changed depending upon the distance indicated in the path so that the data packet can be reached on time and there can be no packet loss. If data packet Q gets lost then node has to define another route to go there. It can chose route A-C-E-J-L-P to move forward to get the packet there and thus has to be deduced to reach at specified point. Multiple data packets can be transmitted over the transmission medium and thus makes the transmission even better and reliable. Due to the failure of node Q the longer path has to be taken and thus greater path value has to be taken to reach the destination. The decisions are taken by the nodes it. Here, source, destination and next-hop are addressed with the help of ip-addressing and thus ip address is unique and every node will be represented as new one.
Different cells are available in the network and thus they ensure that all the packets should be received sequentially. For example: the experiment of making phone call with the help of tin cans and string, we can say like a guy C holding that and let us consider that he is the cell tower. When A makes a call to B, the cell tower C analyses and connects both according to the requirements specified.
4. There are various points that should be considered to prevent dropping of calls:
The weather, climatic conditions, quality of phones, tower bandwidth, etc.
There are various types of bands used by a telephone like tri-band, etc. that also affects the efficiency of call and results in call drop.
Further, the dead spots in the service areas can also results in network drop. The dead spots are widely experienced while driving.
Clusters divide the network into multiple segments and it creates an illusion as a single machine. Multiple computers are connected together to provide the functioning of a single machine. Managing large machines is not easy therefore multiple processors are collaborated.
Whenever we switch on our mobile phone to make a call it first scans all the available networks within its range and finds the strongest one. The mobile network analyses the same strong channel and it keeps on monitoring until the network gets dropped to its minimum level before the network actually starts to reboot. Every mobile network do this process to get the knowledge of all available strong networks and it is efficient to use the one that maintains its characteristics for a long duration of time. We can also analyse the signal level as it is displayed on our phone screen and thus get to know which network is better to use.
Cells is when a large area is divided into various small areas and thus it is done in a hexagonal manner to provide frequency reuse as in circular cells the area between the connected circles gets wasted which also reduces the frequency of transmission and processing the data and the channel over which the data is transmitted also get wasted. The distance can also be reused as the side already get calculated must not have to be calculated further. Cell sectoring increases the capacity and also helps to provide extra channels for the storage of data. Various cell sectors are created according to the available degree to form equal partitions. Sectoring the cells increasing the number of antennas at each base station and thus reduces the trunk efficiency. The cost also increases that is all the resources are to be considered for calculations. The coverage area for specified groups in decreased and thus the handoffs increases rapidly.
The cells are prepared by keeping in mind about all the specified data utility and thus all the records are gathered to achieve the specified task that must be needed to look forward for the data growth. Cells are designed to utilize the complete cell space and thus no part should be wasted. Therefore, the cells are hexagonal in shape. The cell value A can be marked over different variation in various 6 places to use the combined space and thus all the values are satisfied.
5. A connections must be established to a service provider before making a call. Here a call is initiated in cell A and continues its progress in cell B with the help of cell A the calling process goes on. Base station indicates a stationary or we can say a fixed tower that consists of transmitters and receivers to detect the following activities which are located at different locations.
The phone call we make is converted into electrical signals, which is further transmitted in the form of radio waves and before reaching the receiver end it is again converted into your sound to reach your friend. Following process takes place when a call is made: At first, a call initiation request along with Mobile Identification Number (MIN), Electronic Serial Number (ESN) and the dialled telephone number is sent on the reverse control channel. All this data is received by the base station and further it is sent to the Mobile Switching Control (MSC). The MSC helps to check the validity of the request by checking the MIN with the stored data in the database. If it matched, the connection is established by a third party with the help of Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The MSC plays an important part to manage the communication, as it helps to maintain the power transmitted by the mobile when it moves in and out of the network area.
6. A makes a call to B, the cell tower C analyses and connects both according to the requirements specified. Following process takes place when a call is made: At first, a call initiation request along with Mobile Identification Number (MIN), Electronic Serial Number (ESN) and the dialled telephone number is sent on the reverse control channel. The MSC makes request to base station to transfer the mobile phone to the unused channel so that the communication can be started without the call drop. All the requests are made to the base station so that the transmitter and receiver are aware of what data is actually operating over the connected stations. If a mobile phone that contains a call moves from one base station to another base station that process is called as handoff. Further, if a call is made and the executable voice channel is not free then we get the message like network busy and this takes place when large number of calls are made within the coverage area of single base station. It is obvious that if single base station is used for operating of multiple call requests then call dropping will take place more frequently and thus there results no reliability and accuracy of call made.
All the mobile devices are connected to BTS (Antenna). BTS is connected to a switching system called BSC. BSC is connected to main switching system called MSC. MSC has its own VLR (Visitor Location Register) whenever we move from one place to another VLR keeps the track of all the places we visit and thus it is a temporary storage for the network information. There is also a main database that is called as HLR (Home Location Register) where all the information and documents are stored that we provide before we buy a SIM card. Thus, VLR takes all the data from HLR whenever we roam from one state to another or anywhere in the network area.
The route can be changed depending upon the distance indicated in the path so that the data packet can be reached on time and there can be no packet loss. If data packet Q gets lost then node has to define another route to go there. It can chose route A-C-E-J-L-P to move forward to get the packet there and thus has to be deduced to reach at specified point. Multiple data packets can be transmitted over the transmission medium and thus makes the transmission even better and reliable. Due to the failure of node Q the longer path has to be taken and thus greater path value has to be taken to reach the destination. The decisions are taken by the nodes it.
Reference
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Brashears, M. E., 2006, Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades. American Sociological Review, 71, 353-375.
Wang, J., & Canny, J., 2006, End-user place annotation on mobile devices: A comparative study. In Proceedings of the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1493-1498). Montreal: ACM Press.
Yuan, L., & Buckman, R., 2006, Social networking goes mobile: MySpace, Facebook strike deals with cell companies. The Wall Street Journal, p. D1.
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