Discuss about the Modern Day Concrete Trade Is Quality Centered.
In the modern day concrete trade is quality centered. The concrete manual provides the various procedures for responsible building. Based on the circumstances surrounding the concrete manual, such as the labor and material costs that keep on rapidly rising as well as the dwindling state of the construction industry, the demanding interaction between the various disciplines of creating buildings gives the optimum efficiencies if certain manuals are involved. In carrying out a quality risk assessment, there is need for the identification of the fact that a quality manual is mandatory for the concrete trade on construction to ensure that a quality product is delivered to the client. Factors such as construction, building skins, layout rooms, exteriors, the running costs, among others take up technical and passive measures that need to be exploited in a pre-meditated manner. These factors involve structural designs, material properties, as well as sustainability. Therefore, the main objective of the manual is to identify how one gets an assurance in the construction of a quality concrete job, free from defects and in accordance with the contract documents.
This paper tackles the most important elements of the concrete manual like formwork, reinforcement, concrete, and generally. The concrete manual provides the guidance and information that drives the construction professionals into getting the various needs to be more proficient an effective in the concrete field practice and construction. In going through the concrete manual, the documents introduce the concrete tenets, the distinctiveness of the conventional construction procedures as well as construction technologies. Quality management systems give sustained quality construction within the frameworks of the ISO certified standards. The examination of every stage of the process of the Concreter trade and the identification of what problems are normally encountered involves the following:
The aspects of formwork involve quality of materials, sequence of installation and stripping, storage on site, tolerances in dimensions, progressive (and mandatory) inspections etc. At this stage, the material properties are very critical for the overall aggregation of the steel or concrete. The following measures are critical for the adoption at this stage: the first one is the provision of the stability against the expected lateral forces and in ensuring that the construction are arranged in a suitable shear walls deployment with the best asymmetry (Nawy, 2008). More than that, it is important to adopt a simple arrangement of slabs, beams, as well as columns whereby the loads are carried to the foundations within the shortest time possible.
Tolerance in dimensions involves proper arrangements taken into account with possible openings with effective stiffness. In this case, the effective depths of beams, slabs, and the waist of the constructions should be of favorable size or volumes. Particularly, the beam should be of sufficient depth to avoid the later need to give excessive compression reinforcement (Berke, et al. 2014). This will also eventually ensure an economical amount of tension and shear reinforcement and facilitate the placing of concrete.
After obtaining the position and the depth of the slabs and beams, it is important examine the width of beams and ribs, the column size and reinforcement, shear in flat slabs at columns, as well as the practicality arrangement in beams, slabs, and at beam-column junctions. At this stage, it is also important to use columns that are stocky for which the ratio of the effective height to the least lateral dimension does not exceed 15 since this dimension will ensure the avoidance of the necessity of designing for the effects of slenderness. More than that, the columns should be designed as axially loaded, but to compensate for the effect of peculiarities, the ultimate load from the floor immediately above the column being considered should be multiplied by the factors mentioned above.
Reinforcement involves quality of steel, bending tolerances, cartage to site, storage on site, coding, sequence of installation, concrete coverage (and checks thereof) , progressive (and mandatory) inspections etc. The other principle of concrete manual is the reinforcement whereby concrete of appropriate quality with adequate cover to the reinforcement should be specified. The stages that are initial ones in the design building structures are very mandatory for the factors like steel quality, cartage site, storage on site, as well as sequence coding of installation requires architectural and functionality evaluation and with costs (Taylor, et al. 2016). The main aim of this stage is basically to establish the structural scheme that I very appropriate for the purpose and economically sensible without any undue sensitivity to the various changes that are expected to be imposed with the overall concrete design or development. Simple structures are easy and quick to design, build and reinforce in the achievement of the optimum conditions required in the overall construction.
According to Chen, et al. (2010), reinforcement is examined from the perspectives of the minimum and the maximum amounts of reinforcement. Therefore, the minimum areas of tension reinforcement and the compression reinforcements should be kept in check. In the same way, for the maximum areas, it is important to note that both the tension reinforcement and the area of compression reinforcement should not go beyond 4% of the concrete area.
The need for estimation of concrete structural cost follows after the quantities of the materials including the reinforcement. This is where the steel type, the diameter, and weigh are divided based on their elementary structures like foundation, slabs, walls, columns among others and the bar shape i.e. straight, bent or hooked, curved, links, and spacers. However, for fabric or mesh reinforcement, the steel type, fabric type, and the area are involved and divided also based on the element structure and the bar. In this case, the strength properties of reinforcement are expressed in terms of the characteristic yield strength.
The analysis of concrete in this manner involves the quality of materials, testing before placement, on-site handling, placement procedures, finishing, curing and tolerances. The concrete important information involves the slabs, the structural frames, the beams, the columns, robustness, foundations, the walls, the staircase, and retaining walls or basement.
The concrete slabs should be designed to withstand the most disparaging arrangements of design loads. Based on the arguments of Sheety (2013), the subjection of the slabs uniformly and predominantly distributed loads, it is important to consider the load arrangement of alternative spans that carry the maximum design leads and imposed load. It should also be important to consider the distributing moments to remain in equilibrium state with the load applied. To avoid compression reinforcement in concrete slabs, it is important to check that the applied moment is less than the limiting moment of resistance.
Generally in this case involves examining what happens when non-conformance is identified? What records are you going to maintain? Who is responsible at the various stages? What control documents are you going to set up? Design a suitable form layout to record compliances.
One of the principles of concrete manual is general, whereby some responsibilities is assigned to an individual. For instance, one engineer being assigned the overall design responsibility as well as stability to ensure compatibility of the design.
The general structural outlook of the concrete revolves around the robustness of the structure, the walls, and the basement of the design. It is important to establish the requirements for the internal and external environments with appropriations, ensuring that the strictures like the walls complying with the slenderness provisions. There is also need to comply with the fire resistance and durability requirements on every structural design.
Conclusion
The concrete manual gives the standard for construction specifications involving concrete. It familiarizes the engineering personnel, contractors, as well as consultants within the framework of fundamental construction principles and better practice of concrete construction. More than that, it enables professionals to obtain the best likely concrete structures and consistent concretes. The specific methods of the concrete manual are placed on test methods and inspection procedures for the purposes of concrete production as well as placement. The conventional concrete construction procedures, control and inspection procedures, as well as exploration of the statistical quality methods are the proper segments of concrete manual.
References
Ann, K. Y., Ahn, J. H., & Ryou, J. S. (2009). The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures. Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), 239-245.
Berke, N., Bentur, A., & Diamond, S. (2014). Steel corrosion in concrete: fundamentals and civil engineering practice. CRC Press.
Chen, Y., Okudan, G. E., & Riley, D. R. (2010). Sustainable performance criteria for construction method selection in concrete buildings. Automation in construction, 19(2), 235-244.
Delatte, N. (2006). Concrete pavement design, construction, and performance. Crc Press.
Grundy, P., & Kabaila, A. (2013). Construction loads on slabs with shored formwork in multistory buildings. In Journal Proceedings (Vol. 60, No. 12, pp. 1729-1738).
Grundy, P., & Kabaila, A. (2013). Construction loads on slabs with shored formwork in multistory buildings. In Journal Proceedings (Vol. 60, No. 12, pp. 1729-1738).
Nawy, E. G. (Ed.). (2008). Concrete construction engineering handbook. CRC press.
Randall Jr, F. A., & Panarese, W. C. (2016). Concrete masonry handbook for architects, engineers, builders (No. EB008. 04M).
Schindler, A., & Frank McCullough, B. (2012). Importance of concrete temperature control during concrete pavement construction in hot weather conditions. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1813), 3-10.
Sheety, M. S. (2013). Concrete technology. published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi-1999.
Taylor, P. C., Kosmatka, S. H., & Voigt, G. F. (2006). Integrated materials and construction practices for concrete pavement: A state-of-the-practice manual (No. FHWA HIF-07-004).
Yee, A. A. (2011). Structural and economic benefits of precast/prestressed concrete construction. PCI journal, 46(4).
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