The pass was completed in the form of a poster and this was to illustrate the structure of each biological molecule, the functions of the biological molecules in the body and in living organism, also functional group was included in the poster and that was to identify the functional group of each structure molecules which was sketched. Also, included in the poster was sketches of some of the structures which was explained thoroughly for the criteria for distinction and this was just a brief sketch of their structural description.
Genetic information is carried by nucleic acids that makes cells like RNA and DNA. Due to them being found in nuclei of cells is why they are classified as nucleic acids and are made from nucleotides. Five nucleotide bases called adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil which actually has three parts which are organic nitrogenous bases, five bases which are hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, phosphate group and five-carbon sugar molecule.
This forms only when hydroxyl functional group actually reacts with hydrogen atom of -OH that is from phosphate. Also, condensation reaction occurs in bases between -OH functional group on sugar, also a hydrogen atom . DNA is a polynucleotide which has a deoxyribose sugar unit. It keeps genetic information which helps build organisms do a job in nucleus of a cell. They are made to two polynucleotides chains which lies alongside each other, sugars of polynucleotides point in opposite directions, so the chains are antiparallel and two strands twist around each other to form a double helix.
Proteins are made of small molecules which are called amino acids, which are made of five elements such as sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon. The reason why they are called amino acid is due to them containing an amino group and also an acid group. Moreover, they also have an acid group and an amino group, also there is central carbon atom which is actually called alpha carbon and that has four chemical group which are attached to it, which being a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, a variable R group and also an amino group. Also, there are 20 different R groups which actually means that there are 20 different amino acids, and there are three letters and one letter abbreviations for each amino acid. Many amino acid join together to form polypeptide. Disaccharides forms from two monosaccharides units which these forming a bond between carbon 1 of one glucose molecule and carbon 4 of another glucose molecule, which is a 1,4 glycosidic bond which can be broken down by water in hydrolysis reaction which forms two monosaccharides. Polysaccharide is produced when large numbers of monosaccharides units form glycosidic bonds. They are polymers as they are made of many identical monomers in a chain.
Protein primary structure tells which amino acids are in the protein and in what order they are joined together. They are joined together by peptide bonds.
In the human body glycogen is stored and made in liver and muscle cells. Muscle cell glycogen is then broken down into glucose and also glycogen is also broken down into glucose, but this is as circulating glucose energy source for uses by the body. Position of glycosidic linkage between glucose monomers then causes glycogen polymers to coil into shapes which are spiral, they are branched and there are many monomers in primary chain contains a second glycosidic linkage to different glucose. The other attachment allows shorter glucose chains which branches away from main chain which packages a lot more glucose units into compacted coil structure. The glycogen structure allows humans and animals to store energy in relatively forms which are compacted. It is stored in the liver for easy delivery into bloodstream and muscle cells for direct use as needed. Glucose molecules can have a straight chain or a ring, there are two ring structures. Alpha glucose -OH functional group on carbon 1 below plane of ring, and beta glucose has -OH functional group on carbon 1 above the plane of ring. Only the alpha glucose undergoes respiration in animals and plants and the reason why is the enzymes which is used to speed up respiration only actually fits with alpha glucose structural shape. Disaccharides forms from two monosaccharides units which these forming a bond between carbon 1 of one glucose molecule and carbon 4 of another glucose molecule, which is a 1,4 glycosidic bond which can be broken down by water in hydrolysis reaction which forms two monosaccharides. Polysaccharide is produced when large numbers of monosaccharides units form glycosidic bonds. They are polymers as they are made of many identical monomers in a chain. Their functions include energy storage and also structural support. Amylose is formed when thousands of glucose monomers join together and has shape of a coiled spring, plant store food in the form of starch. Starch is produced by amylose and amylopectin. Plants use enzymes to break down starch into glucose monomers and then thy can be used in respiration, so energy can be released, and plants can grow. When thousands of beta glucose is joined cellulose is formed. Beta glucose is chain is straight. Cellulose is only found in plants and forms cell walls which are extremely strong, function of cellulose is due to its structure, as the chains are straight and line against each other which forms hydrogen bonds between adjacent hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms and due to the strength of these H bonds gives a strong structure, microfibrils which many can be held together by H bonds to form microfibrils which is strong as steel. Due to the structure of cellulose, plant cells are extremely strong, and they also give the entire plant a structure which is rigid.
Triglyceride made when molecule of glycerol joins three fatty acid molecules. Three -OH functional group of glycerol molecule form bonds with acid functional group of three fatty acids, and new three bonds that are made are called ester bonds and this reaction is a condensation reaction as water is made. They are found in fatty tissue which is under the skin and surround organs in the body and they are insoluble in water and are good for storage of energy , protection and insulation. Ester bonds must be broken down by water by the reaction of hydrolysis which is condensation reaction but reverse. Fatty acids undergoes respiration, which release energy which is use so ATP molecule can form. Phospholipids are found in cell membranes and are made when one molecule of glycerol bond with two fatty acids and one phosphate group which is by a condensation reaction. They have negatively charged phosphate group that is soluble in water and they have uncharged hydrocarbon charge which is soluble in water. The dual solubility allows phospholipids to form cell membranes. The most vital function is to form the phospholipids bilayer of plasma membrane. It is used for the transport of materials and cellular recognition and in cell to cell communications. Also, they are arranged so that their hydrophobic head are outwards and hydrophilic tails are inwards, which makes plasma membranes to selectively be permeable to solutes such as ions, water and proteins. They can also be used as signal transducers which are between cells, split to make products that function as second messengers in cellular systems. An example could be they can signal for leukocytes to migrate to an infection site and can help produce plant hormones. Fused ring structure is what steroids have, they are grouped with them and this is due to them being hydrophobic and insoluble in water. They have four linked carbon rings; cholesterol has a short tail. Furthermore, they have -OH functional group is used in cells, so rigidity is provided. This is a very essential lipid so it can form oestrogen and testosterone which has a role in communication in cells.
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