Multiscale Modelling And Corrosion Management For Pipelines In Civil Constructions: A Review Of Literature

Effects of Soil Processes on Corrosion in Pipelines

Discuss about the Effective Pipeline Construction and Maintenance.

Cole, I. S. & Marney, D., 2012. The science of pipe corrosion: A review of the literature on the corrosion of ferrous metals in soils. Corrosion Science, Volume 56, pp. 5-16. Citations 145 Buried pipes and scientific exposure experiments acknowledge that there are effects from movement in soils Soil processes such as water movement and transport of oxygen or electro chemicals contributes to corrosion in rusty metals	Cole & Marney (2012) discuss the techniques behind pipe corrosion in ferrous metals to recommend a multiscale model for corrosion in pipes installed in soil. Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper Macroenvironmental factors affect pipelines because of the soil processess. *Soil processess include water movement from rainfall, oxidation from air and soil, and electrochemical activties. Lab research indicates that the extensive exposure to environmental factors increases corrosion risks in pipes (Taylor, 2015).
Gomes, W. J., Beck, A. T. & Haukaas, T., 2013. Optimal inspection planning for onshore pipelines subject to external corrosion. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, Volume 118, pp. 18-27. Citations 50 Design parameters should have an effective measure of pipe failure rates in order to lower the cost of maintenance. Interval sampling provides an effective risk management approach for checking pipe failure rate	Interval inspections is necessary for continuous operations which require maintenance (Gomes, et al., 2013) Optimization of resources for regular inspection is cost effective and enhances safety of an offshore pipeline. *In order to optimize on the operation of pipeline systems, it is critical to have an effective repair schedule that checks for robustness. Challenges arise in the event of multiple pipelines, which may fail in accuracy and complex defects. (Gomes & Beck, 2014)
Bazan, F. A. V. & Beck, A. T., 2013. Stochastic process corrosion growth for pipeline reliability. Corrosion Science , Volume 74, pp. 50-58. Citations 39 Engineering variables influence decisions on the reliability of a pipe and its performance management. Reliability evaluation tools incorporate safety checks to assess complex pipelines	Bazan & Beck (2013) identify gaps found in the linear models of corrosion processess in pipe works such as defects in pipe diameters, size, and depth. Procedural and enginering challenges contribute to the pipe corrosion There are different models of forecasting linear corrossion in different circumstances. *Uncertainities in pipe construction arise due to different attributes including environmental factors Evaluating reliability of metal pipelines includes predicting pipe failure in the metal elements caused by all possible causes (Wang & Zarghamee, 2013)
Liu, Z. & Kleiner, Y., 2013. State of the art review of inspection technologies for condition assessment of water pipes. Measurement, 46(1), pp. 1-15. Citations 113 Satisfactory performance of pipes comes with the use of technology based network systems Computerized systems provide high performance designs across network interface	Inspection technologies in water distribution determines the structural as well as the health factors (Liu & Kleiner, 2013) Maintenance of water quality depends on hydraulic capacity and the ability of the pipes to delivery of water in safety. Inspection techniques recommend advanced techniques for condition assessment of the distribution process *The direct and indirect methods pipe construction techniques should consider the catastrophic failure caused by natural elements. Maintenance of structural deterioration recommends the use of high end processors and smart pipes are effective in data collection (Lim, et al., 2013)

              *Identifies gaps in the research

This research supports previous research on a multiscale model designed to tackle corrosion in pipeline systems.  This system has is suitable for three types of corrosion namely general, inter-granular and pitting (Xu, et al., 2013). Research experiments support the use of different materials as to reduce corrosion rate. Experimental procedures recommend an integrated approach to the management and control of corrosion effects.

The figure below illustrates the design needs of a multiscale model targeting corrosion effects from simple and severe environments. Effective measures facilitate for pipes that ensure simulations in the processes, structural mechanics and performance. A reliable system has capacity to manage extreme weather conditions too. This is an existing gap in corrosion and is responsible for changes in temperature, impact and reactions.

Pipeline installation is critical in the construction of civil constructions because of major pipeline projects in key industries. Among these is the water, power, mining and gas pipes. Engineering management practices invest in planning, design, repairs and maintenance projects. Pipe construction engineers acknowledge that the complex process calls for integration of corrosion models (Aisopou, et al., 2012). Optimal pipe inspection involves assessing pipe safety with advanced engineering techniques such as multicomponent alloy designed for effective management of processes. This research analyses the effectiveness of an integrated multiscale corrosion model that caters for environmental factors. The figure below demonstrates possible risks in a water pipe installation.

Research on corrosion damage advocates for effective design or management of pipelines in civil construction. Surface coatings provides improved technology solutions against corrosion (Montemor, 2014). Tests to determine the reliability of a material features an analysis of the internal and external environments surrounding the pipeline (Dursun & Soutis, 2015). Corrosion affects pipes and comes in different forms. Increased corrosion rates, structural defects, electro chemical reactions and material density are some of the factors raising alarm. A multiscale approach corrosion modelling has solutions for failed models. Successful prediction of corrosion damage supports risk management on pipes constructed for transportation and storage of gas, water, fuel and power (Cole & Marney, 2012). These are important resources and interference with them could lead to high risks. Transportation pipes are made from metal alloys in order to withstand kinematic effects, thermodynamics as well as kinetics. Civil construction types have quality descriptions (Daily Civil, 2017):

• Cast Iron Pipes: Affordable, resistant to corrosion and durable. Available in four techniques featuring the vertical, horizontal, centrifugally case in sand and water cast centrifugally cooled molds.
• Steel Pipes: Effective for water pipes and can handle very high pressure. Requires satisfactory treatment for maintenance of climatic conditions
• Galvanized iron pipes: Made of steel and zinc coating. Effective for water and service connections
• Copper Pipes: Effective in hot water supplies and has high tensile strengths, bends easily, and works well with thin walls. Often coated with chromium for aesthetics appearance
• Polythene Pipes (PVC): Used for cold water supplies in external and internal constructions. Light in weight, resistant to corrosion and works in asbestos distribution pipes and reinforced concrete.

 Gambora (2015) presents a discussion on steel gas pipelines. This is an analysis of the effect of cracks arising from constant exposure to high pH conditions. From the research, high pH SCC contribute to the development of cracks. This example of a corrosion management model explains why corrosion is a complex problem that calls for effective management approaches that could comprise of non-axial as well as non-circumferential occurrences of cracks. Factors contributing to corrosion include pipeline conditions, which serve as stress factors. Sometimes corrosion occurs due to the application of pressure on the corrosive environment. Combined effects may also cause fatigue or high level destructions. Analyzing pipe material is crucial for determining the effect of a solidification process (Gambora, 2015) Residual cracks in a pipe are complex and arise from forming processes, heat, and mechanical effects. It affects the material as a whole or parts of it (Taylor, 2015).  Stainless steel is the ideal material for the piping systems because it can withstand chemical reactions such as rust.  Improper installation of material in a gas pipeline poses safety risks and evidence shows that home pipelines are more effective with multilayered installations (Longbottom, 2017).

Optimal Inspection Planning for Corrosion Management in Pipelines

An Australian study on the failure of water pipes in the water industry sites corrosion mechanisms including the external conditions of the soil (Melchers & Petersen, 2012). In this case, the soil contains moisture, which activates diffusion processes creating a demand for an effective modelling process. This kind of modeling prescribes an effective piping system for a congested city or urban center. Melchers & Petersen’s study (2012) carries out an experiment on cast iron in an ageing Australian water system. Its findings point out that the cement helps to prevent the internal corrosion within the pipes. Further analysis predicts that critical factors to consider when devising an appropriate method are the thickness of the corrosion loss and the pit depth weighed against time. In order to prevent thinning and pitting, control of the corrosion effect needs long-term measures. Reducing aeration lowers the rate of corrosion depending on the type of soil, moisture content and resistance to moisture content.  An analysis of a pipeline placed underground shows the impact of heat transfer, the soil and water mechanisms. Therefore, an ideal modelling approach includes variables from environmental factors, exposure period and model parameters (Cole & Marney, 2012).

Elfergani, et al., (2013) points at the reliability concept, which he put to the test through a process. Steel cracks and corrosion occurs on pipeline materials despite their strength and design creating the need for an effective pipeline development and monitoring system. Pipeline corrosion in structural systems checks the coatings, lining and consistency of the pipeline networks to prevent hazardous materials from interfering with the environment. Underground pipes require comprehensive protection from corrosion. Civil constructions in the oil and gas networks includes offshore and onshore pipe systems. These are complex designs that use control processes and components in material selection with a purpose of controlling corrosion. Pipes require protective material from petrochemicals, gas production, process plants and fertilizers among others. Pipe failure from internal corrosion affects the performance of the material leading to extensive damages. On the other hand, external corrosion places the environment at a high risk (Gomes & Beck, 2014). Pipeline safety by design starts with the installation and proceeds to the maintenance levels. By identifying hidden risks such as soil stresses ad water penetration, pipeline construction companies avert risks, and project failure.

Soil processes include water movement from rainfall, oxidation from air and soil, and electrochemical activities (Enning & Garrelfs, 2014). Besides the traditional prediction of corrosion as one of the stress factors, empirical modelling uses computerized technology to analyze data that capitalizes on probabilistic theory. This multiscale measure incorporates environmental chemistry and the microstructural effects. Pollution and the unpredictable environment contribute to the destruction of infrastructural systems (Kumar & Imam, 2013). Management of corrosion against soil processes identifies a wide range of elements including effects from the unexplainable, treatable and dissolution processes. Pipeline management of external and internal corrosion uses optimum prediction models to monitor and prevent corrosion.

Reliability Evaluation Tools for Corrosion Management in Pipelines

Alloway (2013) identifies an effective prediction of material capacity to withstand corrosion involves multiscale strategies. An integrated model analyses causes of degradation caused by natural processes. These include corrosion and its impact on pipeline networks. Pipeline protection strategies have preventive measures against failure and reduced performance. An ineffective model applies scientific principles on the materials environment. Based on scientific research, the development of multiscale materials prioritizes on risk assessment to check for possible causes. This paves the way for modelling designs that prevent from a variety of risks including environmental effects. A combination of macro and microelements incorporates all variables with thermodynamics, fluid mechanisms, electrochemistry reactions, microstructural evolution and damage mechanics (Bazan & Beck, 2013). Empirical modelling is effective in an integrated multiscale, which uses an analysis of multiple phenomenon.  Industrial factors, domestic and microbial factors contribute to the corrosion processes. These affect pipelines leading to losses, pollution and high risks. Accurate prediction is necessary for sustainability of projects and the environment. Pipe corrosion techniques consider the corrosion of metal types in soils (Cole & Marney, 2012).

From the analysis, it is evident that:

• Soil processes are important factors of consideration during civil construction of pipes because of water movement from rainfall, oxidation from air and soil, and electrochemical activities
• For optimization of operation in a pipeline system, an effective repair schedule that checks for robustness is necessary and it must include changes in the environment
• Uncertainties in a pipeline construction arise due to different attributes including environmental factors
• The direct and indirect methods used in a pipe construction technique should consider the catastrophic failure caused by natural elements.

This research seeks to point out the existing gaps in a pipeline construction and maintenance plan with a focus on environmental effects

This research has the following objectives

• To review the macro environmental factors affecting pipelines because of the soil processes.
• To find effective optimization techniques for reliable pipeline operations in systems for effective planning in maintenance and design of internal pipelines and external pipes
• To recommend effective solutions to tackle uncertainties in pipe construction arising due to different attributes including environmental factors
• To analyze direct and indirect methods of pipe construction techniques including consideration for the catastrophic failure caused by natural elements

Conclusion

Although previous research into construction of pipelines considers the project specific needs, environmental factors affect all kinds of pipeline installations. Changes in the climatic conditions affect temperatures in gas transport systems and changes in soil composition have an effect on the water delivery pipes. Therefore, the best pipeline construction needs an emphasis on the anticipated weather changes as well as the natural climate. This includes pipeline selection, construction techniques and repair or monitoring approaches. New techniques optimize on all factors influencing pipelines for effectiveness.

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Bazan, F. A. V. & Beck, A. T., 2013. Stochastic process corrosion growth for pipeline reliability. Corrosion Science , Volume 74, pp. 50-58.

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Daily Civil, 2017. Types of Pipes Used in Water Supply System. Daily Civil, 26 March.

Dursun, T. & Soutis, C., 2015. Recent developments in advanced aircraft aluminium alloys. Materials & Design ( 1980-2015), Volume 56, pp. 862-871.

Elfergani, H. A., Pullin, R. & Holford, K. M., 2013. Damage assessment of corrosion in prestressed concrete by acoustic emission. Cnstruction and building materials, Volume 40, pp. 925-933.

Enning, D. & Garrelfs, J., 2014. Corrosion of iron by sulfate-reducing bacteria: new views of an old problem. Applied and environmental microbiology, 80(4), pp. 1226-1236.

Gambora, E., 2015. Inclined stress corrosion cracks in steel pipelines. Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology, 50(3), pp. 191-195.

Gomes, W. J. & Beck, A. T., 2014. Optimal inspection and design of onshore pipelines under external corrosion process. Structural Safety , Volume 47, pp. 48-58.

Gomes, W. J., Beck, A. T. & Haukaas, T., 2013. Optimal insection planning for onshore pipelines subject to external corrosion. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, Volume 118, pp. 18-27.

Kumar, P. & Imam, B., 2013. Footprints of air pollution and changing environment on the sustainability of built infrastructure. Science of the Total Environment , pp. 85-101.

Lim, K. et al., 2013. Thin servers with smart pipes: Designing SoC accelerators for memcached. In ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News , 41(3), pp. 36-47.

Liu, Z. & Kleiner, Y., 2013. State of the art review of inspection technologies for condition assessment of water pipes. Measurement , 46(1), pp. 1-15.

Longbottom, J., 2017. Incorrectly installed multilayered home gas pipes pose a major safety risk. ABC News, 11 October.

Melchers, R. E. & Petersen, R. B., 2012. Long Term Corrosion of Cast Iron Cement Lined Pipes, New Castle: Center for Infrastructure Perfomance and Reliability.

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Xu, J., Wu, X. & Han, E. H., 2013. Acoustic Emission Response of Sensitized 304 Stainless Steel During Intergranular Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking. Corrosion Science, Volume 73, pp. 262-273.