Discuss about the Impact Of Mental Illness Stigma On the Seeking.
Non communicable diseases refer to medical conditions or diseases that are generally not caused due to the action of any infectious agents. Commonly termed as non transmissible disease or noninfectious disease, the term refers to chronic diseases that last for prolonged time, and show a slow progress. Most often non communicable diseases (NCDs) are found to result in a rapid increase in mortality rate, due to the adverse effects that they create on physical and mental health (Di Cesare et al. 2013). They contributed to death of more than 38 million people all over the world, in the year 2012 that accounted for 68% of the world population. Approximately half of those people were aged below 70 years, and half were females (Ding et al. 2016). There are several risk factors, such as the background of the individual, the environment, and lifestyle that increases the likelihood of suffering from non communicable diseases. Some of the most common NCDs are cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, mental illness, osteoporosis, and cataracts.
Mental disorder or mental illness refers to mental or behavioural patterns, which result in impairment of cognitive functioning, and cause significant difference in the individual suffering from it. Mental illnesses can be either recurrent, or can occur in the form of a single episode, and are most commonly diagnosed by experienced mental health professionals such as, psychologist and psychiatrist (Maercker et al. 2013). Although the actual reasons for mental illnesses are most often clear, a range of factors that are related to the behaviour, perceptions, feelings and thoughts of a person are particularly found to influence the onset of mental illness (Charney et al. 2013). In other words, this non communicable disease is regarded as a major aspect of mental health that is also affected by social norms, and religious and cultural beliefs. The most common effects of mental illness are related to disruption of the daily activities that result in disturbance of healthy relationships and less productivity (Kazdin and Rabbitt 2013). Such illnesses also act as major barriers in the ability of the individual to adapt to certain changes and cope with life adversities. These significant changes in the behaviour, emotion, and thinking of the person also contribute to distress. Peer support refers to the initiative that consists of trained or untrained supporters who participate in reflective listening, peer mentoring, and offer counselling to people who are in distress (Chinman et al. 2014). This research proposal will try to evaluate the effectiveness of peer support in sharing mental illness in a sample population.
Peer support is generally distinct from other kinds of social support because the peer is similar to the individual obtaining support in several fundamental ways, and their relationship is focused on equality (Walker and Bryant 2013). The aim of the research is to evaluate the effects of peer support on outcomes related to mental illness, among people who have been diagnosed with mental disorder in the district.
Formulation of appropriate research objectives form an essential part of a study and are most often closely related to the research in a problem statement. The research objectives have been kept succinct and comprehensive and are given below:
Defining and classifying all forms of mental illness was a major issue for the service providers and researchers, while diagnosing their incidence among individuals. Mental illnesses are generally known to cause dysfunction among people. While most clinical documents have been found to use the term a mental disorder, ‘illness’ also refers to a similar state of mind, when the person is experiencing disorganized thoughts, emotions and perceptions (Nemeroff et al. 2013). According to the DSM IV criteria, mental illness are defined as psychological patterns or syndrome that are associated with distress, in addition to painful symptoms, or disabilities (Stein 2013). According to researchers, most disabilities that arise as a direct manifestation of mental illness result in impairment of one or more vital areas of higher cognitive functioning, which in turn has been associated with an increase in risks of death, or significant loss of autonomy.
However, some researchers argued and excluded normal responses that originate from loss of loved one or grief, and deviant behaviour, from being included under the umbrella term of mental illness. According to the American psychiatric Association (2018), mental illness has been redefined by the DSM V criteria as syndromes that are primarily characterized by disturbances, which are clinically significant, and present in the emotional regulation, cognition, and behaviour of a person. This illness results in a dysfunction of the biological, psychological, or developmental processes. These processes play an important role in controlling mental functioning.
Mental illness has long been regarded as a stigma or taboo in several parts of the world and was often considered unworthy of acknowledgement in all public discussions. However, in recent years, public health specialists present around the globe have identified mental illness as a public health concern, due to the wide-ranging impacts that they create on the overall health and well-being of individuals (Ilic et al. 2013). An estimated 450 million people are found to suffer from mental disorders, of which 75% result in developing countries, where there is a prevalence of illiteracy poverty in security and violence, all of which act as risk factors for the condition. Failure of 85% of these people to access appropriate psychiatric services, in addition to services that are below the acceptable standards of treatment, help in recognising the need for protecting mentally ill individuals, and preventing all forms of abandonment and inhumane restraints that are imposed on them (Whiteford et al. 2013). The widespread ignorance about mental health within the society, often results in stigma, discrimination and abuse of human rights. These are significantly associated with addiction and physical health problems. This calls for the need to conduct the research where the effects of peer support, in the form of recovery approach will be investigated on the mental health outcomes of the clients or consumers.
The research will be an observational study that will evaluate the efficacy of a peer support program on the psychological outcomes of individuals from the district who are suffering from mental illnesses (Yin 2017). In this study the individuals suffering from mental illness will be assigned to the treatment group (peer support), versus the control group that will be outside the control of the investigator. The study design will involve making a comparison between the sample and the control groups. The control group will also contain people suffering from mental disorders, who will be subjected to the usual care management programs. The primary aim of this study will be to observe and compare the mental health outcomes and the overall satisfaction of the consumers, after they receive the peer support interventions. The particular type of design that will be adopted in this context is a case control study (Yilmaz 2013). Although the observational study might fail to provide definite information on the efficacy, safety, and effectiveness of the practice that is currently being investigated, it will facilitate the process of gaining information on the practice and the real world (Creswell and Creswell 2017). Furthermore, the results and outcomes can be used for informing clinical practice. Some of the major factors that can be regarded as a strength for this study design include the following:
The basic demographic characteristics of the individuals who were recruited in the study will be extracted from the psychiatric and mental health wards, across the three hospitals from which they will be recruited. Information will be collected on their race, age, marital status, educational level, and diagnosis. An interview schedule will be constructed for the purpose of this study, and the clients will be interviewed about a month after they have been assigned to the peer support group. The primary purpose of this interview is to help the participants to assess their initial satisfaction, compared to that at the end of the intervention. The interviews will include questions related to self-esteem, homelessness, self-confidence, social withdrawal, sleeping difficulties, stigma and discrimination experienced and a guilt feeling. The outcomes will also involve their satisfaction levels, and certain subjective and objective aspects. This will be facilitated with the use of Lehman’s 36 Quality of Life Interview (Corrigan, Sokol and Rüsch 2013). The participants will also be provided with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) to observe any significant changes in their concerns, tension, hostility, suspiciousness, and anxiety (Leucht 2014). Prior to the interviews and distribution of the surveys, training will be taken from a professional research worker, or mental service providers.
The intervention to which the patients will be exposed is peer. It refers to a system of providing help, based on the major principles of shared responsibility, respect, and mutual agreement of helpful services. Peer support generally focuses on understanding the situation that another person faces or has been through, with the adoption of an empathic approach. This is facilitated by shared experience of psychological and emotional pain (Corrigan, Sokol and Rüsch 2013). Peer support programs have been found to provide an opportunity for all clients or consumers, who have reported significant recovery, to provide help to other individuals, suffering from similar problems in their recovery journeys (Lloyd-Evans et al. 2014). Peer support models will teach skills and offer support to the people, who are experiencing mental health challenges, thereby creating avenues for leading a healthy, purposeful and meaningful life in the community. Peer supporters also enhance hope and social networking, via encouragement and role modelling. The existing treatment services are supplemented with education and empowerment that makes the recuperation easier and hassle free. The term peer supporter refers to individuals who will use their experiences of recovery from mental illnesses to support similar individuals in improving their mental health outcomes (Naslund et al. 2016). Peer supporters often combine their formal training skills, with institutional knowledge and their personal experiences that put them in a reliable position to provide support to the mentally ill individuals. In other words, peer support programs are integral to the process of complementing, extending and supplementing the work of all mental health professionals (Fuhr et al. 2014). In the most natural form, peer support programs will encompasses exchange of support between people sharing certain common attributes, almost on an equal basis (Corrigan, Druss and Perlick 2014). In the context of poor mental health, the intervention refers to situations where individuals with previous experiences of mental health problems will offer support to participants diagnosed with mental disorders, selected from healthcare centres and hospitals (Kelly et al. 2014). Usually, the support that will be exchanged will consist of givers and receivers. The individuals involved in delivery of the peer support service will also help in the development of a welcoming environment for the service users or recruited participants (Mahlke et al. 2014).
Records of all patients present in the roster of the community mental health centres and hospitals, located in the district will be evaluated for short listing the people who are eligible for the research. Participant selection will be conducted provided they adequately meet the inclusion criteria given below:
Informative leaflets and brochures that contained details about the purpose and benefits of the research will be distributed across four major healthcare centres in the district. The sample recruitment will be conducted over a period of nine months. Following short listing of the participant names from the hospital records, sealed envelope that will contain details of the intended research, terms of confidentiality and an informed consent form will be sent to each participant through posts (Cohen 2013). On obtaining informed consent from the selected patients, they will be divided into the two groups, namely case and control, of which patients in the first group will be subjected to the intervention of peer support programs. The peer supporters will be recruited from the national organization of peer supporters that had been formulated with the vision of sharing ideas, and exchanging experiences, thereby adding voice to the issues and concerns that affect all people who are in mental distress. The peer supporters would also have to meet the following inclusion criteria:
100 mental health patients and 10 peer supporters will be selected for the research. The patients will classified in equal proportions in the case and control group (50 each). While those in the case group will be divided into smaller groups of 10 patients, each of whom will receive support from two peer supporters, those in the control group will be made to show compliance to their usual care regimen of medications.
Chi-squares test and t-test will be performed for determining the differences in satisfaction and mental health outcomes (if any) between the two groups. A chi-square test for independence will be useful in comparing between the two variables, namely, peer support and mental health outcome. This will be done in the form of a contingency table, to determine their relatedness (McHugh 2013). The Bonferroni adjustment will also be used to account for inflated alpha that might arise due to repeated tests of significance. Furthermore, a univariate analysis will be also performed to specify the role of only one variable (peer support) in the measured outcomes. The Bonferroni correction that will be used for statistical analysis of the outcomes refer to an adjustment that is made to P value, while performing several dependent or independent tests, simultaneously on one data set (Glickman, Rao and Schultz 2014). One major limitation of the case-control study approach that is to be implemented for this research include the low level of evidence obtained, in comparison to randomized controlled trials (Creswell and Creswell 2017). However, this case control study will provide greater statistical power, compared to cohort studies.
The importance of the study can be attributed to the fact that it focuses on taking efforts to eliminate or reduce the myriad of complex emotions and challenges that are faced on a regular basis by people suffering from mental disorder (Pescosolido et al. 2013). Consistent with the previous findings, mental health is considered as a matter of global concern (Moorhead et al. 2013). Thus, the research will pave the way for implementation of a non-therapeutic intervention that might improve the overall health and wellbeing of the mental health professionals.
Expected outcomes that might be observed among the patients who will receive peer support service might include the following:
Peer support will promote critical learning and renaming of mental distress experiences. The peer support program will create provisions for gaining a sound understanding of distress and will also enhance understanding of better response to distressing situations. It will help the patients to take power in relationships and will also facilitate the process of developing wellbeing strategies. The culture of peer support program will provide a sense of community and will also convey the importance of witnessing and validating others experiences, rather than fixing their problems (Johnson et al. 2014). The program will also assure the patients that they are not the only individuals who are seeking support. Peer support meetings, activities, and conventions are generally instructive. The peer support programs will help in development of an atmosphere that will facilitate the patients to figure out their own terms, strengths and weaknesses. This will also allow the patients in the case group to embrace different approaches that will facilitate the process of sharing and generating knowledge to improve self-concept and esteem. Thus, the fact that peer support programs to be used in this intervention will encompass gaining a personal understanding of frustrations and distress experienced in mental disorders (Fuhr et al. 2014). The program will offer help to the patients in the case group to recover by making a sense of the underlying factors that might have contributed to the onset of mental illness.
Furthermore, hearing experiences from people who have already suffered through similar distress will help the patients to identify and eradicate all symptoms of mental illness and the dysfunction of cognitive and higher mental faculties that are associated with them. Thus, peer support programs will facilitate the development of a trusting relationship, which in turn will offer appropriate companionship, empowerment and empathy to the individuals (Corrigan, Sokol and Rüsch 2013). This will further result in diminished feelings of discrimination, isolation and rejection among the patients that will be replaced with a sense of wellbeing, self-esteem, belief in personal control and hope for a purposeful life.
Given below is a visual representation of events that will take place in the research. A Gantt chart will be given in the form of a horizontal bar chart that will act as a graphical illustration of the main schedule, which will assist the process of planning, coordinating, and evaluating the research outcomes.
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