Occupational Risk Assessment is an essential procedure in an organization’s functioning that assesses the estimates the possible health risks that the workers or employees are exposed to, in the process of carrying out organizational duties (Aven, 2016). The measurement of possible exposure to hazard in a workplace setting can be beneficial to identify the particular elements that need to be eliminated in order to minimize threat to health and environment. Exposure to hazardous elements like poisonous chemicals can pose serious health risks to workers, who come in direct contact with them every day. Since the Company is considering introducing the use of formaldehyde, a toxic chemical, in an occupational setting, it is vital that the organization runs a detailed Occupational Risk Assessment in order to minimize and control environmental health risks.
Risk Assessment of an organization aims to interpret and analyze the consequences that might or might not take place, and if they do, how to best control the situation (Lundgren &McMakin, 2018). It directly addresses the various risks that pose threat to the environmental and identifies them individually; it compares and provides an estimate as to how probable it is to be adverse-affecting for the environment and health, and it also explores the various consequences of such effects, in order to prepare the Company for the tougher times.
As per our chosen organization, the primary health hazard risk has been already identified as the introduction of formaldehyde in an occupational setting. The next step of the procedure would be to assess the amount of exposure that the workers come in contact with the identified chemical. Thirdly, it is important to note and measure the receiver’s response to the exposure to the chemical—based on which we can explore the exposure-response relationship(MacGregor et al. 2015). Finally, the assessment process comes to an end with characterization of the workplace risk—based on which various steps would be taken in order to control or minimize the risk in question.
The key findings of the conducted Occupational Risk Assessment are briefly explained below.
In order to gather sufficient information about the chemical’s nature and toxicity, the following details have been used:
Chief Uses of Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde, as reported by the NICNAS report, has a large and widespread use, over various different industries and workplaces. The most frequent use of the chemical is in the production of adhesives that are used to make pressed woods products(Özbay&Ayrilmis, 2015). It is also used in medical laboratories, where the chemical is useful for fixing tissues and organs; the chemical is naturally produced during the burning process of any organic matter. Formaldehyde can also be found in low concentration in various personal care products, cigarettes, cooking appliances and more.
Effects of Formaldehyde on Human Health and Environment: Formaldehyde is a toxic chemical and can have adverse effects, when comes in contact with skin, or inhaled, swallowed or consumed in any other way. It causes a range of nervous and sensory disturbances at the first contact—for example, a burning sensation, irritation, stinging or itching. In case of inhaling formaldehyde vapor, a person can have blocked sinus, runny nose, teary eyes or a sore throat (Tang et al., 2015).
Being an inflammatory gas, formaldehyde is highly volatile and reactive, and can cause explosive mixtures in the atmosphere (?apka, Ve?e?a, Mikuška, Šesták, Kahle & Bumbová 2015). With the least bit of exposure to heat, it can present with a sudden fire hazard. However, the risk is always greater with more concentrated levels of formaldehyde than the diluted forms, which can be risky only when in direct contact with skin.
Apart from that, there are very few chemicals with which formaldehyde is compatible, therefore posing a high amount of risk of reacting violently with some chemical, for example: strong oxidizers.
Conducting appropriate Risk Assessment programs is extremely necessary for decision-making processes in business organizations or enterprises. In the given context, our Company is considering introducing formaldehyde in its occupational spaces. Proper risk assessment programs would include identification of the nature of the toxic substance, assessing the probable risks that it poses to the health and environment of workers, and most importantly, estimating the consequences of hazard, so that the given organization can be prepare to control the damages.
According to the SSR (Supervising Scientist Report), it is a complex procedure to calculate and estimate the risk factors, especially when it comes to chemicals (Schultz et al. 2015). Often extensive field experiments also fail to comprehend the possible threats that it pose. The report suggests innovation in the process of assessment using computer modeling that can be relatively connected with the results achieved from the field experiments. An integrated approach to analyze and identify the risk factors may be useful, in case of chemical hazards.
Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of resin, therefore potential laborers for manufacturing firms have been found affected with specific sensory and nervous issues like sensory irritation. Australia has a major section of the population vested in jobs in pathology laboratory, hospital/mortuary work and with the sharp inequality rooted amongst the various classes of the society makes it a social issue or workplace hazard that is being close-bound amongst the lower economic classes (Driscoll et al., 2015).
Finally, the Company is highly recommended to register with NICNAS (National Industrial Chemicals Notification), who is in charge of the regulation of all industrial chemicals, in Australia (Johns, Cooper, Galizia & Meeker 2015). The list of chemicals that are legal in the country have been identified with the Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances and in case of a chemical outside the list, it is registered under new industrial chemicals, and all new chemicals must be scientifically appraise by NICNAS before being put into production or recreational use.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR ASSESSMENT OF INTRODUCING FORMALDEHYDE TO OCCUPATIONAL SETTING
Recommendations
Background Summary
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Stakeholders
Financial Implications
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References
Aven, T. (2016). Risk assessment and risk management: Review of recent advances on their foundation. European Journal of Operational Research, 253(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2015.12.023
?apka, L., Ve?e?a, Z., Mikuška, P., Šesták, J., Kahle, V., &Bumbová, A. (2015).A portable device for fast analysis of explosives in the environment. Journal of Chromatography A, 1388, 167-173. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.041
Driscoll, T. R., Carey, R. N., Peters, S., Glass, D. C., Benke, G., Reid, A., &Fritschi, L. (2015). The Australian work exposures study: prevalence of occupational exposure to formaldehyde. Annals Of Occupational Hygiene, 60(1), 132-138. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mev058
Johns, L. E., Cooper, G. S., Galizia, A., & Meeker, J. D. (2015). Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology studies of phthalates. Environment international, 85, 27-39. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.005
Lundgren, R. E., &McMakin, A. H. (2018). Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from: [https://books.google.co.in]
MacGregor, J. T., Frötschl, R., White, P. A., Crump, K. S., Eastmond, D. A., Fukushima, S., … & Levy, D. D. (2015). IWGT report on quantitative approaches to genotoxicity risk assessment I. Methods and metrics for defining exposure–response relationships and points of departure (PoDs). Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 783, 55-65. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.10.008
Özbay, G., &Ayrilmis, N. (2015). Bonding performance of wood bonded with adhesive mixtures composed of phenol-formaldehyde and bio-oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 66, 68-72. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.028
Schultz, T. W., Amcoff, P., Berggren, E., Gautier, F., Klaric, M., Knight, D. J., …& Cronin, M. T. D. (2015). A strategy for structuring and reporting a read-across prediction of toxicity. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 72(3), 586-601. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.016
Tang, K., Lu, S. Y., Ma, D. L., Leung, C. H., Lee, S. S., Lin, S. W., & D Wang, H. M. (2015). A review on common ingredients of periocular cosmetics and their hazards. Current Organic Chemistry, 19(1), 30-38. Retrieved from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/coc/2015/00000019/00000001/art00007
Wang, X., & He, R. (2017).Formaldehyde Exposure and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. In Formaldehyde and Cognition(pp. 191-207). Springer, Dordrecht. doi: 10.1007/978-94-024
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