Safety and health is a key aspect to all the areas in the construction and building industry. It has always been regarded to be a sector that is greatly exposed when it comes to the occupational based accidents. It is seen that developments have been made in the health andsafety performance in the certain aspects of the construction companies and very less attention has been given towards how the process of attaining impacts within the sector with the underlying themes of the legal and the financial liabilities and the responsibility of the accidents (Sousa, Almeidaand Dias 2014). This has been observed in most of the nations and the realism is that the construction industry has been sustainably has injury and the casualty statistics that make it the most dangerous industries where people have to perform and how these plans and strategies get ready in accordance to the organizational culture. The development of the measures in order to deliver a project on a timely manner and to undergo the precise safety and health legislation in the process to win an agreement within the area has become a serious issue (Sousa, Almeidaand Dias 2015). It is due to this fact and a rise in the number of accidents, there has been development and disclosure of the standards and effective engineering practices that is reliant on the experience and the codes that have been initiated.
In UK, there have been observations that the demanded documentation is disclosed in the outlets that are accessible and in the forms like the official governmental disclosures, directives and laws and even in the standards like in the Health and Safety at Works Act (Simukondaet al. 2018). By depending on the past accidents, the technical and the common weaknesses of the designs have reduced significantly by bringing in new and innovative requirements and thereafter it became clear that most of the accidents still took place and it has been the fact that the actual causes of these accidents have been hardly an outcome of the technical faults but actually has been the result of the bad and the practices that are illegal within the companies, non-observation of the precise safety and health legislation with respect to the distinct accidents and events. However, these instances should even be due to the absence of the adherence to the health and safety rules or the absence of the ineffective level of communication within the organization (Pirzadehet al. 2015). There have been other studies as well that have indicated that the safety and the health developments can be attained only if the contractors and the labours and even the customer alter their attitude and remuneration policies are incorporated in order to motivate the entire workforce.
Seoet al. (2015) explained that these kind of efforts are not adequately true to curb the development of the unsafe acts on the construction sites. In the same manner, safeguarding the occupational injuries and sickness and the maintenance of the financial, health and the scrutiny of the tender bidders at the initial stages of the construction project and this should be a key concern for the employers, stakeholders and the contractors in every section of the industry in all over the globe. In the worldwide market, there has been proof of similar safety issues that seems to take place everywhere. In the same way, safety and health can be enhanced by highlighting the construction related issues in various manners as it replicates the general threat that associates to the global assessment efforts for the maintenance of safety in the construction industry.
Health and safety at the workplace
The management of health and safety has been a serious issue that associates to and is essential for all the firms that are coming from various kinds of industries and this ranges from the conventional to the commercial and the information technology based companies etc. Safety and health is distinctly vital and is essential for the construction industry (Bas 2014). The company and their roles are affected by the safety and the health issues and practices at the workplace environment. In case of the companies that are regarded to the low risk based companies, the health and the safety problems can be handled by a manager who is proficient. But in the companies that are regarded to be high risk based companies that are inclusive of the manufacturing companies and the construction industries, various kinds of experts like doctors, trainers, supervisors etc can be appointed with the accountability of assisting the manager who is accountable for the safety and health in the companies in order to ascertain that the safety and health rules and regulations on the company are updated (Scanlonet al. 2015).
In UK, the construction industry is one of the largest industries out of all the industries that are operational in the country. This industry is accountable for about 8% of the gross domestic product and thereafter employs about 10% of the country wise workforce and thereby creates an annual turnover of £250 billion. It is seen that construction industry in UK is renowned all over the globe for the quality of activities but it is seen that this industry sustains to be one of the dangerous and riskiest industries in the nation (Van Eerdet al. 2017). The extent of fatal wounds in the country in the construction industry has been very high and therefore several kinds of steps and measures have been taken in order to reduce the degree of injuries in the industry. The development of the strategies and plans in relation to the safeguarding of the industry and their employers is even not sufficient for the minimisation of the injuries for the workers. The government of UK has even undertaken various campaigns in association with the Health and Safety Commission with the help of which they have been looking to create a target in order to reduce the extent of the injuries and accidents to the construction industry workers (Cunninghamand Sinclair 2015). It is therefore seen that construction industry has been associated with several kinds of risks and measures and actions are being taken by the construction companies as well as the government in order to reduce and mitigate the same.
The problems of OHS (Operational Health and Safety) within the construction industry have become an essential factor in the current time period. According to Sivakarthigeyanet al.(2016) more than 2 million people have been working in the construction industry in UK in the current time period and thereby making this industry to be one of the largest industry. The number of construction projects in the past few years in the country has increased and thereby has led to the transformation in the labour force in UK. This has even seen to the rise in the migrant labours.
In accordance to this rise in the labour force in the country, the extent of accidents and injuries to the workforce in the construction industry has been rising and thereby making the deadly injuries in the construction industry to be more than four times of the aggregate of the other industries and thereby contributes to the highest amount of work associated injuries for any sort of industry (Saunderset al. 2016). It is due to this fact that the government of UK in collaboration with the Health and Safety employers and the trade unions have come towards a model of action for the construction industry. Furthermore, the industry as well as the regulator has been facing critical challenges because of the lack of experienced workers and the segmented and migrating feature of the industry.
The scope of the construction industry in UK is very big as it is inclusive of the commercial, domestic and industrial construction projects. These projects can initiate with the complete or partial demolition of a distinct structure and this may be specifically dangerous to the workers who are associated to these kinds of activities (Zahooret al. 2016). There are larger projects as well that are inclusive of building of reads, dams canals, bridges etc. Most of the construction sites generally used for the purpose of construction work are in nature temporary and at the time of the ongoing construction activities, there are constant changes that are observed in these sites. Furthermore, even the workforce associated to this kind of work on the site is momentary in nature and in most of the cases there are insufficient experienced workers who are receiving on-site trainings on several kinds of issues related to construction. It is seen that there are issues related to construction industry in UK and it is seen that the issues are different when looked into the construction companies in USA. It is seen that in USA, the health and safety standards and processes in the construction is very firm and strict and therefore all the companies incorporate the same. Hence, it is seen that the safety standards in USA are much better than that of UK.These training activities need to be administered and structured. According to Kvorning, Hasleand Christensen(2015), because of the extent of literacy among the labours who are associated to the construction industry, the disclosure of the occupational health and safety information may become difficult. In certain cases, the work that is ongoing on the construction sites can be impacted due to the bad weather scenario that may lead to chances that the contractors may undergo construction penalties (Lawani, Hareand Cameron 2017). Furthermore, the customers may be interested in looking at the projects being completed as fast as possible. Therefore, the contractors may undergo additional pressure. These problems may influence the contractors to neglect the occupational health and safety like providing adequate construction gears and gadgets or the re-routing of the traffic on the construction site or even providing sufficient welfare amenities.
This thesis is prepared mainly because construction industry has been going through various kinds of risks and therefore actions and steps need to be taken by the construction companies as well as the government in order to mitigate these risks. Even though, there are certain actions and steps that are being undertaken in this industry, it is seen that the extent of risks have not lowered. Flynn, Eggerthand Jacobson(2015) explained that there are numerous injuries and risks that the workers would face and they are inclusive poisonous chemicals, gases and infectious diseases. There are other risks as well and they include falling, electrical shocks and fire and therefore several actions and steps are taken in order to mitigate these risks. The construction industries therefore create designs and strategies with the help of which the safety and the health of their workers can be maintained and better working environment can be maintained. The occupational health and safety development process is helpful in the maintenance of a better working environment and therefore the companies have been taking initiatives and actions in order to take care of the same (Annan, Addai and Tulashie 2015). Therefore, the issue that is existent with this industry in relation to the risk and safety would be determined and this thesis would be helpful in the development of the understanding of the current trend in the construction industry.
Aim
The goal of the research associates with understanding the threats that are associated to the health and safety aspects in the construction industry and thereby understand the ways with the help of which these threats can be mitigated.
Objectives
The objectives in accordance to this thesis have been stated as follows;
Research Question
The research question is given as follows:
Q1. What are the risks that are associated to the construction industry?
Q2. What are the occupational trends and patterns that are related to the safety and health of the construction industry?
The scope of the current research has been explained as follows:
This part of the thesis has been constructed with the help of which an idea can be attained with the help of which this topic can be concluded. The literature review would look to assess the aspects and the elements that have been discussed by the researchers in accordance to this topic. There have been several researches that have been undertaken on similar researches and therefore suggestions that have been taken has been helpful in the development of the current research.
Is is seen that there has been a need for the reaffirmation of the fact that proper and efficient health and safety management would lead to the enhancement of a stature of a company, which is shown by a decline in the incidence of the damages and the accidents to the properties in an organization. After a proper assessment, summarization of the current and the available literature in this respect, the researchers have been in the idea that most of the organizations look to consider safety and health measures as contributing to the expenses related to doing a business and therefore necessarily observe to be the same as developing the nature of the competitiveness of the organization (Zhai, Isaacs and Eckelman 2016).
In any circumstances, it is seen that most of the companies and the businesses do not look to incorporate and follow the standards of safety and health, even though it has been clear that the companies would need to be encouraged in order to incorporate the same with the help of their own will so that the companies are able to create huge amount of financial benefits and hence are able to transfer part of the benefits to the normal individuals too. Zhaoet al.(2015) is in the mind-set that rise in the level of standards and extent of the standards of safety and health that is incorporated would make sure that the extent of productivity and rise in the level of profits for the companies in the long run. In the same way, the European Agency for Health and Safety at Work has even addressed and discovered some of the probable benefits in this aspect while Jitwasinkul, Hadikusumo and Memon(2016) have focused on how incorporating the standards would be helpful in contributing towards enhanced prosperity within the companies and rise in the productivity of the workers as there would be a lower rate of the nonappearances because of sickness and injuries. This would develop the stature of the companies and contribute to the bigger amount of turnover and profits. Due to the small costs that are associated with the accidents that are taking place in the working environment, a better relationship with the contractors and the builders has an extra minimised possibility of the prosecution and the resultant to penalties.
Even though there are benefits from the usage of an efficient safety and health management model in any scenario, there are still doubts and issues bout the exploitation of the economic benefits as a profession for setting out of the development activities of health and safety. In these circumstances, the companies have eternally restructured in order to mitigate the expenses because of ill health and safety (Mihalacheet al. 2017). Furthermore, safety and health management being one of the essential elements of a successful production enterprises and companies has been identified as having the ability develop the competition and the aggressiveness of a company. Leaving behind the benefits practically from the implementation of proper health and safety management model in any scenario, there are certain questions about the exploitation of the financial benefits as a protection for embarking safety and health transformation activities. Conversely, companies have on a sustainable manner have been restructuring in order to mitigate the expenses because of the damages and the ill health. Goh and Ali(2016) explained that an accident is an unprecedented event that impedes with the sustainable development of the actions and this could take place without any kind of injury taking place. The inadequacy is even addressed by the mind-set of that the injuries that can take place within the working environment and any diseases that are related to work and therefore is an outcome of the generation cycle which are inseparably associated to the relationship of the experts, who are the plant operators, substances and materials that is seen in the working atmosphere (Mohammadfamet al. 2017). As an outcome of these perspectives, a better portrayal of an injury and accident which are unprecedented and sudden events that take place due to various reasons.
These aspects recommends that within the working environment, health and safety is not inclusive of the professional technical interferences as well as the accountabilities for the assumption of the management, training and authoritative which could affect the risk attitude. This point of view provides an impression that damages lead from the chances factors that cannot be avoided, which is a feeling that looks to be misinformed as it has been seen to be an instance of the injury and these aspects could have been undertaken in order to ricochet the injury. The factors that can bring about accidents are arranged in an extensive manner within the conditions that are unsafe. While Moatari-Kazerouni, Chinniah and Agard(2015) has accepted that accidents are an outcome of the human errors. Guo, Yiu and González(2016) argues that sickness and accidents are an outcome of the carelessness and if not differentiated legitimately and has been seen to go through a danger and health assessment process. It is viewed that a variety of the safety and the health inputs in this manner associates to how there can be more developments within the current processes and policies that have been incorporated. Therefore, an extensive effort has been made in order to make sure that the current policies that have been constructed with a focus in development of the management and the administrative procedures in order to accommodate and implement the safety and health elements instead of incorporating the processes throughout the company. In case the accidents are managed somehow in order for the employees to stay away from the same, it is essential for the group leaders, managers, supervisors and the employees to make arrangements of working together and thereby controlling the operational activities. These management controls that have been constructed and incorporated with the intention of mitigating the reoccurrence or the effect of the accidents, it is essential to have an understanding that they have desirable impact. This is understood with the aspect that they assist in an effective recognition, probable elimination of the elements that can create accidents.
According to Zou, Kiviniemiand Jones(2017), the construction industry has been the integration of the various companies which have an effect on the process of construction either indirectly or directly. These companies constitute of the architects, engineers, management contractors and various other personnel. The significance has been addressed with the help of numerous studies and therefore recommends that it plays a significant function in the socio-economic enhancement of a nation. It has an extensive scope that ranges from the bridges to buildings and even for the water supply canal, sewerage schemes etc. It even has several types of classifications which are inclusive of housing, industrial, commercial, work and utilities. It is very much demanding even in the industrial sectors like agriculture, health, education and other service industries as well (Westet al. 2016).
The most general nature of work in the process of construction is building of a project that is utilised for commercial, domestic and industrial purposes. There are chances that the buildings may be occupied with people or others. Reconstruction projects can be regarded to be very much dangerous as these projects are inclusive of complete and partial demolition. All over the globe, construction is regarded to be one of the most dangerous industries. It is commonly noted that even though the extent of occupational accidents are high, the precautionary, safety and health measures on the site are not sufficient when compared with the other industries. Construction projects mainly encompass the operations like the clearance of the site, cutting of the trees, demolition of the buildings and safe waste disposal (Jilchaand Kitaw 2016). The operations at the site are inclusive of the loading and the unloading process, pedestrian movement in the site, storage of the materials and vehicles. This is even inclusive of the work that rotates around the dangerous activities like working on the roof top or being in touch with dangerous materials like asbestos and lead. The activities during the construction industry generally place in the places that are confined for example excavation and underground chambers. By the end of most of the projects, landscape turns to be another risk or danger of its kind (Marshand Fosbroke 2015). One may face similar extent of issues and complexity at the workplaces. In the construction sites, there are several kinds of risks that are related. It is even seen that consistent transforming of the workplace is even very much dangerous.
The construction sites are in nature temporary and at the process of the construction they may change on a consistent basis. This leads to the development of not to provide sufficient consideration to the health and safety issues like safe re-routing of the traffic site and the availability of adequate welfare facilities. In the building sector, the companies generally make the management projects quite challenging and complex (Sinelnikov, Inouyeand Kerper 2015). There are several personnel who are associated to the construction industry and they are the ones who are helpful in the development of the construction projects. The presence of large number of sub-contractors have an effect on the quality of the work that is delivered since combining the values and the interests of the stakeholders is a real threat towards the development of efficiency. It is even seen that there is a need for few trainees for structure and processed training programmes and administration at the site and people who are young receive training in various construction activities on the site. Zou, Sunindijoand Dainty(2014) explained that the highly unlikely worker to supervisor ratio makes this industry dangerous and complex. It has even been observed that supervisors who are able to maintain good and cordial relationships are even able to reduce the extent of accidents among the staffs in the construction sites.
Daleet al.(2014) recommended that if this ratio is high, this relationship becomes hard to develop. The factors related with how the construction projects have been prototypes, the tendency to subcontract, insufficient standards of education and the associated elements which has an impact on the safety standards within the construction segment worldwide.
It can be summarised that the sub-contractors as well as the contractors are not specifically enthusiastic in incorporating the standards of safety with most of the projects of construction. Therefore, this treatise could be able to provide valuable input in this aspect with regards to how occupational health and standards of safety could be incorporated successfully. In addition, the related industry professional can even make benefits from the answers that have been determined.
The construction industry makes assumptions with regards to an essential part in deciding on the development and the prosperity of a nation and fundamentally adds in to the development of the security and the stability of a country. This can be accredited to the fact that industry encompasses almost every aspect within the nation that is associated to irrigation, concrete framework, networks for communication and all associated civil engineering projects and initiatives (Kerret al. 2017). Therefore, it has wide applicability in these diverse sectors like, health, agriculture, commercial, housing etc all of which are associated to the infrastructural development and the related progress. It can hence be said that the construction sector is the mixture of diverse companies having an impact on the construction process in several other ways. The stakeholders hence include various segments inclusive of and not limited to the likes of the contractors labourers, engineers, accountants, property developers etc. This therefore explains the significance of construction industry. The general projects that are undertaken in the respect of construction industry commonly associates to the commercial, domestic and industrial sectors. These activities could be associated to the elements of maintaining and repairing the existing structures, refurbishing the same, constructing annexes and extensions or the development of new construction activity (Tremblayand Badri 2018). In this aspect, the initiative could be disclosed to be undertaken by completely and totally razing down the current structures of building a new one or they could associate to continuing from the buildings that are existent. In order to proceed with a construction initiative, there are several processes that are related and they are inclusive of the clearing of the construction place, dismantling and demolishing the related structures with respect to the repairs within the structure, selling or removing of the related equipment therein, cutting trees and shrubs and making sure that all the harmful and the toxic materials have been disposed of in a safe process (Alarcónet al. 2016). It is due to the fact that demolishing an existent structure could associate to various hazards with respect to having to manage with several hazardous materials that are inclusive of leads and asbestos. The associated on-site operations could be related to having to manage and transport the same or can even be associated to preserving them within the secured sites for a long period. The construction process is known to be something that should not be taken lightly as the elements associated to the cleaning, installation and maintaining the services lead to various kinds of risks (Zhaoet al. 2016).
The construction industry has a fairly segmented model with respect to how the overall process is undertaken encompassing the several independent stakeholders which involve a certain amount of complexities. This generally observes the various stakeholders who are performing on a single element with others and at times creates serious questions on the power that is to be exercised in effectively executing the projects as no distinct partner is accountable to the other (Kohet al. 2015). Hence, such scenarios generally observe architects, engineers and contractors coordinating their operations and makes sure that no one comes in the way of the other. In addition, notwithstanding the existence of the industry professionals, it is even likewise vital to consider the existence of various trainees who needs to be facilitated as well. In any kind of circumstances, when there are a large number of workers, it becomes a threat for the supervisor to go down on a personal level with all the employees. Cañamareset al.(2017) are of the mind-set that regarding most of the activities of construction is associated to the prototypes, the changing location and restrictions in the extent of education, inclination to subcontract responsibilities and duties and these all contribute to the reduction in the safety standards within the worldwide construction industry.
In order to conclude, it can be seen that most of the contractors are not very inclined to incorporate safety and health standards within their sites of construction. The present study hence is hopeful in contributing towards the encouragement of the incorporation of effective and formal occupational safety and health initiative which contributes to ensure that the interests of the related stakeholders are maintained. Some of the issues and the problems that is seen in this aspect may be associated to:
The essential aim of occupational safety and health (OHS) is inclusive of endorsing and attaining the highest extent of the intellectual, physical and social welfare of the labours and the employees in every occupation: safeguarding the employee from every kind of risk as an outcome of hostile health factors and ensuring that the employees have been placed in the working environment that are adaptable to their psychological and physiological abilities. According to Van Eerdet al.(2016), the development of the work cultures and the frameworks that are in favour of the OHS may enhance the level of productivity. Bianchiniet al.(2017) has the believe that the element of working culture in the definition provided by WHO is looked to be the mean of trying to replicate on the significant value systems that are in place in the companies. However, such culture has been replicated in the operations and the managerial systems and practices of the companies.
OHS is looked upon to be a multidisciplinary field of healthcare that assists a worker to undertake their occupation in such a way that would restrict the risk and any harm to their health. Those who are associated with OHS come from various disciplines and professions. Okun, Guerinand Schulte(2016) cited that the main goal of OHS programmes is inclusive of the enhancement of safety and health in the working environment. Luet al.(2015) suggested that the management of a company has the primary part as long as taking care of the OHS associated issues are concerned. Fasset al.(2017) in their research focus on the fact that the management must only make sure commitment towards OHS but they must even explain such commitment in the form of providing significance to the issues related to OHS. This is to explain the management must disclose the fact that they have placed a higher value towards OHS and its efficient management and that they respond swiftly to the workplace associated hazards. Furthermore, the commitment of the management to OHS is dependent on the employees as well. Sheaet al.(2016) have stated that without the commitment from the employees, it will be very hard to have an OHS programme. Furthermore, it has even been stated that in order to make sure that the employees estimate their part in a successful manner with respect to the concerns related to OHS, the management must ensure that they are providing a back up to the OHS programmes. In this way, the management needs to take the lead and must undertake the ultimate responsibility to make sure that the working environment is healthy and safe.
It is known that work provides various kinds of financial as well as economic benefits, but there are several work associated and workplace related risks and issues to the safety and health of the persons who are at work. Some of these risks are inclusive of the physical factors, materials, biological agents, chemical mishandling and allergens. Quinnet al.(2015) have cited that some of the risks cannot be avoided in some of the industries and one of the industries has been construction. However, according to Taylor(2015) over the previous few years many industries have been able to construct certain plans, processes and methods for taking care of the risks like the physical hazards. The other general factors for the injuries in the workplace have been falls. Some of the falls that have taken place has been due to the transportation, extraction and construction. Konda, Tiesman and Reichard (2016) cited that the utilisation of the machines even creates a threat to OHS. These machines are normal in the industrial setting like manufacturing, mining and construction industry.
There are several other OHS associated risk factors as well like for instance workplace spaces with restricted ventilation and openings. Valeroet al.(2017) recommended that these risks is not just restricted to the employees but even rescue the employees. Noise can even pose a great amount of risk to the OHS.
Yamauchiet al.(2017) addressed that OHS risk factors change according to the distinct industrial sector. Construction work is known to be one of the most hazardous occupations. It leads to highest amount of work related injuries than any other industries. Some of the key risk factors of OHS has been crashes related to motor vehicles, excavation accidents and electrocution and in circumstances when someone is hit by a falling object. The most frequent cause of the accidents in the construction industry has been falls from heights. Mazureket al.(2017) cited that protection from falls are essential in the areas and the activities like the ramps, formwork, walkways and hoist areas that are not protected.
The literature that that have been constructed has been helpful in identifying the improvement of the construction industry and accordingly has even highlighted how occupational health and safety is existent in the construction sector. The literature has even addressed the various kinds of risks associated with the construction industry and how these risks can hamper the occupational health and safety of all the associated stakeholders. The authority and the plans and activities that have been undertaken by the management in accordance to the health and safety issues has been addressed so that an idea about how to develop the safety and health activities in the construction industry would be understood in a better way.
The research methodology of any paper has the purpose of disclosing the data that is suitable for the paper in relation to the topic and the strategy that has been used with the help of which the analysis can be undertaken (Barnham 2015). The methodology addresses the philosophy, the design and the approach that is considered with the help of which the sort of data that is ideal for the conclusion of the paper can be attained. Accordingly, the method of collecting the data will be addressed, which would be helpful in taking the research forward in the data analysis section.
The essence of any research can be identified with the help of precise paradigm. The philosophy of a research can be understood with the help of which the ideology with respect to which the data desired for this paper can be understood. Choy(2014) expressed that there are four kinds of philosophies that can be utilised for any research paper and it is seen that the one that is ideal in relation to the topic will be selected. The four philosophies are realism, pragmatism, positivism and interpretivism.
In accordance to the topic that has been selected in this paper, it is seen that positivism philosophy has been selected as with the help of this philosophy the presence of reality can be attained by making use of techniques that have been proven scientifically. With the help of this philosophy, all the aspects that have been explained in the objective can be addressed and a better result can be ascertained. The other remaining philosophies have not been selected as they would not be able to address all the elements scientifically.
The research approach constructed for this paper has been helpful in the development of the frameworks and the models with the help of which the collection of the data is possible and in the same way the completion of the paper is possible. It is seen that there is a need for a model and framework with the help of which a proper idea can be attained. McCusker and Gunaydin(2015) explained that there are two sort of approaches that can be used for this paper and they are known to be inductive approach and deductive approach. Inductive approach addresses the process in which the models and the theories that will be used in this paper will be constructed and the theories would be used will be new. It is seen that deductive approach refers to the models and frameworks that have been utilised earlier in other papers and these theories will be helpful in the development of the paper. In accordance to this topic, it is seen that deductive approach has been chosen with the assistance of which precise and effective result of the paper can be determined. The researcher has not implied inductive approach mainly due to the fact that new theories are not required in this paper and previous theories can be used in order to complete the paper.
The design of the paper provides the opportunity to guide the study in order to attain the distinct goal by looking into the objectives of the paper. Bauer(2014) explained that research design assists in providing the references by reducing the results that is desired and the remaining part of the overall research is performed on the basis of the goals that have been disclosed. There are three kinds of designs that are available to the researchers and it is seen that they are exploratory research design, explanatory research design and descriptive research design.
This research has the intention of understanding the health and safety measures that are seen in the construction industry. It is due to this fact that explanatory research design has been chosen as this topic tries to discover the cause and effect relationship of the health and safety measures and the effect on the construction staffs. Hence, this design is ideal for the study.
This paper concentrates on discovering the health and safety related aspect that is associated to the construction industry in UK. The data in association to this topic can be gathered either with the help of the primary or the secondary data. Primary data is collected by taking assistance of the selected respondents and thereafter asking them questions with the help of which their feedback according to health and safety can be ascertained and analysis of the same can be understood (Dang and Pheng 2015). Secondary data is attained by taking assistance of several secondary sources like journals and articles that have been constructed by other researchers with the help of which an idea can be attained. Internet websites are even used with the help of which precise outcome can be ascertained in relation to this topic. However, in the current paper primary data is used and therefore quantitative data analysis has been undertaken with the support of which all the primary data that is collected is transformed into figures and numerical with the support of which better results can be ascertained.
The primary data is collected by selecting respondents who are currently performing in the construction industry in UK. The data is collected from the respondents with the help of a close ended questionnaire that is designed with respect to the topic of the paper. The questionnaires are forwarded to the respondents and they are provided with a time within which the fill up the same and submit the responses (Munn et al. 2014). In this manner, all the responses are collected and used for the purpose of analysis.
The sample addresses to the total number of respondents that have been chosen with the help of which the collection of data is possible. It is seen that as the number of sample increases better analysis of the data is possible as more information leads to better idea over the topic (Hammersley 2017). Therefore, in relation to the current paper, a total of 50 respondents have been selected and they would be providing the feedback with respect to which analysis of the data will be undertaken.
The collected responses from the participants will be analysed in order to attain the desired results. It is due to this fact that Excel software has been used with the support of which the data is altered into graphs and figures and thereby explanation of the same is done in order to reach the outcome of the paper.
For the concerned research, 50 respondents have been selected, comprising of those working currently in the construction industry of the United Kingdom and interviews have been conducted with those respondents with the help of survey questionnaires including open-ended questions. The responses collected from the sample, have been then statistically analysed, so as to derive the perceptions of the respondents regarding the different aspects of risks and health and safety aspects in the construction industry of the concerned country.
The overall demographic traits of the concerned sample of respondents interviewed in the concerned research can be seen to be as follows:
Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the selected sample of respondents
|
Count |
Count |
Count |
|||
|
Male |
25 |
18-25 years |
9 |
Management |
18 |
|
Female |
25 |
26-35 years |
9 |
Employee |
23 |
|
36-45 years |
14 |
Intern |
9 |
||
|
46- 55 years |
14 |
||||
|
56 years and above |
4 |
Distribution by Age-Group
Age-wise the respondents can be seen to be classified as follows:
Figure 1: Classification of respondents by Age-Group
As is evident from the above figure, the major share of the respondents in the selected sample falls in the age-groups of 36-45 years and 46-55 years (with 28% of the sample in both the age groups), followed by the age-groups of 18-25 years and 26-35 years (18% in both the age-groups). Only 8% of the sample size can be seen to be falling in the age-group of 56 years and above. This in turn, implies that most of the respondents in the concerned sample are young and middle aged.
Distribution by Gender
Figure 2: Distribution of respondents by gender
The sample selected for the concerned research has equal shares of male and female respondents (25 each). This uniform distribution of the respondents by gender, helps the concerned study to remove any kind of intended or unintended gender-based biases.
The sample selected for the purpose of collection of data for the concerned research consists of workers in the construction industry of the United Kingdom, with different designations and having different job roles, the distribution of the respondents in this aspect being as follows:
Figure 3: Distribution of the respondents by designation
As can be seen from the above figure, the major share of the selected sample of respondents fall under the category of employees in the construction sector (46%), while 36% of the total sample is comprised of those in the managerial sections in the concerned industry. Interns also form a significant part (18%) of the sample size. The robust presence of both managers and normal workers in the sample size, helps the concerned study to significantly incorporate the perceptions of both of these working classes in the analysis and interpretation.
The responses recorded from interviewing 50 selected respondents, regarding their perceptions of health and safety trends, factors influencing them and their implications on the industry can be comprehensively seen to be as follows:
Table 2: Perceptions of respondents regarding health and safety aspects in UK construction industry
|
Health and safety has an influence on the human behaviour in the construction companies |
Application of the laws and standards at the managerial level improves the health and safety trends in the construction companies |
Application of the plans and guides at the operational level improves the health and safety trends in the construction companies |
Use of new and improved tools and techniques enhances the health and safety in the construction companies |
Development of site specific safety plans improves the health and safety in the construction companies |
Health and safety in the construction companies has an influence on the economic incentives |
Worker’s compensation insurance mitigates the risk that is existent among the employees in the construction companies |
Better training given to the employees with respect to the use of the safety equipment mitigates any kind of risk |
|
|
Strongly Disagree |
0.0% |
0.0% |
2.0% |
0.0% |
4.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
|
Disagree |
4.0% |
6.0% |
2.0% |
8.0% |
6.0% |
2.0% |
4.0% |
0.0% |
|
Neutral |
12.0% |
10.0% |
6.0% |
8.0% |
4.0% |
4.0% |
8.0% |
6.0% |
|
Agree |
62.0% |
46.0% |
60.0% |
42.0% |
52.0% |
46.0% |
52.0% |
40.0% |
|
Strongly Agree |
22.0% |
38.0% |
30.0% |
42.0% |
34.0% |
48.0% |
36.0% |
54.0% |
The perceptions of the selected respondents regarding the different factors improving the health and safety trends in the construction companies of the United Kingdom can be seen to be as follows:
Figure 4: Perception regarding impacts of application of plans and guides
From the responses collected it can be seen that 90% of the total number of respondents (60% agreeing and 30% strongly agreeing) perceived the applications of the plans and guides at the operational levels of different companies to be one of the primary factors towards the improvements of the health and safety trends in the construction industry of the country. Only 4% of the total number of respondents can be seen to be negating the effects of the same on improvement of the health and safety aspects, with 6% remaining neutral in this aspect. This in turn implies that the applications of plans and guides is perceived to be a crucial safety improving factor by a majority of the sample.
Figure 5: Perception regarding impacts of usage of improved tools and techniques
Like the previous result, in this case also a positive perception regarding the importance of usage of improved and more efficient tools and techniques in the aspects of enhancing the health and safety conditions of the workers in the construction industry, can be observed to be present among majority of the respondents (with 84% of the total sample size either agreeing or strongly agreeing to the assertion). Only 8% of the selected respondents did not perceive the usage of improved tools and techniques as a positively contributing factor in the aspects of improvement of health and safety aspects in the construction industry in the United Kingdom.
Figure 6: Perceptions regarding impacts of developing site-specific safety plans
As the above figure shows, in this aspect also, majority of the total sample size of the selected respondents (86%) perceive the development of site-specific safety plans by the construction companies to be one of the crucial factors which lead to improvement of the health and safety of the workers employed by the concerned construction firms in those sites. However, negative responses can also be seen to be recorded in this aspect, with 4% of the respondents strongly disagreeing and 6% disagreeing to the argument. However, from the overall positive perceptions of the respondents selected, it can be asserted that the development of site-specific safety plans by the construction firms have considerable impacts in improving the health and safety conditions of the workers in the construction companies.
Figure 7: Perceptions regarding impacts of application of laws in the managerial levels
Augmenting the observations of the concerned study in the previous aspects, in this aspect also significant positive perceptions can be seen to be present among the selected respondents (with 46% agreeing and 38% strongly agreeing) regarding the role of application of laws and standards in the managerial levels of the construction companies of the United Kingdom in influencing the health and safety conditions of the workers in the concerned industry. However, 6% of the total number of respondents do not perceive the same as one of the factors positively contributing to the improvements of health and safety of the workers while 10% remaining neutral in this aspect.
Figure 8: Perceptions regarding impacts of training for usage of safety equipment
All the responses of the selected sample, regarding the impacts of implementation of better training programs for appropriate usage of safety equipment on the mitigation of any kind of health and safety risks for the workers in the construction industry are found to be either positive (94%) or neutral (6%). The absence of any negative perception on part of the respondents indicates towards the fact that this particular aspect is viewed as one of the primary and most important factors contributing to the improvement of the health and safety conditions of the workers as in this aspect the workers are themselves involved in ensuring betterment of their own health and safety.
Figure 9: Perceptions regarding impacts of workers’ compensation insurance in risk mitigation
The analysis of the data collected reveal the presence of significant positive and affirmative perceptions among the selected sample of respondents regarding the contribution of the compensation and insurance facilities for the workers as provided by the different construction companies in the aspects of mitigation of risks faced by the workers in the aspects of health and safety. While 88% of the total sample size can be seen to be asserting the positive contributions of the compensation and insurance to the workers in the aspects of mitigation of health and safety risks of the workers, only 4% is seen to be asserting against it. 4 out of 50 respondents, however, in this aspect is seen to be having neither positive nor negative perception regarding the same.
For making the concerned study regarding the different aspects health and safety conditions in the construction industry of the United Kingdom more robust, along with the factors having positive contributions in improving the health and safety conditions, data has also been collected from the selected sample of respondents regarding the aspects or fields on which the health and safety trends and conditions have implications on. The outcome of the analysis can be seen to be as follows:
Figure 10: Perceptions regarding influences of health and safety on human behaviour
As is evident from the above figure, there exists significant positive perceptions among the selected respondents regarding the influence of health and safety conditions on the overall human behaviour in the operational framework of the construction companies in the United Kingdom. Nearly 84% of the total number of respondents can be seen to be perceiving that the health and safety conditions of the workers in the construction companies of the United Kingdom positively influence their behavioural aspects in the operational framework of the companies, that is most of them believe that with the improvement in the health and safety trends of the workers, their behaviours and attitudes towards their job roles and towards their co-workers as well as their level of dedication and loyalty to the concerned construction companies also improves. However, 6 out of 50 respondents can be seen to be neutral in this aspect, the level of neutrality (12%) being comparatively higher in this aspect than in the previous aspects studied. 4% of the sample, on the other hand, did not perceive any positive association between the health and safety conditions and the overall behaviour of the workers in their workplaces, in the construction industry scenario of the United Kingdom.
Like all the other previously mentioned and analysed in the above section, significant amount of positive perception can be seen to be recorded from the selected sample of respondents, regarding the implications of health and safety trends on the economic incentives aa a whole. 94% of the total number of respondents can be seen to be asserting or strongly asserting towards the presence of positive relationship between the aspects of health and safety trends for the workers in the construction industry of the UK and the economic incentives in this domain as a whole. That is, from the above figure, it can be seen that according to a major share of the selected sample, with the improvements in the health and safety scenarios of the employees in the construction industry of the United Kingdom, the overall economic incentives in the concerned industry also increase. Only 2% of the total sample can be seen to be denying the presence of such positive relationship between health and safety scenarios of the labours in the construction industry and the overall economic incentives in the domain of the industry in the United Kingdom.
The research also conducts correlation analysis among the eight different study variables, considered in the above section, in order to ascertain the type of relationship between these variables (positive and negative) and the degree of significance of these relationships. The result of the correlation analysis can be seen to be as follows.
Table 3: Correlations between the eight different study variables
|
Health and safety have an influence on the human behaviour in the construction companies |
Application in the laws and standards at the managerial level improves the health and safety trends in the construction companies |
Application in the plans and guides at the operational level improves the health and safety trends in the construction companies |
Use of new and improved tools and techniques enhances the health and safety in the construction companies |
Development of site specific safety plans improves the health and safety in the construction companies |
Health and safety in the construction companies has an influence on the economic incentives |
Workers compensation insurance mitigates the risk that is existent among the employees in the construction companies |
Better training given to the employees with respect to the use of the safety equipment mitigates any kind of risk |
|
|
Health and safety has an influence on the human behaviour in the construction companies |
1.0000 |
|||||||
|
Application in the laws and standards at the managerial level improves the health and safety trends in the construction companies |
0.8918 |
1.0000 |
||||||
|
Application in the plans and guides at the operational level improves the health and safety trends in the construction companies |
0.9778 |
0.9494 |
1.0000 |
|||||
|
Use of new and improved tools and techniques enhances the health and safety in the construction companies |
0.8158 |
0.9881 |
0.8984 |
1.0000 |
||||
|
Development of site specific safety plans improves the health and safety in the construction companies |
0.9333 |
0.9733 |
0.9861 |
0.9469 |
1.0000 |
|||
|
Health and safety in the construction companies has an influence on the economic incentives |
0.7971 |
0.9792 |
0.8943 |
0.9930 |
0.9461 |
1.0000 |
||
|
Workers compensation insurance mitigates the risk that is existent among the employees in the construction companies |
0.9354 |
0.9924 |
0.9807 |
0.9656 |
0.9907 |
0.9588 |
1.0000 |
|
|
Better training given to the employees with respect to the use of the safety equipment mitigates any kind of risk |
0.6905 |
0.9383 |
0.8069 |
0.9709 |
0.8746 |
0.9842 |
0.8993 |
1.0000 |
As is evident from the above table, there exists robust positive pairwise correlations between all the eight study variables taken into consideration, with the value of the correlations ranging from moderate to considerably high. This in turn, indicates towards the fact the variables considered in the concerned study like that of the factors having positive contribution on health and safety conditions as well as those of the implications of health and safety conditions on different fields are significantly and positively related to one another, as can also be seen from the analysis of the perceptions of most of the respondents in these aspects.
Conclusion
The analysis of the collected data (collected by interviewing 50 relevant respondents) indicates towards the presence of considerably positive perceptions regarding the impacts of different factors like that of applications of plans and guides in the operational framework, development of site-specific safety plans, usage of improved tools and techniques, training to use safety equipment, workers’ compensation and insurance as well as law and standard applications in the managerial levels, on the health and safety trends of the workers in the construction industry of the UK. Positive perceptions can also be seen to be recorded in the aspect of the implications of health and safety trends on the overall economic incentives as well as workers’ behavioural aspects. The correlation analysis among the study variables also show significant and positive relations among these variables, which indicates towards the significance of the same in the aspects of health and safety trends in the construction industry of the United Kingdom.
Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Work
Conclusion
The conclusion section of the paper is constructed by taking assistance of the analysis that has been illustrated in the previous section of the paper. The completion of the research is done by taking assistance of the introduction section of the paper. It is seen that construction industry is a developing sector in UK as with the advent of time the demand for commercial as well domestic real estates has increased. The background of the paper has addressed the fact that in UK there has been several kinds of health and safety related in problems and this had an impact on the performance of the employees. The tools and the techniques that have been used in the construction industry in some cases have not been effective enough and therefore this created the risks, which have an impact on the industry as well. The background of the paper has even highlighted the fact that there has been a rise in the extent of accidents among the employees in the construction industry.
The literature review of the paper has addressed what various other researchers have explained based on this topic. The literature has even explained several aspects and risks that are associated in the construction industry in UK. It is seen that there has been a rise in the level of risks and safety related issues in the construction industry in UK and several kinds of steps and measures have been taken with the help of which these issues can be mitigated. The significance of health and safety of the employees in the construction industry has been addressed so that an idea can be obtained for the significance of the same. The general description of the problem has been explained as well so that the scope of the construction industry can be known. The various kinds of occupational safety and hazards in the construction industry is known with the help of which better performance can be attained. The risk factors that are seen in the construction industry has been explained as well so that an idea can be obtained with respect to which the data can be gathered.
The methodology section of the paper has addressed the fact that primary data will be taken into consideration and positivism philosophy has been selected. In this manner, deductive approach will be selected with the help of which previously available theories and models will be used. Explanatory design has been chosen in order to understand the cause and effect relationship among the variables of the topic. With the assistance of the data collected, the evaluation of the research is completed. It is seen that the questions that have been asked to the respondents are in relation to the topic. The questions can be answered by the respondents as they are all individuals who are working in the construction companies in UK. The responses that have been received in accordance to the questions that have been asked expresses the fact that the respondents feel that safety and health are significant aspects in the construction companies. They feel the development of various standards in the operational as well as in the managerial level is important and in the same manner as an influence on the human behaviour as well. The use of new and improved tools for the construction companies can improve the extent of safety and health as well. The respondents have even expressed the fact that proper training to the employees with respect to the construction industry need to be given with the help of which performance can be enhanced and the employees can effectively make use of these tools in order to diminish the risks in this industry. The respondents have expressed that worker’s compensation insurance is essential so that their lives can be secured in case they face any sort of accidents. Economic incentives are even enhanced with the help of proper plans and policies in the construction companies. Therefore, it can be stated that incorporation of these aspects in the construction companies in UK will be helpful in the enhancement of motivation among the employees and would even reduce the extent of risks in the operational activities well. It is even seen that these aspects can improve the health and safety activities in the construction companies. The preciseness of the results would be understood once the objectives of the paper has been addressed.
The first objective of the paper tries to explain the threats related to the safety and health aspect in the construction industry. It is seen that all the issues and the threats that are existent has been addressed and accordingly the process of mitigating the same has been explained as well.
The next objective of the paper relates to the processes that is used in order to mitigate these risks. The paper in this manner has even explained the several processes that can be used with the help of which these issues can be mitigated. The results have discovered the use of various tools and techniques with the help of which these issues and threats can be reduced and a better working environment in the construction industries can be attained.
Hence, it can be said that the results ascertained are true and fair and therefore implication of these aspects can helpful in the construction industry. It is seen that these explanations of the data in relation to the objectives of the paper is helpful in the development of the outcome and the outcome has expressed the fact that there is a need for safety and health related plans and policies within the construction industry and these plans need to be incorporated within the construction companies as well in order to mitigate all the risks.
The development of the analysis is helpful in the development of recommendations that can be incorporated with the help of which better operational activities in the construction companies can be ascertained. It is recommended that better supervision should be done during the time of the operational activities in the construction companies with the help of which risks can be mitigated.
It is even recommended that precise standards and plans are incorporated with the help of which the employees can abide by the same and mitigate their level of risks.
It is even recommended that proper training should be given to the employees with respect to the use of the safety tools and equipment so that they can properly operate the tools and accordingly enhance their performance in the companies.
It is even recommended that on a frequent basis all the safety equipment should be examined and accordingly changed in order to mitigate the extent of risk and enhance the safety and health aspects in the construction companies. The implementation of these aspects would be helpful in the development of the construction companies.
The topic that has been taken into consideration has scope for future research simply due to the fact that there will be changes in the construction industry with the help of various new and enhanced tools and machines. Hence, comparison of the current research with the future research would provide an idea with respect to which the developments that have been made will be understood and accordingly better safety and health related issues can be understood in a better way.
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