Question 1: The pH of a solution describes its acidity or alkalinity: Describe how pH and H3O+ concentration are related and explain why diluting an acid raises the pH, but diluting a base lowers the pH.
Answer: A solution is said to be neutral when the basicity and the acidity are exactly balanced so that the numbers of OH- and H3O+ ions are equal. A pH value is used in the expression of the alkalinity or acidity of a solution and is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the centration of the hydronium ions (Crow, 2017). Diluting an acid through the addition of water increases the pH as it tends to 7 hence becoming less acidic. Diluting an alkaline through the addition of water lowers the pH tending to 7 thereby making it less basic. pH measures the concentration of ions in a solution those solution that have a high concentration of H+ ions have a low pH and those with low concentration a high pH, An acid when dissolved in water increases the concentration of hydrogen ions. A base on the other hand, increases the hydroxide concentration. Therefore, H3O+ having a high concentration of H+ are considered an acid (Bazzi, Bazzi, & Jomaa, 2017).
Question 2: Based on the equation below, which ion plays the role of hydrogen-ion donor (acid) and which ion plays the role of hydrogen-ion acceptor (base) in PBS?
Answer: Hydrogen ion is donor (acid) – H PO4
Hydrogen ion is acceptor (base) – H2PO4
Question 3: Which ions are being produced by this process, assuming that each of the chemical compounds dissociate into their constituent parts once they are dissolved in water?
Answer: Na+, Cl-, K+, H+, PO4-
Question 4: Using periodic table found in your textbook; calculate (to 2 decimal places) the molecular mass for each of the compounds used to make PBS.
Answer:
Question 5: As previously stated, the concentration of NaCl, KCl and Phosphate in working strength 1 x PBS is 0.137M NaCl, 0.012M Phosphate, 0.027M KCl, pH 7.4 How do they compare to the concentrations you calculated for 10x PBS?
Answer: by a factor of 10
Question 6: What is the first thing to do after putting a weighing boat on the balance?
Answer: Zero out the balance
Question 7: If you have excess reagent on the weighing boats, what should you avoid doing and why?
Answer: discarded, to prevent contaminating the bottle.
Question 8: If you had the choice between a 1 liter beaker and a 1 liter graduated cylinder, which one should you use to measure volumes with maximal precision when making 1 liter of PBS?
Answer: The markings on a beaker are not accurate, the word graduated indicates that the markings are accurate therefore a beaker should never be used for accuracy since its marking are approximate (Arndt, Rudolph, & Hashmi, 2017).
Question 9: What should be done before measuring an unknown pH of a solution using a pH meter?
Answer: Prior to use is must be calibrated using color coded solution and the electrode must be rinse with distilled water (Vogel, 2013)
Question 10: Why do you think the protocol does not say to dissolve compounds directly in 1 liter of water?
Answer: The reason for this is not to disrupt the pH and avoid a chemical reaction.
Question 11: The PBS protocol above says to adjust pH to 7.4 with HCl. What does this imply on the pH of 10x PBS before adjusting the pH, would it be greater or smaller than 7.4?
Answer: The acronym, PBS stands for phosphate buffered saline solution, and it implies that the PH will rise. But HCL being a base will help lower it (Vogel, 2013).
Question 12: The last step in the protocol is to autoclave the 10x PBS solution. Why do you think this step is important? Look up the definition of autoclave if you are unsure what it means.
Answer: Autoclaving 10x PBS solution is important the reason being is to ovoid cross contamination.
Question 13: Taking into account your response to question 5, now that you have made a 10x PBS solution, describe how you would prepare 1 liter of 1x working solution PBS, including which glassware you would use. Will you need to adjust the pH again?
Answer: Using a graduated cylinder Combine the following:
References
Arndt, S., Rudolph, M., & Hashmi, A. S. K. (2017). Gold-based frustrated Lewis acid/base pairs (FLPs). Gold Bulletin, 50(3), 267-282
Bazzi, A., Bazzi, J., & Jomaa, N. (2017, August). Understanding acid-base chemistry of aqueous salt solutions: A general chemistry laboratory experiment. In abstracts of papers of the american chemical society (vol. 254). 1155 16th st, nw, washington, dc 20036 usa: amer chemical soc
Crow, D. R. (2017). Principles and applications of electrochemistry. Routledge
Vogel, A. I. (2013). A Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis-Theory and Practice Longmans, Green And Co.; London; New York; Tor
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