Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder which is triggered by hormonal events which occur after ovulation. The symptoms of this infection appear in various phases which includes early phase, mid and late luteal phase. PMS has not been associated with any gonadal and non-gonadal hormone. Symptoms of PMS has been related to the production of progesterone hormone by the ovaries. Studies which have been conducted are yet to give clear pathophysiology of PMS (Imai, Matsunami & Takagi, 2015). Early studies which associated PMS with abnormalities in ovarian sex steroids have been disapproved because there is no difference which has been explained between symptomatic and asymptomatic women and yet there is no study which has been able to tell the variation in progesterone levels. PMS is a disorder which is capable of affecting motion, physical well-being and behavior of women during some specific days of their menstrual cycle and it mostly appears before her menses. PMS is a pervasive disorder whose symptoms can affect up to 85% of menstruating ladies. The symptoms of this infections start between 5-11 days before menstruation, and they disappear immediately after the menstruation begins (Tolossa & Bekele, 2014). A significant number of signs and symptoms have been associated with this infection and that is the reason as to why Tracey Wilson who is a 38 years lady has been experiencing a lot of symptoms. PMS has made her experience symptoms such as nausea, breast tenderness, tiredness and irritability which has interfered with her normal operations. She has also been confirmed to experience food cravings such as salty snacks, and she has been experiencing abdominal blotting.
The exact reason for PMS is still unknown, but various factors are believed to contribute to this health hazard. Smoking and taking alcohol is the main factor for PMS. A study which was conducted in over 3000 women indicated that women who smoke and take alcohol are at very high-risk of been infected by PMS as compared to women who have never smoked in their life (Roomruangwong et al., 2017). It is now clear that Tracey Wilson health condition is highly associated with her lifestyle because she smokes more regularly and on social occasions she also takes alcohol. Obesity is another leading cause of PMS in women. Women with high body weights are termed to be at very high risk of PMS with symptoms like backache, swellings and abdominal cramping. Diet is considered another leading cause of PMS. Studies conducted indicates that foodstuffs which are high in fat are associated with severe symptoms of PMS. Tracey is running a pizza hut at Belmont village shopping center, and chances are that she often take them which could be contributing to her health situation (Marjoribanks, Brown, O’Brien, & Wyatt, 2013). She has of late been craving for salty snacks which are not healthy and can lead to severe symptoms of PMS. Ladies who have been experiencing infections such as urinary tract infection are at high-risk of been infected by PMS. Tracey Wilson was diagnosed with this infection 13 years ago, and this could be contributing to her disease.
Women of all ages have been faced with challenges which are associated with gynecological issues especially young ladies of childbearing years have to deal with reproductive system disorder. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of both menstrual irregularities and androgen excess in ladies. When fully assessed, clinical manifestation of PCOS includes irregular menstrual cycles in which a woman’s period can occur before the exact date when a woman is expecting it or skip some days (Samadi, Taghian & Valiani, 2013). Obesity is termed as another manifestation of PCOS in which a woman gains a lot of weight which can lead to other health complications. PCOS mostly occurs to women who are at their reproductive age and affects between 6.5-8% of women overall across the globe. It brings menstrual abnormalities such as menstrual dysfunction which is characterized by oligo which is caused by infrequent or absent ovulation in women. Women affected by PCOS can have normal or slightly delayed menarche which is accompanied by irregular cycles. Research indicates that obese women can resume their regular menstrual cycles immediately after a slight weight loss (Matsumoto, Asakura, & Hayashi, 2013). On the other hand, PMS is characterized by the presence of both physical and behavioral characteristic which are most likely to occur repetitively in the second half of menstrual cycles and interfere with some aspects of the woman’s life. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is termed as a severe form of PMS which is accompanied by symptoms such as anger and irritability.
Many medicines and treatments have been tried to relieve the symptoms of PMS but only a few have been approved for this purpose. Hormonal medication is the most used type of therapy which reduces PMS symptoms. Hormonal medication is used to suppress production of hormones which are made naturally in the body, and they can interfere with regular menstrual cycle making it irregular. Healthcare professionals also advice women suffering from PMS to use hormonal contraceptives such as birth control pills because they are capable of influencing menstrual cycles. This therapy is not suitable especially for women who still want to get pregnant (Legro et al., 2013). PMS disorder is affecting most women’s mental health leading to complications such as depression, anxiety, and desperation. In this case, the use of antidepressants is an option. This type of medication increase the concentration of chemical messenger in the brain which is called serotonin, and it is believed that serotonin influence the manner in which women’s bodies respond to certain hormones which are produced in large amounts before menstruation (Ryu & Kim, 2015). Women who are infected by PMS needs to change their lifestyles in which they have to adopt taking health diets which are low in fats and are rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetable. They should also choose foods which are not salty and drink a lot of fluids such as water. Tracey Wilson should be advised on the disadvantages of talking salty snacks as they can worsen her health condition. Women should participate in physical exercises because it improves their circulations and reduces stress which is known as a leading cause of PMS.
References
Imai, A., Ichigo, S., Matsunami, K., & Takagi, H. (2015). Premenstrual syndrome: management and pathophysiology. Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology, 42(2), 123-128.
Legro, R. S., Arslanian, S. A., Ehrmann, D. A., Hoeger, K. M., Murad, M. H., Pasquali, R., & Welt, C. K. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(12), 4565-4592.
Marjoribanks, J., Brown, J., O’Brien, P. M. S., & Wyatt, K. (2013). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6).
Matsumoto, T., Asakura, H., & Hayashi, T. (2013). Biopsychosocial aspects of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Gynecological Endocrinology, 29(1), 67-73.
Roomruangwong, C., Kanchanatawan, B., Sirivichayakul, S., Anderson, G., Carvalho, A. F., Duleu, S., … & Maes, M. (2017). IgA/IgM responses to tryptophan and tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) are differently associated with prenatal depression, physio-somatic symptoms at the end of term and premenstrual syndrome. Molecular neurobiology, 54(4), 3038-3049.
Ryu, A., & Kim, T. H. (2015). Premenstrual syndrome: a mini review. Maturitas, 82(4), 436-440.
Samadi, Z., Taghian, F., & Valiani, M. (2013). The effects of 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in non-athlete girls. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 18(1), 14.
Tolossa, F. W., & Bekele, M. L. (2014). Prevalence, impacts and medical managements of premenstrual syndrome among female students: cross-sectional study in college of health sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. BMC women’s health, 14(1), 52.
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