Meaning: Perception refers to the way we try to understand the world around us. Definition: Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture. Perception can also be defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in which he lives. Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
The Perceptual Process:
Perception is composed of six processes:
– Receiving
– Selecting
– Organizing
– Interpreting
– Checking
– Reacting to stimuli
The process of receiving stimuli:
It is received through five sensory organs i.e, vision, hearing, smell, touch and taste.
Stimuli may be external or internal.
A) External Factors Influencing Selection: nature: visual or audio 1) Intensity: higher intensity objects receive more attention 2) Size: an object with a larger size receives more attention than smaller one 3) Contrast: external stimuli stands out against the background 4) Motion/ Movement: Moving objects receive more attention that the still objects.
7) Repetition: repeated external stimulus is more attention drawing than a single one. 8) Novelty and familiarity: New objects in familiar setting or familiar objects in new setting. B) Internal Factors Influencing Selection:
1) Learning and Perception
2) Motivation and Perception
3) Personality and Perception
Process of organizing:
a) Figure ground
b) Perceptual similarity: similarity, proximity, closure and continuity.
c) Perceptual constancy: gives a sense of stability in the changing world.
1) Shape constancy: eg.
Pot
2) Size constancy: objects moved farther away, we tend to see it invariant size.
3) Colour constancy
PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY:
Though people are exposed to several stimuli, they tend to select only a few at a given point of time, this is perceptual selectivity
SUBLIMINAL PROCESS:
When the stimuli is so subtle that an individual may not even be conscious that he is exposed to some stimulus.
FACTORS INFUENCING PERCEPTION:
* The Perciever
* The Target
* The Situation
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION:
Emphasizes on the subsequent activities that take place in the perceptual process after a stimulus is received. 1. Figure ground : Percieved objects are separated from their general background by the perceiver. 2. Perceptual grouping: – Closure (person may sometimes perceive a whole, where it doesn’t exist) * Continuity(Limited to continuous pattern)
* Proximity
* Similarity
3. Perceptual Constancy: The perception of elements like size, shape, color, brightness of an object remains constant and doesn’t change for one individual to another 4. Perceptual Context: – It provides meaning and value to objects, events, situation and other people in the environment *Different meaning in different situations.
5. Perceptual defense: A person may establish a defense against some stimuli or situation because they may be clashing with his personal values or culture or may be threatening.
* Denial
* Modification and distortion
* Change in perception
* Recognition but refusal to change
Process of checking:
Checking by introspection.
Checking about the interpretation with others.
Process of reacting:
Shall indulge in some action in relation to his perception.
Factors Influencing Perception
* Charecteristics of the perceiver
* Charecteristics of the perceived
* Charecteristics of the situation
SOCIAL PERCEPTION: (how an individual perceives others)
* Charecteristics that influence the perception:
* Understanding of one’s own behavior
* Personal charecteristics of a person
* Self- esteem
* Not on one single skill
1. Attribution: Refers to the process in which an individual assigns causes to behavior he conceives. Factors such as status, intentions and consequences. -Disposal attribution: (Behaviour is affected by the charecteristics of a person)
-Situational attribution.
2. Stereotyping: It is a process of judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which the perception belongs. It provides a shortcut to predicting behavior. 3. Halo effect: It refers to the tendency of forming a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Need not always be a positive characteristic. An individual may be down rated based on the negative evaluation of his or her behaviors. This process is called ‘Rusty Halo’ or ‘Horns Effect.
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