First of all, privacy is defined as somebody’s right for protection from disturbance from others or in other words the right to be let alone. Privacy is also defined as the individual’s controlled access by other people into their private affairs (Lustgarten, 2015). The privacy right doesn’t apply only to information processing that is personal but also to the interference of human behaviors and how they relate to one another. There are several reasons that make privacy to be more valuable. Privacy is seen as important because it protects other people from any kind of threats that are external. Such as seen above include such as data manipulation, theft, subordination, blackmail, harassment, and exclusion. It has also been said that privacy is the core security value articulation that its goal is the protection of people from harm that is caused by others. Examples of such rights include abortion rights and sexual right to expression. Balance should be made to other interests and rights. Public order maintenance and national security are examples of such. The right to privacy varies differently in contexts. For instance, their expectation of privacy is less in the place of work than privacy at home. For instance, a principle that has been in use in the countries of the west is that of informed consent. The information that is given to the citizens is that they should learn how to store, use and exchange their personal data. The people can then choose to give up their private information at will if they want to.
Looking at the privacy and information technology, we get to understand that privacy in this modern generation is corresponding to a person who can act freely and make decisions on his own destination. Yet this generation that is modern has a surveillance character that undermines privacy by practice. What basically surveillance refers is that it is the observation that is systematic for a group of people for specific purposes that are usually exerting some form of influence over them. Argument by experts has shown that surveying has been an important part of modern society. The engagement of the national government has the intention of fighting crime and for the provision of the national security (Corey, 2015). The arising of computers has made surveying stronger by increasing its speed, scale, and ease. Surveying has been made delegate on the computers that assist in data collection. The introduction of computers has not only made the changes to the scale and the surveillance speed, but they have also made it possible to use a new method of surveillance. This is data surveillance which is the largest-scale that is a computerized collection and does personal data processing so that it can monitor the action of people and how they communicate. In addition to this, the usage of the information technology is not only for use for recording and static information processing about people but also to do recording and processing of their communications and actions.
In the society of information, the realization of privacy protection is through all the privacy law information, directives, and information, or policies for protecting data. The work of these policies is for protecting, storing, using and personal data exchange. These policies have been overtaken by the new technological developments. However, the development of information technology has made privacy protection became a major issue of concern. The privacy for information, on the other hand, has also become another topic of academic study (Drachsler & Greller, 2016). The information privacy studies have made the attempts of balancing the rights of privacy against other interests and rights and also made trial in the determination of rights of privacy in specific contexts and practices. Some of the specialized topics are like privacy on places of work and privacy on medical, privacy on the internet, public privacy and genetic privacy.
Under the ethical and personal implications of the security of individuals, we will look at the information security and the moral importance of security at a personal level. We will also look at security nationally as well as their relationship with personal security. Now, personal security is the provision of information protection against unauthorized access, change or formatting of information and also against service denial (Pope & Vasquez, 2016). The condition that results from all these efforts is known as a personal security. The main aim of personal security is the attainment of personal information security. There exists a difference between personal security and information security or data security. Personal security is the protection of personal information from being accessed without the owner’s consent while security for data refers to data protection in the disk the of a computer system or that is being transferred between systems. Security for information is concerned with the protection of the following data aspects: data availability, data integrity, and data confidentiality.
For instance, let’s look at an example of a computer. How does it cause a security issue? According to the explanation of ethics, its main concerns are on the interests, harms and the rights. This question may be answered looking at the relationship between a computer security and rights, interests and arms. What important benefits does a computer security bring? What can the moral harms violation or rights violation result to as a lack of computer security (Hepworth, Rooney, Rooney & Strom-Gottfried, 2016)? We get to see that in case a system is undermined, the software and the hardware that are valuable might become damaged or corrupted leading to service unavailability and money, time and resources loss. High economic costs might be incurred when trying to breach information security. Also, more data and that is of great value might be lost that has a great worth than the value of the hardware itself. This may cause a lot of economic loss. The data that is store might have cultural, personal, social value, as opposed to the value of the economy in case data loss or corruption occurs. The system data that might happen can cause emotional or psychological harm. Computer security breaches might even cause death or injury at some time. Examples of systems are like those for aircraft, air traffic control systems, systems for missiles launching, and medical treatment systems. There are other systems that might threaten life like for instance, systems for decision making, medical diagnosis, bridge designing systems etc.
Compromising information confidentiality can cause great harm and the violation of rights. The information confidentiality can be compromised by being accessed, copied and being disseminated by the third party (Dworkin, 2016). Actions like those might first do a violation of the rights of the property together with the intellectual property rights which are the rights of ownership and usage of the intellectual creations such as the industrial designs, artistic and literally works. The ownership of the information might be belonging to someone who has the authority to determine who can have access and use information. This happens when the information about the person that is being looked for in known to be private. Adding to both the property and the privacy rights violation, confidentiality breaching may cause a variety of other harms which results from dissemination and confidential information usage. For instance, the dissemination of a firm’s internal memo causes the firm’s reputation damage, and also confidentiality compromise of online credit cards transactions in online transaction security and also makes harm to the e-commerce and e-banking activity. The information availability compromise can if they are international or prolonged, violate freedom rights, specifical rights to freedom of information and free speech (Liu, Kong, Cen, Gong, & Xiong, 2015). The right of accessing and using public information is known as freedom of information. Arguments have been made that access to information is becoming a human right to the citizens in the information age. This is due to the fact that information is becoming a primary social good which an important resource for the success of people in society.
The act of shutting down information in a country could violate the citizen right to information. To add on this, the existence of computer networks is becoming an important medium of speech. The existence of e-mails, websites, bulletin boards, and other services are being used widely in message spreading and also in communication with others. When such services are blocked from being accessed, this is termed as service denial attacks or website hijacking. These are examples of free speech violation. Security measures that are normally put in place prevent such harms and protect rights. On the other hand, they can also cause harm and violate the rights. Sometimes you find that the security measures becoming very tight such that they even prevent the stakeholders from the information accessing or other services usage. Other times you find that security measures become discriminative in such a way that they exclude wrongly certain user classes from using the system, or maybe wrongly privilege some user classes over others.
The information below is addressing the actions that relate to the destruction, collection and the usage of the information that is personal and also help in the bringing organization to comply with the acceptable standards and principles of privacy (Ferreira, Kostakos, Beresford, Lindqvist, & Dey, (2015). The definition of personal information has been said to be the information about the identifiable individual but it is not in the inclusion of the title, name, business address or the employees’ telephone number. The following are the information about the recommendations of a client of a non-governmental organization NGO that has adopted the system My support.
Each and every office should be having clarifications and the documentation of its purposes for the personal information collection. The writing of these purposes should of formal quality and directing staffs and also should make statements on that personal information that the information collection should only be for document purposes. The personal information that is more sensitive should be gotten from an individual with complete knowledge about its usage according to the documentation purposes.=
The organizations that are collecting the information should ensure that the purpose and the consent of the information collection are communicated earlier before the actual collection is done. Obtaining of consent can be done in many forms with reference to the level sensitivity of the information. Instances in which the needed information for collection is sensitive, direct consent, in this case, should be found. On the other hand, implied consent is sought for the information that has low sensitivity. The discouragement of personal information should be advanced for the informal collection of personal information. These are like the rumor and the word of mouth unless confirmation with the individual is made and its consent obtained. In situations where the consent is insensitive, a different approach is the confirmation that the information with a different source that the consent together with its usage was given. For instance, in a situation where the members of the advancement staff advancement staff happen to hear an alumnus career appointment rumor and a confirmation of the rumor is made by the public news, then the consent application has been made. It is, therefore, reasonable to have the expectations that could be availed by the alumnus and also the information to a public new source if the there was no objection of the information that is being distributed and used.
A good example of obtaining consent is the provision of a box for checking on the graduation forms applications, giving an opportunity for the usage of the information for the activities that are student related like rising of funds. The organizations that are advanced ought to analyze the type of personal information differently after collection and establishment to make sure that proper collection consent and usage is achieved during the collection period. And finally, the task that the information will be used for should be stated in advance before recording is done.
Third recommendation
A system list containing the personal information should be compiled by the advancement organizations. In cases where these systems are applied in the manipulation and updating the development systems, data destruction should be made when the update is made. The areas that maintain a separate system that contains information that is personal, must make an assumption of administering requests for personal information access in that system. The same way, the information that is supplied ought to be put together as quickly as possible.
There should be formal information stating how information that is personal how it is supposed to be used and how it shouldn’t be used by the staff and each of the staff members is supposed to sign the policies. A procedure for signing by all staffs should be adopted. It might also be good for all staff to be signing off this kind of a statement annually as a constant reminder.
The requests for accessing the personal information for the third party should be conducted through the manager. In cases where disclosing of information that is personal is happening, documentation is supposed to be made in the record of donor and where no consent is given, advance donor permission should be obtained (Sicari, Rizzardi, Grieco & Coen-Porisini, 2015).
NGO’s ought to make a confirmation that signing of contracts should be made with any vendor when disclosing of information that is personal. The council, on the other hand, should make a review of all the contracts.
The advancement organizations should make a development of a comprehensive policy that is written on the collection, usage, and information usage.
NGO’s ought to come up with guidelines and the retention schedule for papers electronic files that contain information that is personal. The staffs that keep the files containing information that is a personal need to be aware of policies in advance. In case of the existence of old personal information that is not needed, it should be erased, destroyed or made anonymous.
NGO’s should develop strict policies that require individual verification before the access permission is given.
When an individual makes a successful demonstration of the accuracy or the incompetence’s of the personal information, the NGO ought to do information amendments as required. Policy development is supposed to be done for monitoring the verification process of the individuals that request to do an amendment on the information and an outline of the individual record of why and when the information was amended.
References
Corey, G. (2015). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Nelson Education.
Drachsler, H., & Greller, W. (2016, April). Privacy and analytics: it’s a DELICATE issue a checklist for trusted learning analytics. In Proceedings of the sixth international conference on learning analytics & knowledge (pp. 89-98). ACM.
Dworkin, M. J. (2016). Recommendation for block cipher modes of operation: The CMAC mode for authentication (No. Special Publication (NIST SP)-800-38B).
Ferreira, D., Kostakos, V., Beresford, A. R., Lindqvist, J., & Dey, A. K. (2015, June). Security: an empirical investigation of Android applications’ network usage, privacy, and security. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks (p. 11). ACM.
Hepworth, D. H., Rooney, R. H., Rooney, G. D., & Strom-Gottfried, K. (2016). Empowerment Series: Direct social work practice: Theory and skills. Nelson Education.
Liu, B., Kong, D., Cen, L., Gong, N. Z., Jin, H., & Xiong, H. (2015, February). Personalized mobile app recommendation: Reconciling app functionality and user privacy preference. In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 315-324). ACM.
Lustgarten, S. D. (2015). Emerging ethical threats to client privacy in cloud communication and data storage. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46(3), 154.
Pope, K. S., & Vasquez, M. J. (2016). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide. John Wiley & Sons.
Sicari, S., Rizzardi, A., Grieco, L. A., & Coen-Porisini, A. (2015). Security, privacy and trust in the Internet of Things: The road ahead. Computer networks, 76, 146-164.
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