A Phonocardiogram (PCG) is an audio-visual display of acoustic vibrations made in the form of cardiac sounds and murmurs by the heart. These are often obtained using an instrument called as Phonocardiograph. The study of such various types of medical recordings made during cardiac auscultation is often termed as Phonocardiography.Heart sound analysis is a detailed step by step procedure adopted during cardiac auscultation particularly aimed at careful diagnosis of cardiac diseases, long term monitoring of patient health, as a biometric tool for patient authentication and for teaching, education and research purpose.
Phonocardiograms reveal critical health related statistics that correspond to the proper functioning of the cardiac valves. Normal heart sounds have two important and fundamental components the S1 (lub) and S2 (dub) sounds. Presence of additional sounds generally indicate abnormality. A PCG with third sound could signal critical heart failure, whereas as presence of pathological murmurs might indicate the defective valves or orifice in the septal wall.
Phonocardiogram acquisition instruments are used for long time monitoring of patients suffering from various cardiac disorders. Real time Continuous monitoring helps the doctors to study the disease on a case to case basis and take necessary and corrective action. These Phonocardiogram instruments are now equipped with both wired and/or wireless technologies that make cardiac auscultation easy and user friendly. The new systems support telemetry thus enabling the doctors to serve the patients at remote locations where access to medical facilities is quite difficult.
The PCG signals are non-linear and non-stationary sound vibrations picked from the chest and that are usually associated with the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the cardiac chambers (atria and ventricles), the valve movements, and the blood ‚ow.
An acoustic stethoscope helps the doctor to identify four classes of sounds during cardiac auscultation:
Heart sounds show varying levels of intensity, frequency, duration, and quality [13]- [18]. PCG signals may consists of four heart sounds: the rst heart sound (S1), the second heart sound (S2), the third heart sound (S3) and the fourth heart sound (S4).
Murmurs are caused by turbulence in blood flow or vibration of tissues. In pathological cases, different murmurs may be caused by valvular dysfunctions. Murmurs may be systolic, diastolic or continuous throughout systole and diastole. Heart murmurs are frequently categorized by the timing (early, mid, late, or pan), intensity, duration, pitch (low, medium, or high), quality (blowing, harsh, rumbling or musical), and shape-configuration crescendo (increasing intensity), decrescendo (decreasing intensity), crescendo-decrescendo (increasing then immediate decreasing intensity) [6], [14- 18]. The pitch and intensity are related to the velocity of blood flow that produces the murmur. The timing of a murmur is crucial for accurate diagnosis.The systolic murmurs can be grouped into: The early systolic murmur of acute mitral
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