One of the most common chronic diseases of the respiratory system is bronchial asthma. This is responsible for affecting almost 300 million people on a worldwide basis. The guidelines of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) presents that the prevalence of asthma is estimated to be 1% to 18% (Wong et al. 2013). Bronchitis is seen to be a very crucial health problem for several people therefore, it is required to understand the problem and the process by which its prevalence can be reduced in our societies. Whereas in Asthma the airways become narrow and often shows swelling to produce some extra mucus. In Asthma, breathing process become very difficult and may trigger coughing, shortness of breath and sneezing (De Marco et al. 2013). In Australia, it is seen that many of the Australian citizens are suffering from bronchitis and asthma.
In the present study, the dataset obtained from the UTS hospital showed that the several patients were admitted in the hospital who were suffering from bronchitis and asthma. The affected population consisted of both older and the younger population, and females and males and they are admitted in this hospital due to the problem of asthma and bronchitis. Therefore there two disorders are presented to be serious problems in our societies and there is specific needs to study in detail to know how the problems can be lowered in our societies. The aim of the paper is to prepare a comprehensive report that will entail a specific analysis of the patients with asthma and bronchitis in UTS Hospital, and this report will help to take some measures which can be used to rectify these health problems. This report will help to answer the following research questions which are as follows:
What is the prevalence rate of bronchitis and asthma in UTS Hospital?
Method that can be used to reduce the cases of bronchitis and asthma in our societies?
A study showed that during the second half of the past century the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases increased considerably in most developed countries. Additionally in the recent times asthma and allergic diseases are the most common chronic non-communicable diseases among children, teenagers and adults up to middle-age (Accordini et al. 2015). Over the past decades, the prevalence of asthma has increased also in developing countries. Studies have shown that there are prevalence of mainly two types of bronchitis that include chronic bronchitis and acute bronchitis. Acute bronchitis improves and mostly lasts for 7 to 10 days and there is no severe effects. However, the patients can have a long- lasting cough that may last for two weeks (Varmaghani et al. 2016). Chronic bronchitis on the other hand is most of the time caused mainly due to smoking. Several symptoms are associated with bronchitis that include serious coughs where the patients may have thick mucus in their coughs, discomfort in chest and along with this feeling of shortness in breathing , tiredness. Studies show that this is a very crucial condition for the people of Australia and even more prevalent in the indigenous people of Australia (Backman et al. 2014). According to the reports chronic bronchitis is quite common in the regular smoker. In Australia, 18% of male smokers and 14% of female smoker are suffering from chronic bronchitis. In case of non-smoker people the number is 7% for the male population and 6% for the female population (Tai et al. 2014). This puts forward the fact that the individuals who are smokers mostly suffer from chronic bronchitis in comparison to those who are non-smokers.
On the other, another major issue by which most of the Australians are suffering from is Asthma. Although asthma can never be completely cured, however the signs and symptoms of asthma can be properly controlled. Several researches have shown that one out of 9 Australian citizens, is suffering from asthma and that makes total number of about 2.5 million people of total population having asthma. The study also showed that asthma is more common to the males of specific age group(age between 0 and 14 years) and more common to the females with age group of 15 years and above (Brozek et al. 2015). It is see that the rate of asthma disease is much higher to the indigenous Australians whereas the non-indigenous Australians are less prone to the disease and the number of Asthma affected indigenous Australians is almost double in comparison to the number of the non-indigenous affected Australians. The prevalence rate is higher in the lower socioeconomic areas whereas the rate is quite lower in comparatively higher socioeconomic areas. Generally, we can say that asthma is a alarming health issue in Australia and a huge amount of money is spent every year trying to reduce this problem (Islam et al. 2014).
As discussed above, asthma and bronchitis are key health issues that affecting many Australians and many people worldwide . There are various studies that have been done to address Asthma , and some measures also have been planned on how these diseases can be minimized. However, there are various large gap regarding research and circulating awareness about these diseases to all the citizens of Australia. However ,Many people don’t have adequate information about those diseases and how they also don’t know about the prevention policy, and that’s the key reason why the prevalence rate is so high in the people (Toelle et al., 2013). In addition to this, the available information is so inadequate and there is no detail way out of how these diseases can be rectified completely, and for this reason ,we shall come up with some implications that can help to improve the methods of addressing these diseases and also to prevent those diseases in Australian societies.
The UTS Hospital’s data was analysed in this section in order to access and address the prevalence of asthma and bronchitis in the hospital setting. The methodology implemented for this research uses the pivot tables which helps to sort the data, as the data set available is quite large in size. The pivot table not only sorts the data but also analyses it is able to summarize the available data along with recognizing it through segregating it into data tables and spread sheets. The variables provided AR-DRGs E69A, & E69B, were analyzed and their profiles were compared using the pivot table in the excel sheet.
From the comparison of the data of the variables, it was acquired that it was the female patients who were suffering and had to spend more time in the hospital in comparison to the male patients suffering from bronchitis. Several other observations can be made from the pivot table, which are represented using the bar graphs and tables, which helps us to understand to the prevalence of bronchitis and asthma in UTS Hospital and the entire of Australia.
The profile of the patients in AR-DRGs E69A, & E69B are as follows:
|
Bronchitis and Asthma without Complications |
|
|
General medicine |
|
|
Female |
|
|
53 |
|
|
Married |
|
|
22 |
|
|
Statistical discharge |
|
|
acute |
|
|
married |
|
|
Discharge by Hospital |
|
|
Private – single room overnight |
|
|
0 |
|
|
Australia |
|
|
Other |
|
|
NA |
|
|
J46 |
|
|
G72.2, F41.2, R25.2, K52.9, R40.0 |
|
Bronchitis and Asthma without Complications |
|
|
General medicine |
|
|
Female |
|
|
70 |
|
|
Divorced |
|
|
20 |
|
|
Overnight |
|
|
acute |
|
|
married |
|
|
Discharge by Hospital |
|
|
Public Patient – general & Psych |
|
|
0 |
|
|
USA |
|
|
Other |
|
|
NA |
|
|
J45.9 |
|
|
J22, G47.32, K21.9, R13 |
The diagnosis of the first patient shows that the patient is suffering from the following symptoms of acute severe asthma (J46). This is the primary diagnosis. The secondary diagnosis involves myopathy due to other toxic agents, mixed anxiety and depressive disorder, Non-infective gastroenteritis and colitis, unspecified and Somnolence.
The diagnosis of the second patient shows the primary diagnosis to be other and unspecified asthma. The secondary diagnosis involves unspecified acute lower respiratory infection, high altitude periodic breathing, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and dysphagia.
On comparison of the variables it can be seen that the first variable is for a patient who has no complications and then second is for patient who has complication related to bronchitis and asthma. Both of the patients are females however one of them is an older adult. The patient having complications is an indigenous individual whereas the non-indigenous individual is without complications.
On comparison of the variables of AR-DRGs E69A, & E69B, it was deduced from the pivot table show that the total length of stay (LOS) of female patients is 240 hours while the LOS of male patients is 153 hours. Additionally it was deduced that the average total stay in the UTS hospital of the female patient and the male patient was 393 hours. It can also be mentioned that since the LOS of the male patient was less, therefore male patients spend fewer hours in UTS hospital, however it was seen that the male patients spend more hours in the ICU. The pivot table shows that the ICU hours of male patients are 103 hours while the ICU hours of female patients are 63 hours. Observations were also made from the pivot table that revealed that bronchitis and asthma are widely prevalent in the people whose relationship status is single people in comparison to those who are married. The analysis of the pivot tables, showed that the LOS of the single people was higher than that of married people. While the statistics of males alone were considered, it was seen that the LOS of single men was 73 hours while that of married men was 66 hours. The pivot table also showed that most of the patients who are suffering from bronchitis and asthma were public patients who were general and Psych. They can be classified as the people belonging to the lower economical classes.
|
Male |
153 |
|
Female |
240 |
The bar graph above clearly shows that the ICU hours of the male patients are more than the ICU hours of the female patients.
|
Male |
103 |
|
Female |
63 |
From the pivot table, we can see that the single people had longer LOS than the married people. From the bar graph, it’s clear that the LOS of the single men suffering from bronchitis and asthma is longer than that of the married men.
|
Single |
73 |
|
Married |
66 |
From the results acquired from the given dataset of UTS hospital, it was inferred that the LOS of the female patients was longer in comparison to the male patients. However the ICU hours of the male patients were longer than the female patients even though their LOS were longer. This might be because the female individuals possess a stronger immunity in comparison to the males which acts as a reason that why in spite of being affected by bronchitis and asthma, the health conditions if the female patients do not worsen to that extend where they might be required to be admitted to the ICU for longer periods of time (Backman et al. 2014).
Another factor that was emphasised from the results was that single patients have longer LOS than married patients. One of the major factor which could contribute to these results is the fact that the number of single people who smoke and who take other drugs is generally higher than that of the married people (Lundbäck et al. 2016). From this it can be understood that the prevalence of bronchitis and asthma is higher in the single people.
Another observation deduced from the results was that the disorder was mostly prevalent in the native Australians that is the indigenous people is mostly associated with the prevalence of bronchitis and asthma. This might be because the genes of the indigenous are more prone to the disease as compared to the other Australians. The genes are involved in determining the immunity of the systems (Varmaghani et al. 2016).
There were various limitations present in the research included that the data presented was not quite comprehensive and the data was quite complex hence it was difficult to analyse the given data. Additionally very less amount of literature was present regarding the current trends of bronchitis and asthma in Australia hence no such reason was present to fully explain the prevalent situation in the UTS hospital.
The recommendations that can be presented regarding the prevalent situation includes that the individuals should avoid taking drugs and reduce smoking in order to reduce the risk of the disease. It is required for the general public to be more aware of the prevalence of the disease in order to reduce the risks. It might be also recommended that the individuals undergo regular checkups more often in order to monitor their health conditions and take appropriate actions if required.
Conclusion
From the entire project, we can see that bronchitis and asthma are major health problems which affect many people in Australia. The prevalence of these diseases varies depending on various factors as we have seen in the analysis. These diseases are serious health problems and need to be addressed and prevented using the measures we have discussed in the recommendations section, and sick people need to go to hospitals to be treated as early as possible before their health conditions can worsen.
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