To explore the prevalence of diabetes type 1 in women between age 18-24 in the UK
To investigate the impact of the social determinants of type 1 Diabetes among women aged 18-24 in the UK.
To assess the current UK policies in the light of the evidence about diabetes among young women
To assess the provision of the service promoted by the agency xxx in tackling Diabetes among women 18-24 in the UK.
This project aims to analyze and determine the efficiency of Type 1 Diabetes health plans in the UK, by considering the impact on social determinants for women aged 18-24. This projectwill also be highlight the future approaches, and health programs related to diabetes type 1, and assess the implementation of current policies by evaluating the health plan approach (Diabetes UK).
According to Atkinson et al. (2014), Type 1 diabetes is primarily a disease that usually ranges from infanthood to adulthood and which is common in the UK. Additionally, more than 80% of women aged 18 to 24, with type 1diabetes has a link to family health history. Also, the onset of diabetes type1 includes dietary issues and social determinants, such as poverty, education, social environment and lifestyle (Atkinson et al., 2014). About 2% of women in the UK younger than 20 years old have type 1 diabetes (Bernstein et. al,2013). During 20 and 40 years of age, 12% to15% off women with type 1 diabetes has evidence of diabetes symptoms and issues. The rates of type 1 diabetes in women of the targets age group have been increasing by 2-5% per year in the UK since 2005(Bernstein et. al, 2013). Approximately 1 in every 400-600 children develops this type of diabetes. It is found in 5% of all the reported cases in the UK (diabetes.org.uk 2016).However, diabetes is observed to be different in diverse regions and cultures. For instance, the highest rate of people living with type 1 diabetes includes Wales 6.7%, which has the highest values as compared to Northern Ireland 5.3% and Scotland 5.2% (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2011). The reson why diabetes type 1 was chose as the research question is because the project want to access the complex factors in the social and physical environments, have the profound effect on the health of the population. These elements are the social determinants of health and can be considered as the primary influencers of and predicators of health outcomes, including diabetes. Given the high rate of Diabetes type1 among women aged 18 – 24, it becomes significant to investigate further the impact of a social determinant of their health. Social determinants can be defined as the settings in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of women aged 18-24 in their daily life and food production, work environment, socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions (Dr.debprasadchattopadhyay & Mohamededouks, 2012; 2013). For disadvantaged population, the scramble to have a proper lifestyle leads to stress that are lead to spurring of biological and psychological responses. Stress leading to anxiety, depression, decreased energy and motivation are reflected by choices taken up by the population like tobacco use, alcohol intake and unhealthy foods. The negative consequence is on the changes of the functioning of the body cells. (Atkinson et al., 2014).
According to ‘NHS Choice’, diabetes is defined as a lifelong illness that affects individuals’ blood sugar level to become too high. Also, to this diabetes is also a condition where the amount of glucose in individual’s blood is too high because the body cannot use it appropriately. types of diabetes – type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, the difference between this two diabetes is that Type 1 diabetes it is easy to discover, this is because its growth is quickly indicated by many sudden symptoms. Such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, hunger and weight loss. [Diabetes.co.UK]. Type 1 diabetes depend on insulin intake daily for survival, without insulin injection, it can lead to shock or coma and even death. While Type 2 diabetes can be hard to discover because it ensures slowly, nevertheless if detected at an earlier stage, the risk of diabetes could be avoidable. Type1 and type 2 diabetes have the same symptoms, but as diabetes type 2 occur slowly [Diabetes.co.UK], symptoms sometimes can be unnoticed, due to these causes. However, in this research proposal diabetes type1 will be discussed. According to Daneman (2006), Diabetes can be caused by the immune system rescinding the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, at all ages of the women and in every ethnic group; however, this is more common in women aged 18-24 (Fabbri et al., 2008). Moreover, ethnicity, age, social status, risk factors, and lifestyles are the underlying factors that alter Diabetes Epidemiology mainly (Neinstein, 2014) for instance self-monitoring of glucose, and glycemic control is essential for Diabetes management, yet this routine is observed less in younger women of age 17 – 25 (Bryden and Neil, 2003). A number of studies have indicated that for Type 1 diabetes management, staying with the biological parents is the predictor of impact of socio-economic status. Moreover, socio-economically deprived groups may have less possibility for reflexive action due to their position in the social grading and may be more likely to take a passive role in the health-care encounter or completely disengage. (Hill et al 2015).
The research objective of the proposed research is to assess the layouts of the health plans relevant to type 1 diabetes among women aged 18-24 in the UK and to evaluate the implications and impacts of lifestyle and current policies regarding diabetes for females.
The major research objectives of this research are as follows:
To address objective 1, the following websites have used: NHS online, NNCG, etc. also research journals were searched for. The following keywords have been used: diabetes type 1, women 18 to 24, UK.
To address objective 2, the following databases have been researched: EBSCO, Online Journal Articles, SAGE Journals online, Science Direct, google scholars, etc… The following key words used are: lifestyle, diabetes type 1, women 18-24, UK.
Objective 3 is addressed by investigating the following policies: National Services Framework for Diabetes, National Diabetes Audit 2010.The following key words have been used: diabetes type 1, women 18-24, UK, social determinants, policies.
Objecive 4 To address the programms that support women among 18-24 with type1 diabetes, programms on #youtube cut is avaialable for these women to assess more information on how to maintain diabetes.
This research project focuses only on the UK when searching for literature. The study includes literature published from 2006 till present, to cover a 10 year period. Only information about women aged between 18 to 24 is included, to prevent confusion with different groups, whose experience of diabetes type 1 might depend of different factors. The literature reviewed covers mostly for primary research studies (that reports in findings the quantitative and qualitative methods of statistic to women with diabetic age 18-24, literature reviews, and policy document on women age 18-24 with diabetic).
This research shall be excluding any literature based outside of the UK when finding information. Furthermore, any study published before 2006 will be excluded from this research, it will not focus on above age, Non-diabetes will not also be discussed, Outdated book reviews or journals will not be used.
A literature search would be carried out with the help of secondary sources including journals, online publications, articles, book, and past researchers. This will utilise London Metropolitan University academic search and EBSCO mainly, including Type1 diabetes, women aged 18-24, Prevalence, social determinants, and policies. The database department of nutrition World health such as (WHO), Public Health, NHS, CCG.
The literature rewiew willexamin the prevelance of diabetes among women 18-24 in the UK and discuss the experience faced by this women, also the social determainant that links with type1 diabetes Chapter 3: It would consider the efficiency of UK policies in addressing diabetes faced by women with diabetes type1, the health and health of those women with type1 diabetes. Morever it will focus on the action for women and critically analyse one of its intervention responding to diabetes women. Chapter 4: This would include an appropriate conclusion, reflection, recommendations.
According to Society (2012), the symptoms, which frequently occur because of type 1 Diabetes in women aged between 18-24, include urine issues, tiredness, thirsty feelings, weight loss, and feeling inappropriate.
This research addresses and respect the anti-discrimination law that indicates that the right of women regarding diabetes type 1 to be treated equally. Through this project, the principles of ethics are followed, and the provisions for woman aged 18-24 are highlighted along with health promotion including lifestyle adjustments.
Health care practitioners needs to follow ethical principles when treating patients. Main, it is respect for autonomy, which means, healthcare practitioners must respect the patient, and understand that each patient is unique and they have rights to make their own decisions, even when that decision might abbreviate the patient’s life. The second principle is beneficence, which means the healthcare are obligated “to do good” and their actions must benefit patients and their support individuals. The next principle is non maleficence which is the duty to “do no harm”. So as sense of justice should persevere. Before giving any treatment care to the patients it is important for, healthcare practitioner to seek patients consent and healthcare practitioners must respect and support patient’s rights to accept or degeneration treatment and care (Kozier et al, 2008).
Beneficence is deed that is done for the benefit of others. Beneficent actions can be taken to help prevent and eliminate harms or to simply improve the situation of others. It is therefore doing of good; active goodness or kindness. This means that benefit for the participants are considered in order to prevent harm and remove harm.Utiliranism this principle states that any actions should be taken by adjudging the standard of right and wrong. This is a form of consequentialism and in this view can be combined or contrasted with virtue ethics holding moral good.Non-maleficence assuring that patients or administration clients are not affected by any medications.Justice: Justice is the philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. This refers to the act of fairness of patients in order to carry out the process in the appropriate manner. By providing justice individuals are treated the same, unless they are dissimilar in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved (Kozier et al,2008)The ethics principle that relates to the present research is beneficience. The research would be done for benefit of the population.(Kozier et al, 2008)
The initial two objectives of this dissertation are to investigate prevalence of diabetes type 1 in women aged between 18-24 in the UK and to investigate the impact of the social determinants of type 1 diabetes among women aged 18-24 in the UK. These two objectives are met through an analysis of existing, previously published literature in the remainder of this chapter. Each objective has been broken down into a number of subheadings to give a thorough overview of the subject matter and a detailed discussion of the current evidence in support of the findings
In 2013 there were about 3.2 million people who have been diagnosed with diabetes in the UK. And by 2025, it will be estimated that five million people will have diabetes in the UK. The current estimate of prevalence of Type 1 diabetes in women and young people under the age of 18 in the UK is one per 430 – 53012. The incidence of Type 1 diabetes in women under the age of 24 is 24.5/100, 00013. Furthermore in 2013, the prevalence of diabetes in the population across the UK was as follow England 6.0% Northern Ireland 5.3% Scotland 5.2% Wales 6.7% .(Diabetes.org.UK)
This represents a significant cost to the National Health Service (NHS); indeed, in 2011 type 1 diabetes was estimated to have cost the NHS £2 billion, and this is expected to rise to £4.2 billion by 2036 (Zhang & Longo, 2014)).
Studies conducted earlier found that in UK the males are more likely to be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes than females (Gale & Gillespie, 2001)Asearly research from the UK shows that white guys are more probable than white females to be determined to have type 1 diabetes (Gale and Gillespie, 2001)nevertheless, subsequent research has found that young females from certain ethnic groups and cultures have a much higher diagnosis rate than age equivalent males, with many of these studies finding that gender is a significant risk factor in the development of type1 diabetes (Rosen, 2013).Also research from the UK and Europe suggests that women with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of developing abnormally high blood cholesterol concentrations (Colllier et al., 2015) which is an important predictor of cardiac disease for these women aged 18-24. women who has type1 diabetescan also have a spontaneous pregnancy loss, disrupted menstruation and infertility (Johnson et al., 2014). Therefore this associated comorbidities highlight the need for tailored approaches and policies to control the onset and development of type 1 diabetes amongst young females within the UK.The rate of type 1 diabetes in this country is increasing, and this is a trend also observed internationally. According to the Indian Diabetes Federation, the top three countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes include China, India and USA (Hill et al., 2014).
Social determinants are recognized as an important factor associated with increasing incidence of diabetes. In addition to biological factors, it is necessary to address the social factors that affect the health outcomes. Environmental conditions greatly influence the health of individuals especially those living in minority communities. International research studies showed that social determinants (diet &nutrition and physical activity, and socioeconomic status) have a significant impact on a person’s physical health outcomes (World Health Organisation, 2015). The author in this section will detail the literature on the social determinants of type 1 diabetes with specific emphasis on women aged 18 to 24 years in the UK and further critically analyze its impact. The most important factors responsible for type 1 diabetes in women aged 18-24 according to (Albert & Davia, 2011) are “infective, and dietary”. Study by (Brazeau et al., 2008) showed that breastfeeding along with lack of food or over nutrition, auto immune dysfunction of maternal keys, weight gain duing pregnancy and anxiety, depression or any other stressful events are related to Type 1 diabetes and its prevalence.
Migrant studies extracted from (Tse et al., 2012) showed that prevalence of this type of diabetes increased , when people migrated from a place of low incidence to region of high incidence. It is indicative of influence of changes in the environment.(Tse et al., 2012).Aslo early intodution to cow milk has also triggred type1 diabetes among women 18-24
The primary social determinants of type 1 diabetes include diet and nutrition. From the research paper of Kagohasi & Otani, 2015, it is evident that introduction of fatty acid diet at the time of pregnancy offers protection to the child against type I diabetes. According to Knip et al., 2011 and Patelarou et al., 2012, the existence of carbohydrate-rich in infant’s diet along with breastfeeding for the short span of time may lead to a development of type I diabetes in that individual. However, the above researches were conducted in the small group of the population, and it is controversial that type 1 diabetes can be prevented by modification of maternal diet during and after pregnancy (Srinivasan & Craig, 2014).
Observational studies conducted by Nansel et al., 2014 showed that people of age group of 18-24 years old with type I diabetes have the higher frequency of eating poorer quality of meals outside the house. Increase in sedentary lifestyle due to time constraint to a preparation of nutritious food, long stay away from home and its related changes in food attitudes constitutes another social determinant of type I diabetes patients (Spencer et al., 2009). Similar findings were observed in the literature (Rovner et al., 2010; Tse et al., 2012; Kornides et al., 2014). Residents from the remote areas are less likely to access nutritious food owing to cost, limited transportation, low-income or small grocery stores with limited food options. Therefore, they are thus at greater risk of depression, anxiety and further development of chronic diseasesIn regarding to the impact nutrition and diet have on this women could be that, studies have shown that, whilst the diets of both male and female adolescents are now dominated by high sugar, high fat and high calorie as convenience foods, it is mainly females who have a tendency to skip meals in an attempt to control their weight (Niemeier et al, 2006). In addition, Kaufman and Augustson (2008) identified that adolescent females were more likely to commence smoking in an attempt to control their weight than males. Nishyama et al (2009) also showed that there is a significant connection between breakfast skipping, smoking and the development of type 1 diabetes.
.The correlation between consumption of nutritious food and prevention of chronic illnesses has been well documented in the research (Patton et al., 2015). Increase in fast food chain restaurants is the significant factor that increased the consumption of food with high calories and fat and reduced nutrients. United States have high mortality rate due to obesity and diabetes (Milton et al., 2006). Mc Donalds and Burger king’s inexpensive food packages have been biggest contributor to obesity in U.S (Penno et al., 2013)
A thorough literature review showed physical activity and obesity to be a major social determinant of type I diabetes and it may begin with the prenatal period. According to (Rasmussen et al., 2009), with the increase in maternal gestation weight gain of higher than 15 kg and BMI above 30gm/ m2, the likelihood of type I diabetes increases in individuals with pre-existing genetic risks. Similar studies conducted earlier in Europe supports the above data (Vlajinac et al., 2006). It is evident from the studies carried out by Cardwell et al., 2010 and Ponsonby et al., 2011 that higher risk of type I diabetes in individual correlates with the higher birth weight (> 3.5 kg).
The study was conducted in school going children, and the results can be extrapolated to a higher age group of people (18-24 years old). There is a direct effect of an absence of physical activity in women with type I diabetes aged 18 to 24 years old (Brazeau et al., 2008). As recognized by the literature (Dube et al., 2006) absence of physical activity in daily life is caused by time constraints due to the busy schedule, lack of awareness about health consequences of diabetes and obesity constitutes other social determinants of people with type I diabetes.
Type I diabetes develop from a combination of genetic, viral and social factors (Robbins et al., 2007). The key social determinants of type 1 diabetes for women aged 18 to 24 years in the UK include diet and nutrition, physical activity and obesity, and socioeconomic status; these will be the focus of the following section of this review.
Type 1 diabetes is associated with major complications and reduced life expectancy. Indeed, research from the UK and Europe suggests that women with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of hypercholesterolemia (Colllier et al., 2015), stroke and renal disease (Huxley et al., 2015), and reproductive problems, including spontaneous pregnancy loss, disrupted menstruation and infertility (Stenhouse, 2012; McGrogan et al., 2014). This further reinforces the importance of diabetes health programs in managing the social determinants of type 1 diabetes for young women in the UK.
People are recommended to self-monitor blood glucose; adhere strictly to medication, proper diet, and regular physical exercise (Ridge et al., 2014).
Research conducted by Zuijdwijk et al., 2013 recognized that there is a greater occurrence of type I diabetes amongst ‘socioeconomically-deprived populations’. This group of people has reduced feasibility to access preventive care plan against diabetes (e.g. insulin pumps, nutrition therapy, etc.). Several other studies showed relevance in this context (Milton et al., 2006). Owing to their poor economic condition, they are bound to purchase ‘inexpensive food items’ to make their ends meet. Material deprivation in these disadvantaged individuals has been evidenced to increase chronic stress levels, which further elevates ‘detrimental psychological responses’ and a likelihood of type I diabetes (Link et al., 2009). Treatment costs of such diseases increase economic burden and poverty, therefore, they sought to avoid expensive medications. Therefore, disadvantaged individuals have increased a rate of death and disability (Estrade et al., 2015).
Reports from Holman et al., 2015 suggests that this social inequality will become more apparent over time. However, there is a limited literature available that establishes the correlation between socioeconomic status and mortality in type I diabetes. The fact “socioeconomic status as a social determinant of health for people with type 1 diabetes” is also evident in (Hamer& Mishra, 2010), who identified cost as a significant barrier to accessing exercise facilities such as gyms and pools and adequate treatment plan for patients with type 1 diabetes.
Qualitative studies conducted by adults with type I diabetes showed that inefficiency to manage diabetes in these group of people correlated with poor educational attainment. Most of the people in the group left attending school below 17 years of age. Managing diabetes was too hard for this group of people. They exhibited “poor glycemic control” (Green &Thorogood, 2014). This study was one of the few qualitative studies identified for this review. Observational studies by (White et al., 2013) Lack of self-care behavior can be attributed to an absence of motivation, treatment care plan that is not “behavioral change-oriented” or difficulty to follow health guidelines due to societal influences. Ineffective communication between health care professionals and patients has proved to be a barrier to better utilization of health resources and optimize diabetes care (Alguwaihes& Shah, 2009). Studies with the larger group of a population with poor educational attainment showed limited physical activity and the higher likelihood of smoking cigarettes (Johnson et al., 2015).
Qualitative research is beneficial in the health field because it adds depth to quantitative findings, such as those presented throughout other sections of this dissertation. Additionally, the fact that very few studies relating to educational attainment as a social determinant of type 1 diabetes were obtained from this review indicates that a significant gap exists in the literature.
Chapter 3 will provide a brief poliies strategies, legislation for type1 diabetes and also in support for this type1 diabetes, furthermore it will also critically analyse the impact this poliies have on women with type1.
Critical Assessment of Policies, Strategies, Legislation for Type 1 Diabetes in the UK
Policies that are present for Type 1 diabetes in the United Kingdom can be found in thedocument namedNational Services Framework for Diabetes that is published by thedepartment of Health (2001). The purpose of the document is to clarify the policies set revolving around the diagnosis and clinical management of patients having type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the UK. The document is underpinned by the concept that self-management is the central element of effective diabetes care (Department of Health, 2001: p. 4). However, the time frame of this document is 15 years, as mentioned at the time of writing the document and there has been no recent updates taken into account. NHS is making good progress in relation to the aspects of diagnosis and clinical management of patients suffering from diabetes. This includes the improvement of self-management and management of Type 1 Diabetes (Department of Health, 2010: p. 9). This implies that there lie possible chances of having biasness (Hurley, Denegar&Hertel, 2011). However, there lies the strength of use of objective data, for example, the data obtained from the National Diabetes Audit 2010 (Department of Health, 2010).
The policies mentioned and discussed in the present section support a range of strategies that are to be utilized for the management of Type 1 diabetes in the country. Recent examples of strategies encompass strategies to provide assistance to general practitioners for improving the management and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in primary care settings; strategies for decreasing health risks for patients with type 1 diabetes and strategies for improving the health literacy of patients with diabetes. For the second case, the strategies include the Cardiovascular Strategic Clinical Networks for the management of cardiovascular risk and for the third case it includes e-learning modules on the use of medications and insulin. Other strategies include those for reducing the risk of inpatient mortality for patients having type 1 diabetes. This includes the Think Glucose” toolkit that aims to assist glycaemic control n health care settings and tariffs on care services for putting penalty for resulting in adverse clinical events in type 1 diabetes, like ketoacidodis and hypoglycaemia (NHS, 2014). The strategies may have not been directly connected to woman aged between 18 to 24 years, all the strategies are relevant in this context of the research.
It needs to be mentioned in this context that legislation for type 1 diabetes in the UK is based on the legal protection of the basic rights of patients suffering from type 1 diabetes. As mentioned by Diabetes UK (2016a)- the main body of the type 1 diabetes in the UK- the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Northern Ireland) and the Equality Act 2010 (England, Wales and Scotland) are responsible for preventing discrimination made against patients suffering from type 1 diabetes in connection to employment recruitment and retention. Employment recruitment and retention forms an issue prevalent among woman of age 18 to 24 years. In spite of the fact that there lies no direct link with woman of age 18 to 24 years, it is inevitable to state that legislation have been passed for taking care of these young patients of type 1 diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2016b). Such acts include the Children and Families Act 2014 and the Education Act 2002. In addition, a legislation is present that restricts the advertisements used in relation to promote unhealthy foods that has indirect but strong connection with the risk of developing type 1 diabetes (Barclay, 2012). This is the only legislation that has evaluative data. Interestingly, there is an indication that restrictions on advertisements may not be having significant impact on the extent to which children view advertisements promoting unhealthy foods (Adams et al. 2012). The finding also applies to woman in the age of 18 to 24 years. At the end, in spite of the presence of the evidence supporting the impact of legislated tax on drinks and food those are sugar-free on reduction of burden of diabetes, no such tax have been put in practice in the UK (Leicester &Windmeijer, nd.).
A number of organizations are present in the UK that are accountable for delivering health care services for type 1 diabetes patents that include woman aged between 18 and 24 years. One organization among the bunch of such effective organizations is Diabetes UK. This forms the topic presented in the case study taken up in this dissertation. The orgnisation has been indicated as leading charity orgnisation caring for patients and connecting with campaigns on behalf of the whole population affected by diabetes and the risk of it. The organization plays its role in imparting information so that people are empowered to self-manage their diabetic condition in the suitable manner (Diabetes UK, 2016c, NP). It can be stated that the organization is the largest diabetes orgnisation in the whole country and therefore forms the case study context. Moreover, as mentioned in the previous parts of the dissertation, there lies imperial evidence that education related to health is to health is the main social determinant of health. This notion is implied to the UK as well as the other countries across the world (Albert &Davia, 2011; Kilgour et al., 2015). For patients with type 1 diabetes this is of more relevance (Hill et al., 2015). Diabetes UK focuses on the stipulation for diabetes health education and this is directly linked with the dissertation topic.
A varied spectrum of services are provided by Diabetes UK that serves suitably for the increasing number of type 1 diabetes patient in the UK. As identified, the programs put in place have the spotlight on education impartment. Examples of such progressive programs include the “Living With Diabetes Days”, aimed at enhancing the ability of patients to take care of their complications themselves. Services provided by the organization include the “Putting Feet First” educational campaign based on the topic of diabetic foot ulcer. Apart from this, some educational programs are conducted that are meant of the public. These include the “Diabetes Epidemic: Tonight” television show (Diabetes UK, 2014). The programs may not be particularly targeted for woman between the age of 18 and 24 years, but they are having significant connection in the context of the dissertation. One very important educational program supported by the Diabetes UK having relation with the woman aged between 18 and 24 years is #Type1Uncut YouTube channel. This program has been described as an online channel of videos that are made and designed with collaboration with the young people from the country (Diabetes UK, 2014: p. 8). The people talk about the matters that are significant to them and include issues related to diabetes and peers and families, study, work, sports, intimate relations and friendships (Diabetes UK, 2016d).
Diabetes UK takes up the responsibility by making the financial information overt. One such approach is by publishing the information in a clear manner in the Annual Report (Diabetes UK, 2014). In this report, it has been stated that the annual income was £41.8 million in 2014. The majority of the amount came from the membership fees and donations. The rest came from charitable activities, legacies and own investment and trading activities (Diabetes UK, 2014). Almost 30 % of the annual income is utilized for education program that supports self-management for the patients. The #Type1Uncut program has been taken up as the subject in the following section of the dissertation. The program was funded by a donation made to Diabetes UK in 2013 from the Garfield Weston Foundation (Diabetes UK, 2016d).
As the previous section of the dissertation notes, Diabetes UK delivers a range of services for people suffering from type 1 diabetes in the UK. The relevant service made for woman in the age group 18 to 24 years is the #Type1Uncut YouTube channel (Diabetes UK, 2014; Diabetes UK, 2016d). The program aims at educating young people on daily issues faced as a result of being a type 1 diabetic patient. The information empowers the patients to self-manage their conditions (Diabetes UK, 2016d). The #Type1Uncutwas started based on the fact that if patients can talk about how it feels like living with the health disease, it becomes easier for them.
This particular program has a number of positive points. The main focus of the program is immensely consistent with the objective of self-management pointed out in the policy documents of the National Service Framework for Diabetes (Department of Health, 2001) as well as the Action for Diabetes (NHS, 2014). Consistency also lies with several other self-management strategies outlined in e-learning programs out in place by the NHS (2014). Online education plays an important role in imparting education for type 1 diabetes as indicated by the international literature Nicholas et al., 2012; Grey et al., 2013; Ho, O’Connor &Mulvaney, 2014). On the contrary, it must be noted that there lies some limitations of the programs like #Type1Uncut in that there lies a risk of having misinformation due to publication of personal narratives that are unscreened and online buying. Issues also are present regarding the safety and online privacy.
This research have demonstrated the experience of the literature research regarding the social determinants of diabetes of women aged 18-24 in type 1. Through this research proposal, it is determined that the overall development of this research regarding the effectiveness of Type 1 Diabetes health programs in the UK are interconnected with the social determinants, environments, age concerns and many other factors. With the help of this research proposal, a proper layout has been created according to the experience, findings of the literature and discussion.
Conclusion
This project provides the findings about Diabetes based health program for women in the UK and the way. The women expressed the etiology and epidemiology of diabetes type with issues and wide-ranging problems. Moreover, this research proposal has determined the influence of legislations and policies in tackling the Diabetes issues among young women. It has concluded how the government is reacting to any encouragement and the diabetes type 1 problems that may occur among the young women.
Moreover, it has concluded the understanding of the research process regarding different aspects of methodology. The essential factors regarding diabetes type 1 are analysed for the determination and understanding of the differences between primary and secondary research. It has analysed the policies, legislation, and ethical values regarding Diabetes type 1.
While doing this projeton type 1 diabetes on women 18-24, it is recommended that the governmnt should enhance awareness among women 18-24 to form healthy living style. Investing more on Dietitian centres to fascinate and inspire women for physical activities as a part of healthy life style to help women with diabetes type1 with their nutrition. It is also recommended that women with diabetes type1 to take resistor of their health, Maintain a healthy weight, keep fit regularly, also to meet up with their blood glucose goals as closely as imaginable and to test blood glucose level regularly and at dangerous times.
In this reflection, I will discuss and reflect upon the experience I had during this project onType1 Diabetes Health Programs In The United Kingdom With A Focus On The Social Determinants Contributing To The Disease For Women Aged Between 18-24 Years Old using the Gibbs theory. In order to help with my reflection I have chosen Gibbs (1998), as the model to help with my reflective process. Gibbs reflection cycles give a clear description of a situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience and analysis to make sense of the experience thus what I could probably do if the situation arose again.
Through personal reflection, I have captured and evaluated my overall improvement in this project.
Description:
Before writing this project, I had a different understanding on Diabetes Type1, because I always believed that the age group of the young women that will have diabetes will be even more older than the age of 18-24, but after my findings when embarking on this project, I discovered that the age group of young women with diabetes can be as young.
Feeling:
Like I mentioned in my rationale before, that type 1 diabetes is primarily a disease that usually ranges from infanthood to adulthood and which is common in the UK.
Evaluation:
During this project, what I enjoyed most is searching for the relevant literature to use for this project; therefore I had to dedicate all my time and energy into doing it. The only negative experience I had in this project is that it can be time consuming and it get to a point where I was discouraged and I nearly ask for an extension because I should have done more finding on my research question, Apart from this, overall experience I really enjoyed doing it because it increased my knowledge and understanding of research greatly.
Analysis:
The period of days and time I spent at the lecture and most especially the seminar session before we finished. And it really helped me in doing the project.
Conclusion:
Reflecting back now, I have learnt about how dangerous Diabetes can cause on these young women can be presented with complex and wide-ranging problems. Also I have learnt about how diabetes type1 can have a bad impact on women, and how the government are responding to patients with diabetes type 1 and problems that may occur among the young women. Also, project has helped me in developing and understanding what research process is all about, especially when it comes to the different forms of method application that can suite certain forms of research. Also, my understanding of the differences between primary and secondary research is seen as a valuable knowledge toward the dissertation.
Action Plan:
For future research I would ensure that I start the research on time in order to avoid late submission; I would also make sure I go to the library more, in order to have a great idea on how to do research finding from the librian ,most especially the CELT session to get more help to improve my writing skills in research and have more confidence in written work.
References
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