Discuss about the Private and Confidential Health Care.
The health status of the Indigenous population across the world differs according to their historical, social and political state of affairs. The disparities between the Maoris and non-Maoris in health are part of the history of New Zealand. Morbidity and mortality are important aspects of health and healthcare of any country. Morbidity rate is an assessment of the frequency of an event making it known or occurring in a defined population. (Ardagh, Richardson, Robinson, Than, Gee, Henderson … & Deely, 2012). It can be said that morbidity rate is a broad statistic that related to the likelihood of developing or contracting a certain illness or event. In simple words, it is a rate that shows the incidence diseases across the population in New Zealand per year. The mortality rate is the number of deaths during a particular period of time among a particular type or group of people. These two aspects are linked with the life expectancy of New Zealand (Dahlen, Tracy, Tracy, Bisits, Brown & Thornton, 2014).
The differences are present in morbidity and mortality between M?ori and non-M?ori males and females. The gap stuck between the M?ori and non-M?ori males and females are narrow because the health of the M?ori has improvement from past four years but still, there is important premature morbidity and mortality. It is the fact that the M?ori experience an additional load of morbidity and mortality throughout life, beginning with a higher infant mortality rate. The mortality rates are decreasing which results in high life expectancy of New Zealand. This shows that mortality rate is linked to the life expectancy of the people. The gap between the male and female death rates is narrow; the death rates of a male are more as compared to the female, this result in high life expectancy of the female in New Zealand. The females exceeded the life expectancy at birth by 3.7 years in the year 2012-2014 (NZ Herald, 2017).
The life expectancy rates at birth are increasing for M?ori and non-M?ori, the statistics for the year 2012-2014 is discussed below:-
The infant death rates of M?ori and non-M?ori varies, for the year 2012-2014 the M?ori rate was approximately 6 per 1000 infant (0.59 percent). The infant death rate of male is more as compared to the female, 0.65 approximately is the rate of male infant death rate and for a female, and it is 0.55 approximately. The infant death rate of non-M?ori is low as compared to the M?ori because the infant of M?ori gets affected by more of the diseases or the health facility provided to the M?ori is not appropriate which result in death (Satats NZ, 2015).
The gap in the middle of the M?ori and non-M?ori life expectancy has decreased from past few years. In the year 2005-2007, a non-M?ori people were likely to live 8.2 years more than the M?ori person, the gap between the M?ori and the non-M?ori has been fallen to 7.1 years (NZ Herald, 2015).
M?ori and non-M?ori male and female rate of Morbidity varies because both the community faces different types of diseases. The causes of death are categorized in two different ways by age-standardized morality rated and by years of life lost. The table shows the ranking of the diseases that affect the M?ori and non-M?ori people.
|
Maori |
Males |
Females |
|
· Ischaemic heart diseases · Suicide · Diabetes · Motor vehicle accidents |
· Lung cancer · Ischaemic heart diseases · Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases · Cerebrovascular disease- stroke · Diabetes |
|
|
Non- M?ori |
· Ischaemic heart disease · Suicide · Lung cancer · Cerebrovascular disease- stroke · Motor vehicle accidents |
· Ischaemic heart disease · Breast cancer · Cerebrovascular disease- stroke · Lung cancer · Colorectal cancer |
The above tables show that the ischaemic heart disease was leading cause of disease which leads to the death of Maori males and both non-M?ori males and females. Lung cancer was a leading cause which is faced by the M?ori females that can lead to the premature death (Ministry of Health, 2015). Suicide is a second leading disease for M?ori male and this became a reason for premature death for Maori male, it leads to the death of the non-M?ori males as well. M?ori suicide rates are twice as high as of non-M?ori in the year 2010-2012 (Ministry of Health, 2015). This disparity is more for the females of the M?ori, the females of the M?ori families commit suicide twice as non-M?ori females. The male and females of the M?ori families try to hurt themselves intentionally and this sometimes leads to the death of the people, indirectly contribute to the suicide rates. The M?ori males and females hurt themselves more than the non-M?ori peoples (Ministry of Health, 2015). These diseases are faced by the people more frequently and became a reason for premature death and ill health in New Zealand. Hence, the suicide rate of M?ori is more than the Non-M?ori peoples of New Zealand. There are many common diseases which are faced by the both Maori and non-M?ori males and females (Denny, Farrant, Cosgriff, Hart, Cameron, Johnson … & Ameratunga, 2012).
Considering the Morbidity and mortality of New Zealand, the morality rates get affected due to the diseases. The rise in the mobility rates leads to the more death opportunities which result in a rise in the mortality rates of New Zealand. The health and health care of both Maori and both non-M?ori males and females matters a lot. There are some factors which create an impact on the diseases and death rates in New Zealand. These factors can be Social, cultural and economic factors of the country that affects the health and leads to the disparities among the people.
The social, cultural and economic factors can create an impact on the health of the people. The major factors that are included in the social and economic factors are income and poverty, employment, occupation, education, and culture. Income; Income is one of the factors that can create an impact on the health and well-being of the people (Cesare, Khang, Asaria, Blakely, Cowan, Farzadfar … & Oum, 2013). The income inequalities are increasing in New Zealand from past few years, the link between the poverty and the ill health is clear. The financial week people lead to the illness and premature death in the country. This is the reason people don’t take admissions in the hospitals on the occurrence of diseases. This shows that income is the major factor which leads to the premature death of the people if the people will get the treatment on time they will be able to survive (Whiteford, Whiteford, Degenhardt, Rehm, Baxter, Ferrari, Erskine, … & Burstein, 2013). This shows that distribution of income not only creates the difference between the rich and poor people but it also leads to the disparities in the health of M?ori and non-M?ori.
The culture and ethnicity of New Zealand can create both positive and negative influence on the health of the M?ori and non-M?ori male and females. The healthy dietary patterns, exercise habits, and the behavior towards the health can impact the incidences of the disease. The diseases hamper the health of the human being and these diseases might lead to the death of the people (Pool, 2013). The government of New Zealand should try to make the people aware of the healthy habits. These healthy habits and healthy diet should be adopted by the people so that they will be able to keep themselves healthy. M?ori and non-M?ori male and females who are educated, are focused towards their health and they make sure that they are able to keep themselves healthy (Smith, 2012). This proves that education is one the factors that lead to the diseases, the high-quality general education, and health education is lacking somewhere.
The people are not aware of the habits will impact the health; in case the M?ori peoples are aware then they might not be able to change their behavior towards the health. This is not all about the education but it shows the social behavior of the people. The social behavior factors influence the people for the positive health factors along with the negative health factors (Viner, Ozer, Denny, Marmot, Resnick, Fatusi, & Currie, 2012). Knowledge of the healthy behaviors is sometimes not enough to bring the changes in the health of the people, along with knowledge there is need of motivation health behavior that can influence the people to improve the health conditions.
According to the recent study by North Health in New Zealand shows that the socioeconomic inequalities in health care in the northern region is increasing the discrimination among the standard of living which affects the healthcare facilities and impact the incidences of the disease. The effect of socioeconomic factors on health is increasing in New Zealand. There are different cultural interpretations of health. The M?ori word Hauora had a broader meaning than the physical well-being and includes wairua, whanau and hinengaro aspects as well as important cultural elements such as land, language, environment and extended family. The culture of the M?ori and Non-M?ori vary as the M?ori people are indigenous and are over-represented in a lower socioeconomic grouping. This culture of the society influences the incidences of the disease. Many of the ethnic difference in death and disease rates in New Zealand are believed to relate to differences in the socioeconomic status of different ethnic groups (Smith, 2012).
The lifestyle of New Zealand leads to addiction of many things, these things might be not good for the health of the people. The lifestyle of New Zealand is very advance, this is the reason most of the people smoke on daily basis. More of the M?ori smoke as compared to the nation- M?ori people. The habit of smoking leads to many health-related diseases that can create an impact on the Morbidity rate. The habit of smoking leads to the respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in lungs in adults and these diseases leads to the premature death of the people. Smoking at home can influence the children’s to start smoking at an early age and leads to the childhood illness. This is because of the lifestyle of New Zealand; people believe that smoking will add on to their status (Connor, Kydd, Shield, & Rehm, 2015).
The people who are suffering from diseases and are unhealthy might die; this enhances the death rates of the people who are ill will not be able to survive for the longest time and will result in the premature death. It is fact, that the life expectancy of a country is increasing continuously which shows that the death rates are reducing as compared to the previous year. This is possible because of the steps were taken by the government to reduce the disparities and to improve the health conditions of the people. Though, it is also true that there are many diseases that lead to the premature death of the people. Apart from diseases, there are factors like suicide and roads accidents.
The suicide in New Zealand contributes to the death rates of New Zealand. The reason behind the suicide by the males of M?ori and non-M?ori is poverty, high rate of influences, pressure or emotional and mental challenges leads to the suicide of male (Ministry of Health, 2015). In the year 2014, the suicide proportion of M?ori men of all age group is 1.4 times more than of non-M?ori. This leads to disease and death rates in New Zealand (Illmer, 2017). The road accidents lead to the death of both M?ori and non-M?ori males, the death rate of a country is also affected because of these accidents.
The ministry of the health in New Zealand said that Maori people have a high rate of the mental health and the addiction as compared to the non-M?ori people. The rate of mental health of M?ori people increases 33.4% in last years and for non-M?ori, it is 18.5%. According to the disability survey 2013, the M?ori people experience more Psychological/psychiatric disability which is 7% and Non- M?ori people faces disability 5%. The diabetes statics of New Zealand shows that it is continuously increasing, the rate of from the year 2007 to 2014. This disease is commonly found in people having the age group of 50-54 to 85+, this disease is continuously increased for M?ori and non-M?ori people. The M?ori people are likely to suffer from the violence; the M?ori adults were approximately 2.5 times as compared to Non- M?ori and because of this, they die from assault and homicide (Ministry of Health, 2015). The disparity was high for males; the M?ori males were 4% times high then the non-M?ori males.
The main factors that lead to the death in New Zealand are cardiovascular disease and cancer. Most of the M?ori females are affected by the diseases like breast cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer and many others. This disease of cancer is more in females of M?ori than the non-M?ori females. The males of the M?ori are also affected by the disease of lung cancer; the rates of mortality are 3 times of non-M?ori males. (Hawton, Saunders, & O’Connor, 2012)
The government of New Zealand follows some of the strategy and acts (M?ori health strategy, New Zealand public health and disability Act 2000, New Zealand Health Strategy 2016 and many others) that help to enhance the health and well-being of the M?ori people and families. It is clear from the difference between the M?ori and non-M?ori male and females that M?ori faces more issues related to the health as compared to the non-M?ori peoples. The ministry of health of New Zealand is concerned about the health of the people of New Zealand. The strategies followed by the ministry of health shows that government is concerned for the health and they are taking steps to develop the health condition and to reduce the disability.
The ministry of health in New Zealand is a concern for the health and well-being of the M?ori; they want to bring the improvement in the health. The implementation of the M?ori health strategy will bring the development in a context of health and disabilities (Ministry of Health, 2017). The objective of the strategy is to support the families to accomplish the maximum wellbeing and health. The poor health of the adults of the M?ori made the ministry to provide the services to the community so that they can avail the services provided by the government (Ministry of Health, 2017). The ministry provides the benefits so that more and more people can take the admissions in the hospitals.
DHBs have an objective to reduce the health outcome disparities; this improves the health outcomes for M?ori and another population group. He Korowai Oranga is the government strategy that is formed to bring the improvement in M?ori health and dropping the health inequalities for M?ori (Ministry of Health, 2014). Disability may lead too many problems and New Zealand government don’t want that M?ori people are facing inequalities. The national health target is formed to reduce the disparities in the country but if in case there is still a presence of disparities that the DHBs have to form the target again so that they will be able to reduce the health disparities (Boulton, Tamehana, & Brannelly, 2013). The effectiveness of DHBs initiatives need is there to reduce disparities for M?ori.
The New Zealand health strategy 2016 sets the way for health services to increase the health of communities and people. This strategy is formed by the government on the basis of old strategy which was formed in the year 2000. The new strategy which is developed is now doing to be a direction for the New Zealand health system for next 10 years. The policy going to be followed till the year 2026, the ministry of health will identify the next 27 places where they would like to implement the strategy (Ministry of Health, 2016). This helps to increase the health of the communities (M?ori) and people (non-M?ori). The aim of the strategy is to bring the changes in the culture that improves the health of the people.
It is recommended to the ministry of the health to form a policy to bring the changes in the culture and the social behavior of the people that influence the people. New Zealand passed an amendment to the Smoke-Free Environment Act 1990, but this is the high time to upgrade that act so that people start focusing on the act and implement that act (Been, Nurmatov, Cox, Nawrot, van Schayck, & Sheikh, 2014). The act covers all the places like indoor public workplace and hospitality venues, but now the government should add on some more restriction so that children’s in the house don’t get influence with these habits. This will help in reducing the death as well as diseases rate.
The government should focus on the economic factors that are creating the impact on the disease and death rate. The income distribution is becoming a barrier for the people and becoming a reason of less registration in the hospitals that affects the health. The gap between the income of the M?ori and non-M?ori is generating the disparities, the ministry of health could have provided favor in terms of the money that helps the people financial, and they will not feel the burden of same. This is the way that helps to address the disparities in New Zealand (Ministry of Health, 2014). This will also help the government in reducing the suicide rates in the country which directly affects the death rates. The ministry of health can organize few programs with the NGOs that help in generating the awareness about the healthy diet and the exercise that improve the health conditions of the people. The awareness is required to reduce the heart diseases which is a major reason for the premature death of the M?ori and non-M?ori male.
The paper shows that the mortality and morbidity rates are focus points for the government. The New Zealand ministry of health is working on it so that they can bring the improvement in the health conditions and reduce the disparities. The M?ori and non-M?ori males and females both are suffering from the health problems; there is a difference between the mortality rate and mortality rate of both M?ori and non-M?ori, the M?ori is having high mortality and morbidity rate as compared to the non-M?ori. There are certain factors that can impact on the disease and death rates in New Zealand. The government plays a vital role in reducing the factors impact so that they can enhance the life expectancy of the country.
The M?ori people are suffering more that is the reason the ministry of health taken a step to bring improvement in the health conditions of the people. The M?ori health strategy was formed with a motive to improve the health and reduce the disparities. The gap between the M?ori and non-M?ori is declining and this is the reason company is now focusing on health which is clear with the implementation of New Zealand Health Strategy 2016.
References
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