Discuss about the Professional Project Financial Statements.
Financial statements are prepared by the organizations to keep a record of the economic transactions carried out by the business. There are broadly three types of financial statements prepared by the companies such as income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. These statements are prepared in accordance with the accounting standards established by the regulatory authorities of the country (Gordon, Loeb & Zhu, 2012, p.383).
Accounting is considered a thriving profession in Australia. There was an increase in the number of professionals to 140000 in 2005-2006 as compared to 100000 in 1996-1997 (International recruitment services for Australia and New Zealand, 2007). Despite of this increase there continues to be shortage of accounting professionals in Australia. The Federal government of Australia has classified accounting professionals on the Migrant Occupations Demand List. In order to cope with the shortage of skilled professionals, the government in collaboration with universities have dedicated efforts towards providing specialized education and upgrading the skills of the accounting professionals. Besides this, implementation of several acts such as Uniform Companies Act and Uniform Tax Act are aimed at establishing standardized business taxes at the federal level. Besides this, The Companies Act provides information related to disclosures and preparation of the company’s financial statements so as to comply with the disclosures of Australian Stock Exchange (Jackling & Keneley, 2009, p.157).
The accounting standards established by Australia comply with the international standards (IFRS) and US Generally Accepted Accounting Standards (US GAAP). The Australia accounting standards are developed by Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) for public, private and not for profit organizations. Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 establish the functions and powers of the AASB (Jackling, 2007, p.33).
Accounting is considered as a best profession to accelerate the business career of an individual. The main reason behind this is that accounting is considered as a main tool and language of a business. It takes into consideration with the bottom line and activities of the business. In addition to this, several changes have been occurred in the accounting profession due to increased government regulations and changes in technology, globalization, frequent changes in tax laws, and occurrence of restructuring and downsizing of corporations. Due to frequent changes in the business environment, there is an increased demand for accounting professionals in the businesses in Australia due to presence of shortage of accounting skills. Accountants are considered as professionals that has dynamic and prestigious role of financial experts, management consultants, system professionals and budget analysts. In addition this profession is best suited to women as they exhibit the business responsibilities of accounting profession in an effective manner. There is a presence of several job opportunities in the accounting profession (Jackling, 2007, p.37).
In all the different forms of businesses such as public companies, private companies, government and not for profit organizations. the public accounting firms ranges in size from single practitioners to international firms that provide different services to businesses and individuals such as tax, auditing, accounting and consulting services. In such organizations, accountants gain exposure and experience that helps in the development of new skills required to perform the job. Besides this, there are some characteristics of accounting professionals which include the following. The accounting professional requires expertise and full knowledge of the accounting profession in order to attain customer satisfaction. In addition to this, the professional has to consider the requirements of the client and exhibit loyalty towards the practitioner and perform different activities in a professional manner. In today’s business environment, the organizations do not exhibit smooth functioning of different business activities in the absence of the accounting professionals (McPhail, 2001, p.292).
The main reason behind it is that the accounting professional keep a record of different economic transactions carried out by the company for the purpose of assessing of the sales and profitability of the business. The different stakeholders of the accounting profession include government, investors, employers, business, clients, credit grantors and financial community. In addition to this, it also includes professionals who are dependent on the integrity and objectivity of the accountants. Professional accountants are required to conduct an ethical behavior that does not consider selfish commercial view. The selfish commercial view has a meaning that the accounting professional not only focuses on making profit but also consider providing services to clients in a social responsible manner. The three obligations of an accounting professional are that the professional should possess the knowledge of the accounting profession (Aranya, Pollock & Amernic, 1981, p.274).
Besides this, the priority should be given to the interests of the clients over their own interests and fulfill the duties and responsibilities to serve to the public. It is requisite for the professional to accept the social responsibility to serve to the interests of public. It is the necessity of the accounting profession that the professional should do or perform activities in the interests of its clients. This facilitates in gaining recognition and high status in the profession by the professionals (Cooper & Robson, 2006, p. 426).
Definition of the Project
Nowadays, majority of the multi-national companies prepare financial statements in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Emergence of globalization has resulted in the adoption of the common accounting language i.e. IFRS standards for the purpose of preparing financial statements. This is because the companies have expanded their businesses across national boundaries due to which they find difficulty in making comparison of the financial position of one company with another (Kargin, 2013, p.74). This states that the adoption of IFRS by the companies helps in making comparisons with other companies across international boundaries or nations. The project mainly focuses on the analysis of the impact of adoption of IFRS on the financial statements of the companies in Australia (Uchenna, 2016, p.127).
The main problem faced in the accounting profession is that there is an adoption of the adequate accounting standards by the companies so that the stakeholders or users of the financial statements can make easy comparisons with other companies in order to make effective and efficient decisions. Companies adopt different standards for preparing their financial statements such as generally accepted accounting principles in different countries like UK GAAP, US GAAP, Australian Accounting Standards. This results in difficulty in making comparisons of the financial position of different companies in different countries (Cheong, Kim, & Zurbruegg, 2010, p.136).
The first three adopter countries of IFRS include Australia, UK and France. The introduction of the IFRS helps in increasing the pervasiveness of the earnings management in these countries. The sharing of the information by the companies of different countries does not result in the formation of the common language of the accounting. Besides this, there are different factors such as national institutional factors, and management incentives play a important role in the formation of the financial reporting standards adopted internationally (Stent, Bradbury & Hooks, 2010, p.101).
Along with this, different regulatory bodies such as IASB, European Commission and SEC have made efforts to collaborate the mentioned factors rather than collaborating different accounting standards. The mentioned problem is crucially for the accounting profession as it results in the difficulty in comparing the financial position of different companies operating in different countries. This is the main reason to adoption of the IFRS standards by the companies so that investors and other users of the information evaluate the financials of different companies to make accurate decisions related to investment in the company (Muller, 2014, p.979).
The main aim of the project is to evaluate and investigate the reasons behind adoption of IFRS for preparation of financial statements and its impact on the financial statements of the companies (Brochet, Jagolinzer & Riedl 2013). For the purpose of attaining this aim, there is a requirement of achievement of the following objectives.
Research questions of the study the impact of IFRS in financial statement.
The researcher will evaluate the policies and accounting factors related to the expected application of IFRS by various countries in the world. This research will expand the conceptual framework and the cost and benefits correlated with the adoption of IFRS (Stockinger & Leitner-Hanetseder, 2014). This research will be carried out on several parameters like requirement of presentation as well implication. Moreover, through this research study, the analytical power and knowledge of various techniques and tools of IFRS.
The structure of this research will be carried out as follows:
Chapter-1: Overview of IFRS
This section will involve the introduction IFRS, applicability of IFRS, advantages and disadvantages of adoption of IFRS on financial statement and the problem or issue related to accounting profession is identified.
Chapter-2: Literature review
This section will state the details of the research and its implication, limitation of the study
Chapter-3: Research Methodology
This chapter will explain the research approach, research design, data collection method, data source, data analysis. The problem is explored by the use of secondary sources of data collection such as books and scholarly articles. First of all a number of books are searched by the use of keywords related to the topic i.e. impact of IFRS on financial statements. After searching sorting of the books and journal articles and websites is done and the books and journal articles is selected to create a background of the research. the next step is to review the information collected from different literary sources in order to create the background of the research. After this, the solutions of the problem are identified. After this, the solutions of the problem are identified
Chapter-4: Research time
This section will explain the time horizon that is the requirement of time for the study and Gantt chart for the study
Chapter-5: Conclusions and recommendation
This section will state the summary and findings of all the chapters and the recommendations, if any.
As per Jeanjean & Stolowy (2008), nowadays companies eager to adopt a common language of accounting i.e. IFRS for the purpose of preparation of the financial statements. It facilitate the users of the financial statements to make comparisons with international companies for the purpose of making effective decision (Kargin, 2013). Approximately 100 countries allow the adoption of the IFRS standards by the companies so as to provide easy comparability of the companies in terms of financial performance and positions in different financial periods (Jeanjean & Stolowy, 2008, p.488; Istrate, 2014, p.472).
In a similar manner, Holthausen (2009) states IFRS is adopted across different countries in the world which provides several benefits to the companies. This helps in providing a uniform set of the accounting standards to be applied to record different transactions carried out by the businesses. The adoption of the IFRS facilitates in easy cross country comparisons of firms and results in transparency in the operations carried out by different businesses across the world. It is also requisite that the economic and institutional factors become similar across countries for the purpose of building economic viability of the adoption of the IFRS standards (Chua & Taylor, 2008, p.468; Bragg, 2010, p.182). Apart from the accounting standards, there is a presence of other factors that helps in the determination of the financial reporting outcomes (Holthausen, 2009, p. 453; Istrate 2014, p.480).
According to Heykal, Siagian & Iswandi (2013), it is essential for the banking firms to reduce the risks which are encountered by them by the use of IFRS standards as it facilitates in overcoming the competition at the global level. This also results in increasing the level of transparency of the operations carried out by the banks. Public companies such as banks use Statement of Financial Accounting standards to prepare financial statements as it takes into consideration different corporate types of public companies and corporate banking services. The statement of Financial Accounting Standards is keen to adopt IFRS in the year 2012 by making necessary adjustments in GAAP to attain consistent performance (Heykal, Siagian & Iswandi, 2013, p.1248; Chua & Taylor, 2008, p.472).
As discussed earlier, International Financial Reporting System or commonly known as IFRS, has a significant amount of impact on the various components of financial statements. There are different kinds of component of financial statements that can be changed by the effect of IFRS (Farrugia, 2014). For the successful completion of this research process, it is important to discuss the details of the effects of IFRS on financial statements. At the time of acquisition, all the values of the identified assets are taken into consideration based on book of those assets (Mardini, Crawford & Power, 2015). However, in case of IFRS, at the time of acquisition, the values of the assets are taken into consideration based on the fair value of those assts. This process of IFRS has an adverse effect on the profit of the firms as this process reduces the profit of the organization. On the other hand, this accounting process of IFRS can affect the profit and loss account of the companies (Hellman, Andersson & Fröberg, 2016). There are companies all over the world that operates through structured entities. These entities are called special purpose entities. This type of entities are common in some accounting processes like sub-contracting arrangements, outsourcing, acquisition of the lands and many others (Cordazzo, 2013). however, this rule is different in case of IFRS. In the rules and regulations of IFRS, all these kinds of entities have to be consolidated through a auto-pilot mechanism of IFRS. This process of consolidation affects the profit and loss account of the consolidated companies along with the net asset and gearing position of the companies (Brochet, Jagolinzer & Riedl, 2013).
This is the requirement of IFRS to classify the financial instruments as the liability of the companies. For instance, the redeemable preference shares are considered as the liability of the companies and the preference dividends are considered as the cost of the companies (Müller, 2014). According to the rules and regulations of IFRS, the foreign currency convertible bonds are divided into two parts. They are loan liability and conversion option. This process has an effect on the financial statement of the organization. This process affect the profit and loss as well as the profit of the organizations. There are companies all over the world that do not measure the derivatives on the fair value method. Hence, these organizations do not get the true and actual value of those derivatives (Christensen et al. 2015). However, under the rules and regulations of IFRS, the derivatives of the companies are calculated based on the fair value method. As a result, these companies use to get the opportunity of hedging process. This process measure the effectiveness of those derivatives in the market. On the other hand, due to not adopting the fair value method, the other companies cannot avail the opportunity of hedging (Christensen, Hail & Leuz, 2013).
Al the companies under the rules are regulations of IFRS, consider these activities as the combination of operating and financing activities. Under IFRS, the revues are identified on the fair value basis. The process of IFRS lowers the company’s net profit before tax. Hence, it can be understood that there is a negative effect of this process on the financial statements of the organizations (Pratt, 2013). One of the major effects of IFRS on the financial statements of the organizations is that it demands the companies to disclose all the relevant and necessary financial information in the financial statement. As per IFRS, it is important to disclose all the financial information in the financial statement as the investors are heavily depend on the financial statements in order to judge the financial health of the c companies. On the other hand, the proper disclosure of all the accounting as well as financial information assists the auditors at the time of their audit operation. Hence, from the above discussion, it can be said that the IFRS has an great impact on the financial statement of the organizations (Ahmed, Neel & Wang, 2013).
Little research has been done on the comparison between IFRS and countries generally accepted accounting principles. Besides this, there is a scope of research on different aspects of the research topic such as importance of the adoption of IFRS in place of locally generally accepted accounting principles for the purpose of providing easy comparability of the financial performance and profitability of the companies.
Research Philosophy:
The recent research attempts to investigate the impact of International Financial Regulatory system on the financial statements of the business organization. For this reason, a well-constructed methodology needs to be taken into consideration so that a positive philosophy can be implemented between the research process and the literature review of the research.
Research approach is one of the major steps to carry on a research process. There are two types of research approaches; they are Inductive research approach and Deductive research approach. Inductive research approach helps to develop new set of theories and concepts from the research process. On the other hand, deductive research approach helps evaluate different concepts and theories based on the collected data and information. Various streams are there for IFRS research methodology. One stream identifies the effect of IFRS application on the quality of earning and discovers mixed outcomes. Another side of research is finding out the relevant value of IFRS with compared to the local GAAP. The third objective of research is to identify the effect of IFRS application on the capital cost. There are various other ways to identify the factors that affect the transition disclosures of IFRS;
The research design states the method through which data collected as well as the extent to which the procedure is required. It is a methodical plan that emphasizes the research type as exploratory, descriptive or casual.
Exploratory research: Exploratory research identifies the ideas and gaining insights of the research. It is carried out get an idea about the situation, hypothesis and the correlation between two related variables. This type of research is conducted through depth interviews, literature review and analysis of case studies.
Descriptive research: Descriptive approach is the design to identify the common objectives of the business. It is carried out to observe the research objectives through various research limitations. It further identifies the stiff pattern related to research. Two common method of descriptive research are longitudinal studies and cross sectional studies.
Casual research: Casual research are carried out to produce significant result with strong proof. This is primarily a associated design that carries out the essential testing for cause and effect correlation. It also states the impact of one variable on another variable like field experiment and laboratory experiment.
For the purpose of this research, explanatory research design will be considered. In explanatory research design, the dada are collected from both primary and secondary sources; then they are evaluated and explained based on the evaluation to get the desired result.
Research strategy is important for the smooth conduct of the research process. It highlights the primary objectives for collection of data and the methods through which the data are collected. The data can be segregated based on the quantitative as well as qualitative nature of the data.
Quantitative method: This type of research is normally followed to hypothesis, that is experimental as well as descriptive in nature. The research process is deductive type as it uses scientific knowledge for hypothesis test.
Qualitative method: This method explains the focusing through interpretive as well as naturalistic and includes subjectivity matters. This method interprets the occurrence related to the understanding of the people. this method collects data through open ended sources that are already constructed socially and historically.
This study will be conducted through qualitative secondary approach and the data can be collected based on surveys, interviews and questionnaires. In order to judge the impact of IFRS on the financial statements, a survey will be conducted on a group of financial managers and financial employees.
Various websites will was used for the process of data collection. The websites are public site and available to all. Data collected from all the listed companies under Australian stock exchanges. The objective of the research is to collect the data from all the listed companies for the period before the implementation of IFRS and after the implementation. 10 industry sectors has been evaluated for changes in stock prices as dependable variable and independent variable for industrial sector. The changes in stock price is evaluated between the pre – implementation and post – implementation of IFRS.
Table 1: t tests
(Source: The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Key Financial Indicators, 2017)
The above table includes the analysis of each financial ratios during the pre-implementation period and the post implementation period to evaluate if any considerable differences exists in the mean ratio of pre and post implementation. The appropriate sample size was 62 companies.
Table 2: F tests
(Source: The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Key Financial Indicators, 2017)
The above table shows the changes of stock price after the implementation of IFRS to analyze if any considerable changes involved in the post implementation period. The financial ration is also evaluated for price to sales ratio and it involved 217 companies. The appropriate size for the sample as selected was 128 companies.
The table below shows the justification for selecting sample size:
Table 3: F tests
(Source: The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Key Financial Indicators, 2017)
Initially, 248 companies were considered, however, few companies were excluded. Data of few companies were excluded as they were not available for some pre or post implementation period. The incomplete data were because of missing of one year or more than one year’s data. However, the company that were not selected were of small component and had minimum impact. The data included in the research was considered as true representation for the entire population as no sample data was randomly selected.
Paired sample were used to to test the hypothesizes and to analyze whether considerable differences were there in pre and post implementation period. Multiple regression analysis were carried out for all the models to get the best-fit model for the used data and the methodology of the study. Covariates are used for the adjustments of variables. The covariates that were used in the study was changes of price stock for the post IFRS period.
As stated by Singleton and Straits, the chi-square test is the most appropriate and widely used method to measure the significance for independent variable. 95% interval was implemented for exactness of all the dependent variables against the evaluation of time. Additionally, Omni-bus method can compare the fit model against the intercept model. The Chi-square model was used to test the impact of dependent covariates and variables. The test is based on the linear independent pair comparisons between the expected marginal means and addresses the concerns (The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Key Financial Indicators, 2017)..
Limitation of the study:
The research will face the following limitations:
The timeline for the study states the total time requirement for the study. In the 1st week the problem of the research will be identified. In the next week, aims and objectives of the study will be established. The literature of the research will be reviewed in the 3rd and 4th week. Data collection will be carried out in 5th week and finally, the solution of the research will be identified in the 6th week.
The Gantt chart is as follows.
|
Particulars/Time in weeks |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
Identification of the problem |
||||||
|
Establishment of aims and objectives |
||||||
|
Reviewing of the Literature |
||||||
|
Data collection methods |
||||||
|
Proposed Solution to the problem identified |
Table 1: Gnatt chart
(Source: Created by author)
Conclusions and Recommendations:
IFRS adoption is a large move for the business organizations, government and the accounting regulation board. For every good move, there are associations of some demerits. IFRS cannot be implemented for the financial statement unless the personnel associated with the statement are provided with proper training. Training should be provided free of cost or at very reasonable price. In some circumstances, the companies have to employ additional financial personnel who are well trained about IFRS, which in turn may involve extra cost. Another obligation is that the companies have to develop their information technology to apply the IFRS (DeFond et al. 2014). The updation will also involve extra cost for the company. IFRS will enable the firms to conduct international business and preparing the financial statements in better way. IFRS is getting importance throughout the world as consistent, single framework for accounting and located to become the prerequisite for GAAP in the future. Approximately 100 countries have already started applying or planning to move into IFRS application. There are considerable variances among economic and legal environment. The implication of various accounting frameworks in various economic transactions generates conflicts for the users of financial statements. These conflicts directs to insufficiencies in the money market worldwide. Thus, the growing difficulties related to globalization and business transactions of money market demand for a single set of better quality international accounting standards. This research is important, as it will provide direct evidence related to the relevancy of IFRS from the financial aspect.
References
Ahmed, A. S., Neel, M., & Wang, D. (2013). Does mandatory adoption of IFRS improve accounting quality? Preliminary evidence. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(4), 1344-1372.
Aranya, N., Pollock, J. & Amernic, J. (1981). An examination of professional commitment in public accounting. Accounting, Organizations and Society 6 (4), 271-280.
Ball, R., Li, X., & Shivakumar, L. (2015). Contractibility and transparency of financial statement information prepared under IFRS: Evidence from debt contracts around IFRS adoption. Journal of Accounting Research, 53(5), 915-963.
Billabong. (2016). Reports. Retrieved from https://www.billabongbiz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=154279&p=irol-reportsarchive
Black, E. L., & Maggina, A. (2016). The impact of IFRS on financial statement data in Greece. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 6(1), 69-90.
Bragg, S.M. (2010). IFRS Made Easy. John Wiley & Sons.
Brochet, F., Jagolinzer, A. D., & Riedl, E. J. (2013). Mandatory IFRS adoption and financial statement comparability. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(4), 1373-1400.
Brochet, F., Jagolinzer, A. D., & Riedl, E. J. (2013). Mandatory IFRS adoption and financial statement comparability. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(4), 1373-1400.
Cheong, C.S., Kim, S. & Zurbruegg, R. (2010). The impact of IFRS on financial analysts’ forecast accuracy in the Asia-Pacific region: The case of Australia, Hong Kong and New Zealand. Pacific Accounting Review 22(2), 124-146.
Christensen, H. B., Hail, L., & Leuz, C. (2013). Mandatory IFRS reporting and changes in enforcement. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56(2), 147-177.
Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M., & Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?. European Accounting Review, 24(1), 31-61.
Chua, W.F. & Taylor, S.L. (2008). The rise and rise of IFRS: An examination of IFRS diffusion. J. Account.Public Policy 27, 462-473.
Cooper, D.J. & Robson, K. (2006). Accounting professions and regulation: Locating the sites of professionalization. Accounting, Organizations and Society 31, 415-444.
Cordazzo, M. (2013). The impact of IFRS on net income and equity: evidence from Italian listed companies. Journal of applied accounting research, 14(1), 54-73.
DeFond, M. L., Hung, M., Li, S., & Li, Y. (2014). Does mandatory IFRS adoption affect crash risk?. The Accounting Review, 90(1), 265-299.
Farrugia, C. (2014). An analysis of the impact of IFRS 13 fair value measurement on local listed entities (Master’s thesis, University of Malta).
Gordon, L.A., Loeb, M.P. & Zhu, W. (2012). The impact of IFRS adoption on foreign direct investment. J. Account. Public Policy 31, 374-398.
Hellman, N., Andersson, P., & Fröberg, E. (2016). The impact of IFRS goodwill reporting on financial analysts’ equity valuation judgements: some experimental evidence. Accounting & Finance.
Heykal, M., Siagian, P. & Iswandi. (2014). Impact Analysis of Indoinesian Financial Accounting Standard Based on the IFRS Implementation for Financial Instruments in the Indonesian Commercial Bank. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 109, 1247-1250.
Holthausen, R.W. (2009). Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting Outcomes, and Enforcement. Journal of Accounting Research 47 (2), 447-458.
International recruitment services for Australia and New Zealand. (2007). The Accounting Profession in Australia. Retrieved from: https://www.skillmatching.com.au/node/16
Jackling, B. & Keneley, M. (2009). Influences on the supply of accounting graduates in Australia: A focus on international students. Accounting and Finance 49, 141-159.
Jackling, B. (2007). The lure of permanent residency and the aspirations and expectations of international students studying accounting in Australia. People and Place 15 (3), 31-41.
Jeanjean, T. & Stolowy, H. (2008). Do accounting standards matter? An exploratory analysis of earnings management before and after IFRS adoption. J. Account Public Policy27, 480-494.
Kargin , S. (2013). The impact of IFRS on the value relevance of Accounting Information: Evidence from Turkish Firms. International Journal of Economics and Finance 5(4), 71-80.
Kargin, S. (2013). The impact of IFRS on the value relevance of accounting information: Evidence from Turkish firms. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(4), 71.
Lavi, M.R. (2016). The Impact of IFRS on Industry. John Wiley & Sons.
Mardini, G. H., Crawford, L., & Power, D. M. (2015). Perceptions of external auditors, preparers and users of financial statements about the adoption of IFRS 8: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 16(1), 2-27.
McPhail, K. (2001). The other objective of ethics education: Re-humanising the Accounting Profession-A study of ethics education in law, engineering, medicine and accountancy. Journal of Business Ethics 34 (3/4), 279-298.
Müller, V. O. (2014). The impact of IFRS adoption on the quality of consolidated financial reporting. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 976-982.
Muller, V.O. (2014). The impact of IFRS adoption on the quality of consolidated financial reporting. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 109, 976-982.
Pratt, J. (2013). Financial accounting in an economic context. Wiley Global Education.
Stent, W., Bradbury, M. & Hooks, J. (2010). IFRS in New Zealand: effects on financial statements and ratios. Pacific Accounting Review 22(2), 92-107.
Stockinger, M., & Leitner-Hanetseder, S. (2014). What Impact does the Application of IFRS 11 have on (European) Companies? An Empirical Study of the Impacts on Selected Financial Statement Figures and Key Financial Ratios. ISSN 2168-0612 FLASH DRIVE ISSN 1941-9589 ONLINE, 208.
The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Key Financial Indicators. (2017) (1st ed.).
Uchenna, E. (2016). Economics and Political Implications of International Financial Reporting Standards. IGI Global.
Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E. (2009). Financial Accounting. John Wiley & Sons.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download