Proposal For Endorsement Of Ice Cream – A Case Study Of Sumore Diary Ice Cream Limited

Sumore’s organisational goals, requirements and facilities for supplying ice cream

Title: Proposal for endorsement of ice cream – A case study of Sumore Diary Ice Cream Limited

a. Information on goals and requirements of Sumore for supplying ice cream in Singapore

Mr. William Sumore, an Italian descent, who started his business in ice cream making out of his interest in ice cream making. He had a brief career as a specialist in frozen desserts and sandwich making. Sumore started a business as a business partner with the renowned candy-maker Mr. Andy Cohen and in 2001 they started a small ice cream factory in Yorkshire. This was the time when both of their knowledge clicked and they became an award winning combination. Now, recently the directors have decided that they need to expand their operation outside United Kingdom. Franchise could be the best possible means of expansion in the major ASEAN countries.

The strategic goals of expansion are as follows:

1. To provide the premium ice creams at an affordable rate to the consumers
2. To set up four new franchise outlets in Singapore
3. To plan to further expand in three other ASEAN countries
4. To use similar tools from the partners and suppliers of ice cream

The requirements to start the Sumore ice cream shops can be listed below:

1. Space for outlet:The primary and most vital requirement is the space for opening up the outlets where ice-cream will be sold or served. It should be quite a large space that many visitors can accommodate in the outlet all at a time (Arbuckle). Moreover, in order to decorate the outlet in an attractive manner, large space would be required.
2. Machines and equipments:In order to prepare ice cream and sorbet, the necessary machines and equipments are required that is another requirement (Hirano). The labours should be trained properly that they can find it easy to operate the machines.
3. Labours:In order to prepare and serve the ice cream, labours are required and this is the third requirement. There should be staffs for serving ice cream to the visitors. At least there should be more than 12-15 labours in each outlet who shall be responsible for taking care of the overall work starting from preparation of the ice cream to serving and cleaning (Dowlati et al.).
4. Start up cost:As the concept of this business is new, it would require the start up cost for the business. This cost is also required for the training of the employees who shall be responsible for the preparation and serving the ice cream (Sunilkumar et al.).
5. Licenses and Permits:The business needs to be aligned with the government policies. Thus, checking with the licenses and the permits is important so that the particular company is not trapped in any kind of legal obligations. It is also required to check with the political and socio cultural background of the country as well to be safe in delivering services (Soo d et al.).
6. Other requirements:Other necessary requirements for the establishment of the business include storage space, cooking or serving equipment and the serve ware as well. Of this, a cold storage space for storing ice cream is important point of consideration (Hettiarachchi and Illeperuma).

The facilities that are to be proposed here for an outlet are to serve about 200 customers on a daily basis. The outlet aims at selling about 25kg of ice cream daily in each store. The proposed facilities are as follows:

1. Sitting arrangement:The ice cream franchise is meant to serve about 200 customers on a daily basis and so there should be adequate chairs and tables for the customers who can come and enjoy their ice cream with their friends and family (Clarke). If possible, there can be arrangements for kids and children as well who can spend good time at the outlet.

Fig: Proposed decoration of the ice cream outlet

(Source: Google images)

1. Good interior with lights and air conditioners:A good interior is equally important for an ice cream shop. In order to make the interior beautiful and soothing, it is recommended to use proper lights and other equipments that would create a better atmosphere, so that the visitors can enjoy their time. In fact, the interior can also include certain facilities for children and infants as they are also an important group of consumers.
2. Toilet and hygiene facilities:There should be proper arrangement of good toilet or washrooms that can be used by the customers who visit the particular outlet.
3. Parking:Since, the proposed idea is for 200 customers, it is expected that there will be parking facilities for the visitors as well. At least there should be parking for 50-60 cars.
4. Proper accessibility and hygiene condition:The outlet should have enough space and comfortable enough for the people who visit the outlet. In addition to this, there should be proper arrangements that the outlet remains in hygienic condition.

a. Regulations (NEA/AVA) for preparing and supplying ice cream:

In order to assist with the licenses for keeping the hygiene standard, National Environment Agency or NEA has developed a set of guidelines and educational materials. The food operators are responsible for implementing the listed guidelines to make sure that the food served to the people is safe for consumption and that it is wholesome (Varela et al.). The licenses that are issued should also use the published educational materials for educating the major food handlers and the service staffs to be good on the housekeeping, quality of food and for personal hygiene practices as well. The aim of this standard is to maintain a high standard of food safety and personal hygiene in food establishment and restrict any kind of unpleasant or costly incidents that might cause food borne diseases (Mariod et al.). The regulations to be followed for preparing and supplying ice cream according to the NEA guidelines can be stated here:

1. Maintaining personal hygiene:For individual serving, ice creams are served instantly and so the one who serves the ice cream needs to take care of the personal hygiene. Therefore, washing hands thoroughly with soap and water in occasions like going to the toilet, after a break, after cleaning and even after handling money is important (Sun-Waterhouse et al). One need to keep the finger nails short and clean that prevent entry of germs and bacteria. The one preparing the ice cream should not wear nail polish and should cut the nails short in order to maintain hygiene.
2. Regarding utensils and equipment used for preparing food:The utensils or the appliances that are to be used for the preparation of ice cream and sorbet should be clean and hygienic. In fact, those appliances should be washed properly with proper soap and water, and sanitizers as well if required in order to remove germs (Kizilkan et al.). In fact re useable paper cups should be used for serving ice cream.
3. Usage of portable water for food preparation:It is very important to use portable water for the preparation of food. The food graded ice should be used for the preparation of ice cream and sorbet. The ingredients should be obtained from authorised suppliers who supplies good quality food.
4. Checking proper ingredients to be used for the ice cream:The ingredients to be used for the preparation of ice cream should be selected accordingly that would not hinder any hygiene or food standard (Cheng et al.).

AVA regulations:

The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore has set regulations for both the domestic as well as imported food products.

1. Dairy products to be sourced from reputed countries:It has been found that many dairy products are affected by epidemic diseases that could cause terrible diseases. The products should be free of any kind of adulterates that might cause harm to the consumers (Henderson). It is also mentioned that the country can import products from certain other countries only which are not affected by any kind of disease causing germs.
2. Strict regulations on labelling:The product labelling and the marking should be marked carefully so that there remains no confusion among the consumers at the time of purchasing a particular. In addition to this, the marking should have all the information related to the product that none of the consumer is mislead towards the product (Katengeza et al.).
3. Availability of variety of products:It also falls under the regulation of food standard that there should be availability of variety of food items to be offered to the consumers. In case of ice cream and sorbets this would definitely include variety of products including food with high sugar quantity and low sugar quantity, so that people suffering from any kind of disease can easily choose from the variety of foods available to them (Wirtz et al.).

The government regulations on ice cream

In addition to this, this regulation also suggests that the packaging should also contain all the details of the products like the name of the seller, date of manufacturing and expiry date, the quantity of ingredients and the percentage of each nutrient present in the ice cream should also be mentioned in the packaging. The product should contain lesser amount of sweetening agents that could result in some serious health issues.

a. Information from General Mills Asia for two types, flavour and price of ice creams in Singapore market:

As commented by Catherine Henderson, Singapore market is full of uncommon ice creams and ice cream lovers. The markets in fact also try their hands in variety of ice creams in order to create a market where every kind of ice cream lover can get their ice creams. Of many flavours of ice creams starting from egg ice cream to salty ice cream that is available in the market, two most popular types of ice creams can be highlighted here:

1. Gelato:Gelato is Italian ice cream recipe that is much denser than the standard American ice cream recipe. Gelato is very popular in Singapore and other Asian countries. This type of ice cream contains more amount of milk than that of cream. The idea is to churn the milk at a slower rate so that there is less air and the flavour becomes more intense and pure (Tan et al.).
2. Sorbet:Sorbets are another fruit and ice cream product that is very popular in Singapore. Sorbets are famous because it does not contain any kind of dairy product. These are much deeper in taste than the tradition forms of ice creams. It has a soft and icy structure and it is popular in US, UK and the Singapore market as well.

The flavours of ice creams that are available in the recent time can be a mix and combination of anything and everything. Ranging from fruits, honey or vegetable flavours; ice creams are even available in egg and bacon flavours as well. To name a few different flavours of ice creams that are really popular and likable in Singapore, these are,

• Apple pie ice cream
• Black walnut ice cream
• Butter scotch ice cream
• Chocolate ice cream
• Cookie dough ice cream
• Grape/Mango ice cream
• Vanilla flavour ice cream

If the price of ice creams to be considered, it is usually sold in terms of per scoop. The cost of ice cream usually ranges from $3.50 to $6.

b. Comparison of two brands of various ice creams in local and international market

As mentioned earlier, Singapore market has variety of ice cream products and brands. Most of the brands are from UK and USA and there are less numbers of Singaporean brands. Two of the most popular brands can be compared here in terms of both domestic and international markets.

1. Haagen Dazs:

Haagen Dazs’s ice creams are available in every part of Singapore and are favourite brand of ice cream for the ice cream lovers. In fact, there are no other brands as well that can compete Haagen Dazs. The most popular flavour is the coffee flavour. This has made it the most popular and favourite brand of all. It has been found that Haagen Dazs occupies almost 14% of the market share in Singapore (Lwin et al.).

Internationally, this brand is famous in US. The brand had started with only three flavours and now offers many flavours. The company is known for the rich flavours. It has been evident that in USA is the highest consumer of Haagen Dazs. Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland and UK come after USA. One unit of this ice cream costs up to $35.

1. Ben and Jerry:

Market needs for ice cream

Ben & Jerry is another American company that manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbet. There are varieties of flavours offered by this company. Ben & Jerry and Wall’s are the two major competitors in the market of Singapore. In Singapore, the market share is 8.4%.

This brand is equally popular in other countries of UK and USA. This ice cream has a unique reputation in the market because of the nutrient that this ice cream has (Duruz and Gaik). In USA as well, this ice cream brand has captured almost 8% of the market share. It has generated revenue of 461.3 million USD. Among the top ice cream flavours, chocolate, vanilla and the cookie dough ice cream are the leading flavours of ice creams.

c. Singapore market needs on ice cream:

Lau et al. identified that the liking for ice cream varies from one country to another. There are many selective styles that are available in certain countries around the world. The hot weather of Singapore easily convinces Singaporeans to go out and tray an ice cream. Among the variety of ice creams, gelato, sorbets, soft serves and ice cream sticks or popsicles are common forms of ice creams. People always have craved for something new and they keep trying new flavours and new types of ice creams every now and then. The details of the forecast sales of ice cream by subsectors can be presented here:

i. Forecast sales of ice cream by Subsector: S$ value 2010-2014

S$ million	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Impulse ice cream		38.92	39.16	39.37	39.56	39.72	39.88
	Single portion diary ice cream	21.49	21.60	21.68	21.75	21.79	21.81
	Single portion water ice cream	2.63	2.53	2.45	2.38	2.31	2.25
	Multi pack dairy ice cream	14.80	15.02	15.23	15.43	15.82	18.79
	Multi pack water ice cream	–	–	–	–	–	–
Take home ice cream		68.20	68.03	68.05	68.15	68.31	68.54
	Ice cream desserts	4.34	4.29	4.25	4.22	4.19	4.17
	Bulk ice cream	63.86	63.74	63.80	63.93	64.12	64.38
	Take home water ice cream	–	–	–	–	–	–
Frozen yoghurt		–	–	–	–	–	–
Artisanal ice cream		10.86	11.02	11.18	11.32	11.48	11.58
Total ice cream		117.98	118.21	118.60	119.03	119.49	119.98

Table: Forecast of sales of ice cream by sub sector in Singapore

(Source: Euromonitor International Report)

ii. Forecast sales of ice cream by Subsector: Percentage volume growth 2009-2014

% Volume growth	2013/14	2009-14 CAGR	2009/14 Total
Impulse ice cream		1.61	1.89	9.80
	Single portion diary ice cream	1.60	1.80	9.33
	Single portion water ice cream	-1.00	-1.52	-7.38
	Multi-pack diary ice cream	2.30	2.98	15.81
	Multi pack water ice cream	–	–	–
Take home ice cream		0.52	1.01	5.16
	Ice cream desserts	1.00	0.80	4.06
	Bulk ice cream	0.50	1.02	5.20
	Take home water ice cream	–	–	–
Frozen yoghurt		–	–	–
Artisanal ice cream		1.80	2.48	13.03
Total ice cream		0.84	1.28	6.59

Table: Forecast of sales of ice cream by Subsector in Singapore

 (Source: Euromonitor International Report)

iii. Forecast sales of ice cream by Subsector: % Volume Growth Total 2009/14

000 litres	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Impulse ice cream		3, 198.04	3, 264.94	3,330.82	3, 394.31	3, 455.99	3, 51154
	Single portion diary ice cream	1, 498.47	1, 528.44	1, 557.48	1, 585.51	1, 612.47	1, 638.27
	Single portion water ice cream	409.73	401.54	394.31	388.40	383.35	379.51
	Multi pack dairy ice cream	1, 289.83	1, 334.98	1, 379.03	1, 420.40	1, 460.18	1, 493.76
	Multi pack water ice cream	–	–	–	–	–	–
Take home ice cream		9, 575.31	9, 715.42	9, 836.37	9, 936.97	10, 016.87	10, 068.96
	Ice cream desserts	390.18	392.52	395.26	398.43	402.01	406.03
	Bulk ice cream	9, 185.13	9, 322.91	9, 444.10	9, 538.55	9, 614.85	9, 66293
	Take home water ice cream	–	–	–	–	–	–
Frozen yoghurt		–	–	–	–	–	–
Artisanal ice cream		536.28	552.37	567.84	582.03	595.42	606.14
Total ice cream		13, 309.63	13, 532.75	13, 738.03	13, 913.32	14, 068.28	14, 186.64

Table: Forecast of Sales of Ice cream by Subsector in Singapore

(Source: Euromonitor International Report)

d. A survey questionnaire to assess local market needs for ice cream:

In order to understand the demand of the ice cream in the local market of Singapore, following questions can be asked:

1. How frequently do you consume ice cream? ¨ Daily ¨ Once a week ¨ Twice a week ¨ Once in two weeks ¨ Once in a month 2. From where do you purchase ice cream? ¨ Supermarket ¨ Ice cream parlour/outlet ¨ Local retail stores ¨ Others place:;Please specify 3. How would you like to consume ice cream? ¨ While shopping ¨ Going for an outing ¨ Without any reason ¨ Other; please specify 4. What alternative do you like to ice cream? ¨ Sundae ¨ Sorbet ¨ Milk shake ¨ Other; please specify 5. Which flavour of ice cream does you like the most? ¨ Chocolate ¨ Vanilla ¨ Mixed ¨ Cookie dough ¨ Other; please specify 6. Among the following, which would have the largest influence on you while selecting an ice cream parlour? ¨ The location ¨ Price of the ice cream ¨ Quality of the ice cream ¨ Brands of ice cream available ¨ Others; please specify

e. Sample target groups for conducting ice cream survey

It has to be understood that the market for ice cream is open to all and everyone from children to old people are fond of ice creams. So, in order to understand the demand of ice cream in the market of Singapore, people from all the ages including both male and female should be taken under consideration. However, the idea is to understand the market demand of ice cream in the market of Singapore and so, it is expected that the survey shall be conducted among the people between the age group of 18 and 45 years that include both male and female. The Singaporeans are the main target group but all the residents of Singapore who are from other countries shall also be surveyed (Vittersø and Torvald). This would give an overall finding of the taste and want of the consumers who shall be the customers of the Sumore ice cream products.

f. Procedure to administer basic survey questionnaires to assess local market needs for ice cream:

Surveys serve clear intentions and purpose to know about the market condition and the needs and demand of the people in the particular market. In order to get the best data, it is important to remain transparent as much as possible. There might be various reasons behind conducting a survey but one should be very much inclined towards the actual purpose of the survey. There are various mean of contacting the target group of people in order to get the best quality data (Shi). For instance, the respondents can be easily contacted by the means of e mail, phone calls, direct or face to face conversation and even by the means of snail mail. In order to carry out the entire survey, the basic steps to be undertaken can be mentioned as below:

1. Identifying the objectives:The objectives of the survey are very clear. The aim is to understand the needs of the market in terms of the demand of the ice cream. It is based on the response, the menus or the different products that would be offered at the ice cream outlet will be made.
2. Setting the parameters of the survey:The main objective is how the particular survey will be conducted. Who shall be the target group of people and how they shall be reached out is a major point of consideration in a survey (Razak et al.). It is when the complete process is planned already, the survey can be carried out easily.
3. Setting the questions based on objectives:The very next step is to design the questionnaire that would be circulated among the respondents. When a survey is conducted among a large group of people, it is always suitable to go for closed ended questions to ask the respondents in order to get an overview of the response from the selected group. If the questions are narrative then the scope for understanding what the respondents actually want to say is lost. In this case as well, the idea is to get maximum response from the people of Singapore and so it recommended that all the questions should be closed ended and nor narrative (Dolejšová and Cindy). Moreover, these questions should be to the point as well that the respondents would not find it difficult to answer. Setting the questions according to a particular order is also important as it gives a particular direction to the complete survey.
4. Keeping the survey short:It is advisable that the survey should be kept short that the result can be obtained easily. Moreover, it shall also become easier for the researcher to get the information easily that they can use it for the sake of findings and analysis.

a. Analysis of organisational, regulatory and market data on ice cream:

Reports suggest that the ice cream market in Singapore has both historic and future growth. There is no doubt that the consumption pattern of the consumers has change and that has automatically leaded to the changes in the selected brands or the types of products sold by the ice cream companies. There has been a significant growth in the ice cream market value from 2008 to 2018 (Noor et al.). It has been found that Unilever Plc, General Mills, Inc and the F and N Foods Pte Ltd are the leading players in the ice cream market of Singapore. In the view point of Ahmed et al., the market of ice cream has grown at a higher rate during 2010-2015 as compared to the previous years. The reason behind this could be the change in the taste and demand of the consumers as well as the availability of various kinds of ice creams in the market. In fact, it has also been evident that the ice cream market in Singapore has been forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 1.6% in volume between 2015 and 2020 (Dolejšová and Cindy). There has been inclusion of many private brands in the market of Singapore and these brands have gained market share from the major brands of the Singapore market. 

 

Fig: Singapore Ice Cream Market Value from 2008-2018

(Source Euromonitor International Report)

If the different types of ice creams are taken into consideration, it has been found that the means of serving ice cream are take-home ice creams, impulse ice cream and the artisanal ice cream. There has been a significant increase in all types of ice creams in the recent years.

 

Fig: Singapore ice cream market value by category

(Source Euromonitor International Report)

According to the Euromonitor, different types of ice creams have different sales rate in Singapore. Magnum stands in the first place in the ice cream industry. This Belgian chocolate brand sells extremely chocolate drenched ice cream bars and is ranked high up $2.54 billion in sales according to the data of 2015 (Downing). Haagen Dazs is at the second place in terms of the sales of ice cream. On the other hand, according to the Euromonitor reports, the Magnum is at the third position in terms of sales and roughly hits $2.69 billion in sales. The rise in the sales of ice cream products have been seen from 2011 and the Singapore market can even give tough competition to the European ice cream market as well.

The regulations that need to be abided by an ice cream company are the food regulations like AVE and NEA. The regulations include labelling and packaging of the product to even the ingredients used in the particular product. The packaging of the particular product should have clearly mentioned about the ingredients, manufacturing and expiry date and other information related to the percentage of nutrition present in that particular product (Asche). In fact, the regulation also mentions about the type of nutrients to be used for the preparation of the particular product.

If the political and legal regulations of Singapore are taken into account, it has to be said that the political factors are in favour of welcoming other companies in this countries for their business (Dolejšová and Cindy). There are already many companies from UK and US that have been operating in Singapore and carrying out their business. The ice cream business can be really prosperous in this particular country because the weather is favourable for such types of businesses. As commented by Ong, Singapore is the world’s most business friendly country and the regulations of the country is less complex and can be easily adopted by the business heads. In terms of economic condition, this country is the economic tiger and is the power house of growth of business. The combination of the economic and political stability has made it a perfect place where the businessmen can easily invest and do their business. In addition to this, this place is a tourists’ destination as well and attracts tourists from all over the world (Noor et al.). This automatically increases the demand of the food and lodging of the country. Therefore, any kind of hospitality business has steady growth in this particular environment. There is no doubt that doing business in Singapore will be a wise decision to be made. 

b. Discussion on collated data and possible ice cream concepts and recipes with organisational superior 

The detailed analysis on the ice cream market of Singapore has given clear indication on the fact there is great scope of ice cream industry in the market of Singapore industry. In fact, the market offers a diverse group of consumers who are ready to try different types of ice creams and frozen product (Ong). Therefore, it can be easily said that the UK based ice cream company can easily expand its business in the market of Singapore as a mean of undertaking franchise.

The possible ice cream concepts that can be used for entering and doing business in the market of Singapore can be discussed as under:

1. Freeze rolls ice cream:One of the innovative products in the market of ice cream is the freeze rolls ice cream. It is made on a base of milk or cream and one can make it sweet or salty according to the taste. In fact, one can easily customize the freeze rolls with the preferential products like fruits or sauce to garnish and add flavours to the ice cream (Ahmed et al.).

Fig: Samples of freeze rolls ice cream

(Source: Google images)

Recipe: The base or the rolls are made with cream or milk. The base when gets solidified, is rolled and they are put into the ice cream cups. It is then ice cream is added according to choice. Moreover, fruits or different sauces are also added according to the liking of the consumer.

1. Combination of beverage with ice cream:Beverages like tea, coffee or soda are also consumers’ favourite and has good demand in the food and beverage market. Therefore, another innovative idea can be easily come into play for the purpose of ice cream making is mixing or adding different flavours of ice cream with any of the beverages (Ahmed et al.).

Fig: Combination of beverage with ice cream

(Source: Google images)

Recipe: In order to make this particular ice cream or dessert, the main focus is made on the particular beverage that is added with the ice cream. The ice cream can be added in both the ways, either before adding the particular beverage or after adding the beverage where the ice cream would float on the glass of beverage (Poppy et al.). In this case, garnishing is not done usually but there is always the option to make exclusive ice cream and desserts in a way that is like by individual.

1. Ice cream with delightful duo of fruits and caramel:Wild flavours and special ingredients are also likable to many ice cream lovers. Therefore, a combination of fruits and other add-ons like caramel products or fruits can be easily used in ice cream to enhance its taste and provide a better experience to the consumers.

Fig: Ice cream with delightful duo of fruits and caramel

(Source: Google images)

Recipe: It is a common form or dessert but it is equally popular among the ice cream lovers. All it requires it to add the extra ingredients to the bowl of ice cream. This ingredient could be anything and everything ranging from fruits to chocolates and other things used for garnishing (Godber and Richard).

All the proposed possible ice creams are not very time consuming or tough to prepare. The ice cream maker can easily make it without much needed training. However, it is always important to train the workers in order to improve their skills and increase their level of professionalism.

a. Concepts of the ice cream and sorbet:

With the analysis, it can be said that there should be variety of ice cream and sorbet to be made available that the consumers can find many options and variety to choose from. Therefore, it is recommended that there will be soft serve, popsicles, ice cream in cups and even the ice cream rolls will be available at the franchised stores of Sumore. In case of sorbet, it is recommended that all types of fruit flavours can be made available at the store (Foale et al.). The common of them are mango, lychee, black current and other flavours.  

b. Determining the names of ice cream and sorbet

1. One ice cream:Choco Caramel I Scream Delight
2. One sorbet:Lychee Yummitos Sorbet

c. Process of ice cream and sorbet recipe

1. One ice cream recipe:

Below is the recipe for chocolate chips ice cream:

Ingredients required:

• ¾ cup sugar
• 1 cup milk
• ¼ teaspoon salt
• 2 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder
• 3 egg yolks
• 2 ounces chocolate
• 2 cups cream
• 1 tablespoon vanilla

Method of preparation:

• Sugar, milk, salt and the chocolate powder need to be combined in a saucepan over medium heat
• The egg yolks are placed in a small bowl
• The hot liquid is stirred continuously till it gets thickened
• The egg yolk and the hot liquid is stirred but it is not boiled
• The hot mix is poured and chilled into the refrigerator
• The mixture is then mixed with vanilla essence and cream and the same is poured into the poured in the ice maker
• The mixture is freeze according to the requirement
• The ice cream is ready to be served

1. One sorbet recipe

Below is the Lychee sorbet recipe:

Ingredients:

• One can of lychees in syrup
• 5 cups water
• ¾ cup castor sugar

Method of preparation:

• The ice cream maker bowl is pre freeze for at least 24 hours
• One cup of lychee syrup is needed
• ¼ lychee is taken and they are finely chopped that is later added to the sorbet
• A saucepan is taken, syrup, water and sugar are added and it is brought to boil until the sugar is dissolved
• The prepared mixture is set aside to be cooled and it is covered and put into refrigerator
• The frozen bowls are taken and the sorbet is churned into the bowl
• Syrup is added to the mixture
• Chopped lychees are added
• It is served chilled

a. Information on variables in preparing ice cream and sorbet recipes; its type, combination and ratio ingredients and technical preparation process

1. Ice cream:

Ice creams are milk products. The main components of ice cream are milk. Other ingredients include sugar, condensed milk, different types of syrups and others. Basically, the ice cream is prepared by mixing all the ingredients and then put them into the freezing mixture in order to make the ice cream.

If the ratio of ingredients required for the preparation of ice cream is considered, it is to be said that milk is used in the highest proportion. Cream and other milk products remain in greater quantity. Other ingredients like the flavour or the syrup are used in lesser amount and so the ratio is less.

There is no such technical process involved in the preparation of the ice cream. Ice cream makers are available where the mixture is kept and left and the ice cream gets prepared automatically. However, while serving, it might require the use of certain machines or equipments for mixing ice cream and the ingredients. This might also require certain expertise to get the things done in the right way.

1. Sorbet:

In the preparation of sorbet, the main ingredient is the fruit or fruits and it is used in the highest ratio. Other ingredients include flavours, syrups and other thins for garnishing. The ratio of these things is very less because these are used only for the sake of adding flavour to the sorbet.

The combination of ingredients used for the purpose of making the sorbet depends on the taste of the consumers. Most common sorbets are single fruit flavoured but combined or mixed fruits flavours are also popular. In this, the ratio of the fruit to be used always remains the highest and other ingredients remain low.

The technical process involved in the process of preparation of sorbet is not difficult enough. It requires the expertise like the preparation of ice creams only. However, serving the sorbets is a delicate matter and so, the person has to be careful in handling the same.

b. Information on standard requirements for ingredients

1. Ice cream

The ingredients required for the purpose of preparation of ice cream are easily available in every country. There are certain products like better quality choco chips or any types of fruit that are usually imported from other countries for better qualities.

1. Sorbet

As mentioned, the main ingredient for sorbet is fruit. The availability of fruits varies from countries to countries due to change in the climate and type of soil. The locally available fruits can be easily used for the preparation of sorbets. The more fresh fruits to be used, the sorbets could be tastier.

a. Type and percentage of ingredients:

1. One ice cream:

Below are the prospected ingredients of ice cream served to a single individual:

Ingredients	Percentage
§ Milk fat:	10%
§ Milk solids not fat:	9% to 12%
§ Sweeteners:	12% to 16%
§ Stabilizers and emulsifiers:	0.2% to 0.5%
§ Water:	55% to 64%

Table: Ingredients of ice cream

(Source: Babu et al.)

1. One sorbet:

The ingredients of sorbet in percentage:

Ingredients	Percentage
§ Fruit:	22%
§ Icing sugar:	10%
§ Citrus juice:	5%
§ Water:	63%

Table: Ingredients of sorbet

(Source: Taniguchi et al.)

b. Amount and weight of ingredients: 

1. Ice cream:

For every 100 gm of ice cream, the amount of ingredients that are used can be mentioned below:

Ingredients	Percentage
§ Milk fat:	10gm
§ Milk solids not fat:	9 to 12 gm
§ Sweeteners:	12 to 16 gm
§ Stabilizers and emulsifiers:	0.2 to 0.5 gm
§ Water:	55 to 64 gm

Table: Ingredients of ice cream

(Source: Babu et al.)

1. Sorbet:

For every 100 gm of sorbet, the amount of ingredients that are used can be mentioned below:

Ingredients	Percentage
§ Fruit:	22 gm
§ Icing sugar:	10 gm
§ Citrus juice:	5 gm
§ Water:	63 gm

Table: Ingredients of sorbet

(Source: Taniguchi et al.)

Ice creams and sorbets are every one’s favourite. The business of these products in the market of Singapore has high potential for success and prosperity.

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