Ethics – it will hamper the ethics related to disclosure of confidential information of the client as the auditor disclosed some important details regarding the products and services of the client to the intended buyer of the business.
Recommendation – the principle related to confidentiality is keeping the information of the client confidential and take all the necessary steps for preserving the confidentiality. Proper and safe approach on the part of an auditor is to treat all the information related to client and his business as confidential, irrespective of the way the information gained. The auditor shall not disclose the confidential information of the client even if it is relevant for an engagement or it would be beneficial to the client.
Recommendation – as Fred Hingarra was in oversees country for 6 years and involved in playing full time soccer, it is likely that he is unaware of the recent amendments, additions and deletions in the accounting standard and auditing standard, therefore, instead of taking up the audit immediately after returning to the domestic country and starting his 1st audit he must comply with the following activities to carry out the audit smoothly –
Ethics – it will violate the ethics related to professional behaviour as the accountants are not allowed to advertise of their work or anything related to work.
Recommendation – in promoting and marketing themselves and works they carried out, the professional accountants must not bring their profession into dispute. Further, they shall be truthful and honest and shall not –
Therefore, the Asquith Accountants shall not specially advertise to provide guarantee for refunding the tax within the period of 10 days as it will lead to threat to professional ethics.
Ethics – it will not violate any principles related to general ethics. The club treasurer administers the financial aspect of the company, for instance the planning for financial future of the club, budget preparation, assisting in the committee areas related to finance. Further, the treasurer will be responsible for –
The auditor can act as the treasures of the athletic club as the audit firm is not engaged in the auditing of the club and it will not violate the ethical principles.
Recommendation – the auditor in any situation shall provide his opinion on the financial statement and internal control of the client based on his professional judgement, opinion and experience. If they are engaged on the basis of the fact that the payment will be based on the type of the report the client will receive. Accepting the audit engagement based on these terms will lead to threat to the auditor’s independence. Therefore, accepting engagement on such terms will lead to violation of ethical issues with regard to professional behaviour.
Recommendation – an auditor is not supposed to receive any payment apart from his audit fees, in form of commission, remuneration or in any other form. If an auditor is engaged in any activities where he is expected to receive any payment based on commission, it will violate the ethics related to professional behaviour. Further, the auditor is not supposed to any other job apart from the accounting job. Therefore, engaging under the activities of providing client to Cheap Insurance Company on the basis of 5% commission will violate the professional behaviour.
Recommendation – As per the given situation there will arise the familiarity thereat on the part of Ellen Davis, if he is appointed as the auditor of Jetkins Ltd. The familiarity threat is a threat that takes place owing to close or long relationship with the client’s organization. It is very likely that due to long time association the auditor will have sympathetic feelings towards the interests of the client organization or he will be in the view that it is not required to go through the in-depth procedure of audit. Appointing a person as auditor of the organization who is associated with self-interest threat will pose the threat towards independence of the auditor. Therefore, Ellen Davis shall not be appointed for auditing of Jetkins Ltd.
Recommendation – Under the given circumstances, there is a likelihood that the earnings of the management based on the development capitalisation cost for increasing the profits and thereby increasing the bonuses of the management. Further, it will be the ethical issue if the auditor consents the management’s optimistic assessment approach. It will raise the threats of self-interest, if auditors accept the dubious numbers for retaining the customers. Therefore, the bonuses of the staffs shall not be based on the performance.
Recommendation – the auditor is not supposed to carry out any other job that is not included under the audit engagement letter. Further, the auditor is not supposed to audit his own activities as it will raise the self-review threat. Moreover, if the auditor is associated with any activities that will threaten his independence he shall not accept such engagement. In the given case, the auditor is requested to visit the 2nd shop for chocolate of the company where they sell their defective chocolates at discount before completing the audit. It will raise a threat to auditor’s independence owing to the fact that while carrying out the audit procedure, the auditor shall apply his analytical knowledge, experience and professional judgement regarding which activities to be covered under the audit process and which are not to be included.
Recommendation – quality of the audit report is an important issue to be considered as it is utilised by various users like shareholders, creditors and potential investor for making various crucial decisions. Therefore, while auditing the auditor shall apply professional approach, integrity and objectivity. To be flexible as per the auditing terms for taking up the engagement will definitely have an impact on the independence of the auditor. Further, the auditor must issue a report that will be free from fraud, material misstatement, error or any kind of self – interest. Here in the given case, if the auditor agrees to provide flexible services to The Expert Travel Company as per their requirement and confirming that before initiating the audit will raise the chances of self interest which in turn will raise the threat to independence of the auditor.
Recommendation – the relationship threat is broad enough to cover various relations like relation with members, staffs, and accountant and on personal level. If these persons are associated with the client company for which the auditor is engaged to carry out the audit, it will raise the threat to independence. However, under such circumstance, it is not required to leave the audit as incomplete rather the audit firm shall take steps to eliminate such threats. As per the given case, the senior member of the audit team is associated with the senior accountant of Elmtree, the client company. There is the likelihood that the audit team will not carry out the audit with in-depth research with regard to client’s business. Therefore, to carry out the audit transparently and with appropriate independence level of the auditor, the senior audit team member, Elaine Ong shall be excluded from this particular audit engagement. However, if it is not possible to exclude him from this audit engagement, then the audit of Elmtree Ltd shall not be accepted.
Recommendation – if the member of the audit team is in anyway associated with the client company, it will raise the self interest threat as involving with the client in anyway will influence the auditor to give partial judgement. It will further raise a threat to auditor’s independence owing to the fact that while carrying out the audit procedure, the auditor shall apply his analytical knowledge, experience and professional judgement regarding which activities to be covered under the audit process and which are not to be included. These will be impacted by the audit member’s association with client’s company that will lead to insufficient check of the client’s information and internal control system. However, under such circumstance, it is not required to leave the audit as incomplete rather the audit firm shall take steps to eliminate such threats. As per the given case, the senior members of the audit team, Diane Polo involved in the softball team shall be excluded from this particular audit engagement. However, if it is not possible to exclude him from this audit engagement, then the audit of Rangers Ltd shall not be accepted.
The standard report of the auditors states that financial statement of the company are fairly presented in all the material aspects, the financial position of the company, operational results and the cash flow of the company is in accordance with the IFRS. The report recognizes that the audited financial statement has an introductory paragraph, states the audit nature under the paragraph for scope and the opinion of the auditors are stated in the separate paragraph for opinion. The primary aspects covered under the report are as follows –
Further, the report shall also include the following statement –
As per the opinion of the auditor the financial statement of the company are fairly presented with all the material aspects. Further, the financial position of XXX Company as on 30th June 20XX , the operational result of the company and the cash flows for the closing of the year are in compliance with the IFRS and AASB.
Al Momamani, M.A., 2013. The effect of auditors’ ethics on their detection of creative accounting practices: A field study. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(13), p.118.
Ardelean, A., 2013. Auditors’ ethics and their impact on public trust. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92, pp.55-60.
DeZoort, F.T., Wilkins, A. and Justice, S.E., 2017. Call for papers: The limits of accounting regulation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 45, p.30Z.
Guénin-Paracini, H., Malsch, B. and Tremblay, M.S., 2014. On the operational reality of auditors’ independence: Lessons from the field. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34(2), pp.201-236.
Roy, M.N. and Saha, S.S., 2014. Underlying Factors Governing Statutory Auditors’ Independence: An Empirical Analysis. INDIAN
Accounting Association Past Presidents, 46, p.19.
Roy, M.N., 2015. Statutory Auditors’ Independence in the Context of Corporate Accounting Scandal: A Comparative Study of Enron and Satyam. IUP Journal of Accounting Research & Audit Practices, 14(2), p.7.
Rozidi, M.S.R.A., Nor, N.A.M., Aziz, N.A., Rosli, N.A. and Mohaiyadin, N.M.H., 2015. Relationship between Auditors’ Ethical Judgments, Quality of Financial Reporting and Auditors’ Attitude towards Creative Accounting: Malaysia Empirical Evidence. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 5(3), pp.81-87.
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