Discuss about the Juvenile incarceration human capital and crime.
The ratio of crimes in an area to a population has been rising at an increasing pace. Various types of crimes like drug trafficking, murder, fraud, prostitution, extortion, human trafficking and poaching. However, all these crimes have distinguished by different statistical trends and it alters from time to time. It has been observed and analyzed that the rate of crimes had been more in the developing countries. Crime is no longer considered to be the only problem in a society (Santos, 2016). It is an important part of understanding the socio, political, economic and cultural aspects of a nation. However, the local communities have attempted in reducing and preventing crime in the areas of Australia. The agencies and Australian police generally combat the crimes of Australia. The Australian Bureau of Statistics releases the features of the incarcerated that includes the birth of the country. Therefore, there are factors that are held responsible in increasing the rate of crimes. Property crimes also show a high rise with increased industrialization in Australia that helps in rising the economic growth. However, the level of cries can be stopped if the rate of education is increased instead.
During imprisonment, education for offenders is often used as a tool to deduce the rate of crimes. It has become a massive topic of concern in the present society. Therefore, some think that crimes can be reduced by increasing the education level and others think that there are better ways to of decreasing the crime (Salem & Lewis, 2016). It can be observed that education for prisoners does contribute to the reduction of the rate of crimes. The major reason behind this is to create an education that provides offenders with the working skills that are mandatory when they return back to the community (Aizer & Doyle 2015). Education gives an opportunity to the offenders would show that they are appreciated and loved in the society. By this way there are chances of them to become better citizens in the community. On the other hand, it is believed that education for offenders is not the only way to stop crime. It has a less preventive value compared to the other solutions. Crime education in school is more effective as it helps the students with proper knowledge about the nature of the crime and its prevention. This way it is treated to be a more viable solution of crime fighting than education for criminals. The argument that lies in this point is that crime education in schools are far more effective and useful that providing education to criminals.
Presently, the rate of crimes has been rising and is leading into becoming uncontrollable. To deter crimes, criminals must be provided with proper education in prison (Belfield et al., 2015) Anti-social behavior also leads to crimes in the country. As per research, the jail inmates have plenty of time which the waste in prison and therefore, they should utilize that by obtaining knowledge. Instead of gambling they should be provided with education that will translate in the process of reduction of time that will be used for malicious practices (Hawkins et al., 2015). However, according to the perspective of others, there are objections regarding to the above mentioned view. Programs on providing education to criminals will be expensive and can cost a high amount of money from the budget of Government. This process was considered to be a waste of tax payer’s money and will result in no positive outcome as the criminals will not be interested in studying and gaining the knowledge. Education can decrease the involvement and participation in criminal activities (Santos, 2016).
To stop or reduce the level of crimes in Australia, young or juvenile offenders should be held liable for their activities just as adults. It can be argued that treating both mature and juvenile law-breakers can prove to the effects of these. If the young criminals are pardoned instead of receiving the strict punishments as adults, those individuals will not become entirely aware of the consequences of their crimes (Aizer & Doyle 2015). However, implementing appropriate punishments can prohibit those individuals from performing illegal actions in the future. The juveniles or young tend to receive less heavy sentences, which they deserve and is an injustice to the victims. On the other hand, the young or juvenile criminals who has committed the crimes must be tried in different courts from adults (Norton, Norton & Cakitaki, 2016). In general, children or young juveniles are proven not have proper and adequate moral capacity to comprehend the result of their misdeeds so they lack the necessary reasons to be trial defendants as proper grown up people (Welsh, Farrington & Gowar, 2015). There are chances of opportunities for convicts who are underage and they must have to rehabilitate and learn a valuable lesson. Young offenders can however be influenced negatively by some bad role models that should be taken into account to give them a fair trial (Freilich & Addad, 2017).
The level of crimes today has made people to stay at home for self-protection. The usual belief in reducing crime rate in Australia is a mission that cannot be accomplished. However, it is believed that there are a few techniques and measures that can renovate the world into a better and safer place. It has been argued that in the present situation, attempts to prohibit crime that will turn into a failure case. The two major precursors to law violation are poverty and unemployment. Only when these two social issues are diminished, the probability of crimes will disappear. The society can offer a limited number of jobs for the residents and to the ones who are unlucky to receive proper education from childhood would be complicated to further pursue a career that make the ends meet (Norton, Norton & Cakitaki, 2016). Skills and orientation both lack in the individuals. The major cause of the problem could not be resolved completely (Welsh, Farrington & Gowar, 2015). On the other hand, some believe that there are solutions that still exist to maintain the criminal justice. Set of laws are needed and penalties should be imposed depending on the brutality of the wrongdoings. The concept of capital punishment has been abandoned but it should be reintroduced since the fear of death may dissuade the potential offenders and prohibit them from committing grievous crimes (Freilich & Addad, 2017). Encouragement should be shown from the government to the companies and organizations for expanding the projects. These activities form jobs for those who live under the poverty line that does not have to become burglars for survival but it stands a chance in earning a living with their own money. Therefore, it has been analyzed and believed that it can create more peaceful communities to ensure the safety of the residents.
As per the scientific research, it has been observed that crime is a serious and growing issue in majority of the societies. To handle people in the prison gets difficult if they are in there for a longer period of time (Braithwaite, 2016). Therefore, effective measures are taken on them. It has been seen that longer prison sentences are beneficial for the offenders. Spending a long time in the prison helps in giving opportunities for the services of the prison for rehabilitating a prisoner. There has been an argument on the fact based on this. Individuals argue stating that if people are kept in the prison for a longer time then they will get influenced from the hardcore criminals (Tilley, 2014). A solution to this situation is community service though. By this way, it gives an opportunity to produce something positive in return to the society. This will also help to improve the character of the offender. It will also be easy for the government to highlight its resources on the reasons of the crime since it will lead to a less probability in the future of crime. On the other hand, it must be observed that it is significant to look and apply the alternative tools. The rates of crimes have been increasing day by day although there have been prison sentences that are lengthy (Weisburd, 2018). Therefore, long prison sentences should exist for those individuals who generally commit serious crimes that consists of assault and murder. However, governments must continue to look for plenty of tools in reducing the crime rate for ensuring that effective policies are in place (Ridani et al., 2015).
Statistics show that the population of prison has been increasing and overflowing crime is violence and high is a culture of Australia. The main focus is highlighted in controlling and preventing the conditions that make the people violent or the criminal behavior (Short Jr, 2018). The issue of anti social behavior and disrespectful attitude towards others have been one of the major concerns in the society. It becomes difficult to survive in an environment that is unsafe and is dangerous since there is involvement of discrimination and violence. Education must be provided to the prisoners so that they do not repeat the same offence again. If proper training are supplied and provided to the criminals it will have a better effect on them. On the other hand, there was an argument regarding this that criminals can never improve their nature even if education of crimes are provided to them (Hjalmarsson, Holmlund & Lindquist, 2015). Their nature will always remain stagnant when it comes to altering and improving their habit. The indifferent anti-social behavior of the criminals will get worse if they are kept behind the bars for a longer time but providing education to them will be of no use. Juvenile offenders get affected due to the hardened criminals who have been in the prison for a long period of time. However, strong measure should be taken in the process of stopping the crime and increasing the levels of education (Salem & Lewis, 2016).
Crimes generally affects the individuals and families. In Australia, crime rates are high and are often engaged with employment and poverty. The probability of crimes also depends on the opportunities that are available and the size of the potential rewards (Hawkins et al., 2015). The responses are common in increasing the levels of crime, which consists of detention activities and rising penalties. When a criminal is sent to the prison they tend to lose their job, social relationships and family (Stockings et al., 2016). However, prison does not challenge the any behavior of individuals and it does not focus on the damage that is caused to the communities and victims. Locking people up for a longer period of time will make difference to the character and nature of the offender. On the other hand, if certain areas are criminalized then it makes it harder for the people in co-existing the emphasis on poverty (Norton, Norton & Cakitaki, 2016). Therefore, many countries have said to have approached to the problem of violence from a crime and by aiming at the activities of the law enforcement. The impact of education on the criminals is a must as it will help to reduce the probability of crimes in the country.
Conclusion
In this regard, it can be concluded that the statistics of crime are fairly significant with the assisting in establishing the response in crimes. There have been numerous arguments on the fact that education should be provided for reducing and stopping the number of crimes (Haque et al., 2016). The official crime statistic prove that the criminologists rely on interpreting the crimes despite knowing the depth of the crime. The statistics are majorly essential in focusing on the rate of crimes but only if education is provided to the criminals. Although, many have argued on this topic and different individuals have distinguished perspectives on it. Therefore, it can be said that in general the only way to stop or reduce the rate of crimes is by increasing the levels of education.
References:
Aizer, A., & Doyle Jr, J. J. (2015). Juvenile incarceration, human capital, and future crime: Evidence from randomly assigned judges. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(2), 759-803.
Belfield, C., Bowden, A. B., Klapp, A., Levin, H., Shand, R., & Zander, S. (2015). The economic value of social and emotional learning. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 6(3), 508-544.
Braithwaite, J. B. (2016). Restorative justice and responsive regulation: the question of evidence.
Freilich, J. D., & Addad, M. (2017). Migration, culture conflict and crime. Routledge.
Haque, S. E., Rahman, M., Itsuko, K., Mutahara, M., Kayako, S., Tsutsumi, A., … & Mostofa, M. G. (2016). Effect of a school-based oral health education in preventing untreated dental caries and increasing knowledge, attitude, and practices among adolescents in Bangladesh. BMC oral health, 16(1), 44.
Hawkins, J. D., Jenson, J. M., Catalano, R., Fraser, M. W., Botvin, G. J., Shapiro, V., … & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2015). Unleashing the power of prevention. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Hjalmarsson, R., Holmlund, H., & Lindquist, M. J. (2015). The Effect of Education on Criminal Convictions and Incarceration: Causal Evidence from Micro?data. The Economic Journal, 125(587), 1290-1326.
Norton, A., Norton, A., & Cakitaki, B. (2016). Mapping Australian higher education 2016. Melbourne: Grattan Institute.
Ridani, R., Shand, F. L., Christensen, H., McKay, K., Tighe, J., Burns, J., & Hunter, E. (2015). Suicide prevention in Australian Aboriginal communities: a review of past and present programs. Suicide and life-threatening behavior, 45(1), 111-140.
Salem, G. W., & Lewis, D. A. (2016). Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem. Transaction Publishers.
Santos, R. B. (2016). Crime analysis with crime mapping. Sage publications.
Short Jr, J. F. (2018). Poverty, ethnicity, and violent crime. Routledge.
Stockings, E., Hall, W. D., Lynskey, M., Morley, K. I., Reavley, N., Strang, J., … & Degenhardt, L. (2016). Prevention, early intervention, harm reduction, and treatment of substance use in young people. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(3), 280-296.
Tilley, N. (2014). Crime prevention. Routledge.
Weisburd, D. (2018). Hot Spots of Crime and Place?Based Prevention. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(1), 5-25.
Welsh, B. C., Farrington, D. P., & Gowar, B. R. (2015). Benefit-cost analysis of crime prevention programs. Crime and justice, 44(1), 447-516.
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