1.The focused clinical question based on this case study is, ‘What are the main causes and the risk factors that involve in the growing rate of asthma in the children in Australia?’
2.The main search strategy for the problem in this study is to search in the official website of National Library of Medicine. By searching, the key terms like the prevalence rate of the disease and the risk factors associated with the disease in the official website can give good information.
3.The type of study design used in this case is cross sectional design. This is because, to know about the risk factors and prevalence rate of asthma in the children of Australia the only design that can be used is the cross sectional design. The parents of the children were asked to fill a complete questionnaire that included questions on the several facets of asthma, the respiratory symptoms that confirmed asthma and the risk factors attached with asthma. The skin pricking tests conducted the measurement of atopy n the children. The parents were asked to complete the questionnaire before the administration of skin prick tests.
4.The four possible ways through which the information can be used to find a relevant evidences are through official website of the national council of Australia, official websites of Australian National Medical Library, the journals based on the asthma related issues in Australia and daily newspaper sights of Australia that gives information about the asthma prevalence rates in Australia
5.a.The losing at least 5% of body weight in all the patients have shown reduction in the complications related to chronic obesity. This has also improved the quality of life of the patients.
b.For any randomized group there has to be two groups that should be equally distributed. To see an effective report of the effect of any drug on the population the equal distribution of the drug exposed group and placebo exposed group should be equal. The relative risk reduction will be less for the drug-exposed group. This is because of the fact that the effectiveness of the drugs will be higher than the effect of placebo.
c.The patients who are treated with liraglutide are more n number than the patients who were treated with placebo. The equal numbers of patients are to be taken for the experiment.
d.The measures taken in case of 5b and 5c are randomization of the patients and equal distribution of the participants in each group are needed.
6.The validity and reliability of any test is generally the key properties that points out the effectiveness and quality of a test. They are generally two major facets of a test. An experimenter should examine these two factors to evaluate the suitability and the usability of the test. For the assessment of the items of the test, the first criteria the test needs to be satisfied is the suitability of the test and whether the test is a good test or not. The test measures the consistency of the test items and their reliability. The test always measures that claims to be measured by the test. The test should be relevant and there should measure more than one characteristics of the test that are of high importance. The using a reliable test more effective results are obtained. The reliability of the test increases the effectiveness and generalization of the test. Reliability of a test measures the consistency and dependability of the test. This means, that if a person takes the test again then they will get similar test results in the test. Many factors can influence the psychological and physical state of the participants. Firstly, the test performance of the participants can be influenced by the psychological and physical state they are in while giving the test responses. Secondly, the environmental factors that can influence test performance are the illumination of the room, noise and the administrator of the test can influence the individual performance of the test. Thirdly, the test can have more than one versions of the test. There are two forms namely the parallel form and the alternate form. Fourthly, the there are multiple raters that can be used for rating the test scores. The difference in the procedures of training can also influence the type of measurement used to get the reliability of the test. However, if there are no random errors in the measurement of the test, there are high indications of the reliability of any test.
The tools of reliability produce dependent, repeated and consistent information from the test scores. For the meaningful interpretation of test scores and for making the most use of the generating tests for getting several rep[orts for patients the reliability of the tool is very important. There are several types of testing the reliability of the test, namely, test retest reliability, alternate of parallel form reliability, inter rater reliability and internal consistency reliability.
On the other hand, validity is the most important facet for selecting a test. It refers to the characteristics of the measurement of the test. Validity indicates the characteristics that can be measured by the test that is related for the test requirements of the reports of the patients. It also gives proper meaning to the test. Validity is a link between the test and the report that is inferred from the test. It also predicts the test scores. It also provides the predictions and specific conclusion of the test.
Internal validity is the imprecise truth about the inferences that are drawn on the causal relationship. Therefore, internal validity is useful for the studies that are based on cause and effect relationship. Internal validity is useful for the analysis of the tests that are based on the social programs, intervention programs and validity of primary considerations. They are not used for the descriptive and observational studies. In other words, internal validity indicates the effectiveness of the procedures used for the test. It also checks that whether the test is avoiding the effect of confounding or not. Confounding is a term that is generally used when the more than one independent variable is used in the test. Therefore, the internal validity is the analysis of the effectiveness of the research and allows choosing between alternate explanations of the study. A research study shows high internal validity that gives options in its explanations of the study because the study is free from confounding.
The essay discusses the about the weight loss of obese people. There were two groups were taken for the test, in the first group the participants are given to liraglutide dose and in the second group, the participants are given placebo effect. The tests that are used for this study are reliable because they can be tested on same patients with familiar symptoms and the results that are obtained will be similar to the previous finding. The internal consistency is high in this study because there is no confounding effect being found in the study. Therefore, it can be said that the study is of good quality and is valid.
7.For conducting the study, 2400 patients were assigned to take litraglutide and 1200 were assigned to take placebo. The analysis was done on a pre specified data that included participants who were divided into two groups. The main objective of the study is to see the effect of the drug litraglutide and its exposure to the diabetic patients. The results of the trial group showed that overall percentage of weight loss in the liraglutide group is 92% and in the placebo group is 65%. The exposure of the drug in the patient’s body has shown significant reduction in the body weight. The sensitivity analyses confirmed that the superiority of litraglutide over placebo with respect to the co primary towards the ends. It was also observed that the prevalence rate of the pre diabetic patients was lower for the liraglutide-exposed group than the placebo group by the end of the fifty sixth weeks. The systolic and diastolic pressure had significant decrease in the liraglutide-exposed group has decreased more than the group who are exposed to the effect of placebo. The liraglutide exposed groups showed higher quality of life due to the effect of drug because of the drugs increases the mental and physical domains of the participants. Due to the exposure of drugs, some gastrointestinal events were observed in the participants. The liraglutide exposed group showed symptoms like nausea and vomiting indicating severe gastric problems. However, the study is highly beneficial for selecting a proper drug for chronic obesity. Although, the participants were given proper counseling on lifestyle modification, but it is very difficult to adapt to vast lifestyle changes in a practical approach. Therefore, a drug that has low levels of risk needs to be introduced for the people in the country. The quality of life was also shown in the higher domain as with the exposure to the drug. The statistical analysis also shows the significant difference between the two groups that are exposed to discrete condition. Therefore, it can be analyzed that the study is clinically proved and statistically significant.
8.From the study, it was found that liraglutide treatment involved the high reductions in the risks factors associated with cardio metabolic rates that includes, circumference of the waist, blood pressure and the inflammations in the areas of the marker. The modest increasing rates of fasting lipid profile levels were also observed. However, the weight loss percentage is observed more in the participants who were exposed to the liraglutide group than the placebo exposed group. The safety profile of the liraglutide drug was found to be consistent with respect to the findings of the previous reports. However, gallbladder related events were found more common in the participants who were exposed to the liraglutide drug. The current trial shows that the participants who were under the influence of liraglutide drug had greater association to gallstones and pancreatic enzymes. The negligence of this condition can cause calcitonin concentration and C cell hyperplasia. Medullar thyroid carcinoma events are consistent with a prior observation that liraglutide exposure is not associated with medullar thyroid carcinoma in humans. The clinical analysis also showed rapid heart rates of the participants who were exposed to the liraglutide drug. However, the test reports showed beneficial effects on blood pressure and cardio metabolic variables of the participants who were exposed to the liraglutide drugs. The two groups that are taken in the experiments are the placebo and drug exposed group. For any drug to be finalized as a clear medicine for the chronic obesity problems, the side effects of the drugs are needed to be highlighted. The patient exposed to the drug has suffered from gastric problems and reductions in cardio metabolic rates. Therefore, the drug has a good amount of risk factors associated with it. Nevertheless, the drug has certain risk factors but its merits cannot be avoided. The exposure of drugs has lead to the reduction in body weight with respect to body fat. The quality of life has also improved of the drug-exposed patients. Therefore, the drug can be generalized and can be used by the patients who are suffering from chronic obesity but for the risk factors associated with it can be controlled by other medicines that are already used for controlling the risk factors.
References
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