Discuss About The Research And Statistical Method For Business.
In this research study, 15,000 employees are selected from the 69,000 of bank workforces. The larger sample size is close to the estimated population. Since the main aim of inferential statistics is to collect depth information from the whole population. Furthermore, larger sample size could support the researcher to obtain reliable outcome (Vander Elst, Van den Broeck, Cuyper, and De Witte, 2014). But at the same time, it can be said that the larger sample size could be quite ineffective for the research caused by time and cost. Apart from this, the large sample size is more descriptive of the whole population. It could not be easily influenced by extreme observations. An appropriate sample size is effective to generate outcome among different variables which could be significantly different. In addition, it is also found that qualitative method could eliminate possibilities of business failure. Since, the large sample size could support to make a clear picture about the current research concern as it would support to make reliable and valid outcome (Mauno, Cuyper, Tolvanen, Kinnunen, and Mäkikangas, 2014).
Q2: Sampling method
The probability sampling method is used by the researcher for conducting this research. The probability sampling method enables to offer equal chance to select the research participants for conducting their research and obtaining a reliable outcome. In this, the simple random sampling method is used by the research scholar to obtain valid and reliable data in the context of research concern (De Witte, Vander Elst, and De Cuyper, 2015). For this research, the non-probability sampling method will not be used by the researcher cause of subjective nature of research concern. The non- probability sampling method facilitate the researcher to select the participants on behalf of age, gender, education, and experience as it would create the higher chances of biases in the research study. Hence, the researcher has used the probability sampling method as compared to the non-probability sampling method (Landsbergis, Grzywacz, and LaMontagne, 2014).
The random sampling method is supportive to obtain many benefits and appropriately conduct the research. The random sampling method provides an opportunity to the research participants to evaluate collected data without any risk (Kinnunen, Mäkikangas, Mauno, De Cuyper, and De Witte, 2014). It permits the researcher to conduct their research within the specified limits as it would be supportive to eliminate error from the research. The random sampling method randomized whole procedure of research to get a feasible outcome. Another benefit of random sampling method is that as it provides an equal chance to the research scholar for selecting the research candidates and conducts their research appropriately. This method enables to develop more accuracy in the research caused of offering an equal chance in the research (Nica, Manole, and Briscariu, 2016). It creates the fairness in the research due to the lack of previous information about the data collection procedure. In addition, it is also found that the research scholar does not need to create the best understanding about data collection method because the random sampling method permit researcher to directly ask the questions to anyone and collect their opinion.
The random sampling method is costly and time-consuming as compared to the other sampling method. The random sampling method enables to use individual interview method to collect the information about research concern (Taylor, Bogdan, and DeVault, 2015). If individuals are in groups then their responses tend to be influenced by others answers. It means the research scholar may work with each research participants on an individual basis. Hence, it can be said that the random sampling method required more resources to conduct their research as it would take more cost, time, and efficiencies (Mackey and Gass, 2015).
Another disadvantage is that the research scholars to have higher skills and experience to obtain effective data in the context of current research matter. In this, the researcher has not need to have the specific understanding to use than random sampling method but researcher need to experience in the data collection process. Information that is collected by the individual interview data could be inaccurate or accurate. It is also found that if the research scholar has not accurate skills then it could negatively impact on the research outcome (Lewis, 2015).
Q3: Measures of variables
The reliability is determined the consistency of conclusion. In the research study, research scholars obtained the information of research candidates to make reliable data in the context of current research matter. The reliability is used to evaluate the behavior of individuals. If the research scholar conducts their survey more than one time than there are possibilities of the different result (Silverman, 2016). In such case, the reliability test would be applied. If the research scholar conducts their research on the same person for two times within minimum period then there are more chances to obtain a reliable outcome. For collecting reliable result, the research scholar supported the primary data with literature review in the research study (Panneerselvam, 2014).
Validity is defined as the credibility and trustworthiness of research scholar. It supports to obtain the genuine findings in the context of the current research concern. It aids the research scholar to address the range of research to determine the relationship between variables (Neuman and Robson, 2014). The researcher could imply the following aspects of measuring the validity:
The internal validity is determined by the tools and process that are used by the researcher to address perception and feelings of research candidates after the research completion. For example, when a researcher conducts their research on the bank employees and obtains the opinion and views of research candidates about current research matter. Afterward, the researcher asked the research candidates to share their feelings about whole research. Thus, it is analyzed that the opportunity of sharing the beliefs could be a good illustration of the internal validity as it would support to produce a valid outcome (Billig, Waterman, 2014).
The result could be interpreted after the collected information. With respect to getting the external validity, the claim that the research in different areas could be effective as compared to the reviewing the research and execute more than one issue. Moreover, this method would use people to obtain the reliable and valid outcome. It is also found that if the obtained data is valid then the result might be reliable. It is also addressed that the research scholars obtain different outcome form the survey then the research study is not reliable (Bauer, 2014).
The demographic data on social demographics could be imperative for collecting the depth understanding about the personal information about the research participants. The demographic questions support to obtain the information about the characteristics of the specified sample population (Humphries, 2017). It mainly considers three factors such as age, gender, education level, extra income. It supports to obtain the personal information about bank employees as it would be imperative to obtain a reliable outcome. The demographic data offer the information about the research candidates and is essential for the purpose of whether the research candidates in the specified study are the demonstrative sample of the specified population for the overview purposes. In addition, it is also stated that the characteristics of research candidates could be demonstrated as the independent factor in the research methodology. The demographic factors can be manipulated hence it could be an independent factor (Reynolds, Creemers, Nesselrodt, Shaffer, Stringfield, Teddlie, 2014).
The researcher has implied the mixed data collection method to collect their data in an appropriate manner. The mixed research design enables the researcher to consider both qualitative and quantitative method for conducting their research. In this, the quantitative data collection method enables to collect feasible data by considering the experiments and survey method. Apart from this, the qualitative data collection method considers the literature review method to obtain the feasible data about the research matter (Clark and Creswell, 2014). The mixed data collection method support to integrate both qualitative and quantitative data collection method to conduct their research and obtain a reliable outcome. This method supports to eliminate disadvantages of both qualitative and quantitative data collection method. In addition, it is also found that the quantitative data collection method enables the researcher to use the close-ended method and collect feasible data in the context of research matter. It facilitates the research scholar to use the statistical tools and accomplishes specified research aim and objectives. Apart from this, the qualitative data collection method is supportive to obtain the theoretical information about research matter hence researcher uses this method to gather the conceptual information in the context of research matter. There are many sources that are used by the research scholar to obtain valid information like journals articles, magazine, books, and literature review (Alvesson and Sköldberg, 2017).
The mixed data collection method offers many advantages to the research scholar to collect valid information. The mixed data collection method offer strengths that enable the research scholar to manage the weaknesses of both qualitative and quantitative data collection method.
For example, quantitative research is weak in comprehending the context and setting in which people respond. In contrast to this, qualitative research could be seen as incomplete data as the chances of bias interpretation made by an investigator and complexity in discussing the findings of the large group. But, at the same time, quantitative research design does not have these limitations (Reynolds, Creemers, Nesselrodt, Shaffer, Stringfield, Teddlie, 2014).Thus, it is stated that by using both kinds of research, the strength of each approach could decline the possibilities of weaknesses from research. Mixed research design also facilitates more comprehensive and complete knowledge about the knowledge of research issue as compared to using either quantitative or qualitative research design alone. This research design also facilitates an approach to building better and more context particular instruments. For example, by using the qualitative investigation, it is chances to pool the data regarding the certain topic and construct to develop an instrument with high validity. It also aids to describe the findings and how causal procedures work.
The mixed data collection or research design could also be quite ineffective caused by the following limitation:
References
Alvesson, M., & Sköldberg, K. (2017). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. USA: Sage.
Bauer, G. R. (2014). Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Social science & medicine, 110, 10-17.
Billig, S. H., & Waterman, A. S. (Eds.). (2014). Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. UK: Routledge.
Clark, V. L. P., & Creswell, J. W. (2014). Understanding research: A consumer’s guide. USA: Pearson Higher Ed.
De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & De Cuyper, N. (2015). Job insecurity, health, and well-being. In Sustainable working lives(pp. 109-128). UK: Springer, Dordrecht.
Humphries, B. (2017). Re-thinking social research: anti-discriminatory approaches in research methodology. USA: Taylor & Francis.
Kinnunen, U., Mäkikangas, A., Mauno, S., De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2014). Development of perceived job insecurity across two years: Associations with antecedents and employee outcomes. Journal of occupational health psychology, 19(2), 243.
Landsbergis, P. A., Grzywacz, J. G., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2014). Work organization, job insecurity, and occupational health disparities. American journal of industrial medicine, 57(5), 495-515.
Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), 473-475.
Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design. UK: Routledge.
Mauno, S., De Cuyper, N., Tolvanen, A., Kinnunen, U., & Mäkikangas, A. (2014). Occupational well-being as a mediator between job insecurity and turnover intention: Findings at the individual and work department levels. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 381-393.
Neuman, W. L., & Robson, K. (2014). Basics of social research. Pearson Canada.
Nica, E., Manole, C., & Briscariu, R. (2016). The detrimental consequences of perceived job insecurity on health and psychological well-being. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 4(1), 175-181.
Panneerselvam, R. (2014). Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
Reynolds, D., Creemers, B., Nesselrodt, P. S., Shaffer, E. C., Stringfield, S., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2014). Advances in school effectiveness research and practice. Elsevier.
Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016). Qualitative research. USA: Sage.
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Vander Elst, T., Van den Broeck, A., De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2014). On the reciprocal relationship between job insecurity and employee well?being: Mediation by perceived control?. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 671-693.
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