Bones are the main structures of the body that provides support, shape to the body and protect other organs of the body. There are two hundred and nine bones in an adult human body. Bones are formed by ossification of cartilage. All the bones in the womb start off as the cartilage and gradually changed into hard bones as a person grows. Each bone of the body has different shape and size. These different types of bones make skeleton system. There are various disorders of diseases are associated with skeleton system. The normal anatomy & physiology of skeleton system, risk factors, causes, sign & symptoms and treatments of the diseases will be discussed in this report.
Anatomy and physiology of Skeleton System
The human skeleton system is consisting of various bones and cartilages. There are various types of bones in a human skeleton such as dense bone, the spongy bone, large, short, flat and irregular bones. Femur is determined as the largest and strongest bone of the body. The smallest bone of human skeleton system is Stapes.
Functions
Support: Bones form a framework which supports the human body and it cradles the soft tissues. The bone of legs acts like a pillar to provide support to the body when a person stands and the thoracic cage play an important role to support the thoracic wall.
Protection: The bones protect the soft-tissues and organs of the body such as the brain, spinal cord, and thorax organ.
Movement: A human body moves with the help of skeleton system. Skeleton muscles surround the bones use it as a levers to move.
Storage and hemostasis: Bones act as a store house for fats and minerals like calcium. The minerals that are incorporated in bone are released into blood circulation to maintain the levels. The adipose tissues of yellow marrow contain adipocytes act as an energy source.
Formation of blood cells: Cells like RBC and WBC has been produced in cavities of the bones.
Diseases of the Skeleton system
Osteoporosis is a condition where the density and strength of the bones decreases which results in fragile bones. This condition leads o the abnormally porous or spongy bones, this may also result in fracture of the bones.
Causes & risk factors
Causes & risk factors associated with osteoporosis are female gender, race (Asian), thin body frame, cigarette smoking, alcohol, lack of exercise, low calcium diet, low levels of estrogen (female) and progesterone (male), hypo or hyperthyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency, and malabsorption of nutrients.
Osteoporosis generally affects the entire skeleton system, but the spongy bone of spine is most affected bone. Untreated osteoporosis may also affect the nervous system in case of kyphosis.
Sign & symptoms
Symptoms of osteoporosis disease include pain in back caused by a fracture, decreased height, a stooped posture and bone fracture that can be occurred more easily (Bartl and Frisch 2009).
Treatments
Corticosteroids like prednisone may help to remove the old bone cells and provide strength to the bones. Bone marrow transplantation and sometimes surgery are also beneficial in case of osteoporosis (Pessler, 2018).
Leukemia is known as the malignancy of the blood cells that are release from bone marrow. In leukemia, the abnormal production of white blood cells has been occurred and continues to grow and divide and crowing out the other normal cells and results in immunodeficiency, difficulty in O2 transport and controlling bleeding (Stopppler, 2017). Leukemia accounts for 24,370 death in 2018 worldwide. Particularly in the United States, around 405,815 people were diagnosed with leukemia (National Cancer Institute, 2018).
Causes and risk factors
Causes and risk factor associated with leukemia are Gender, Age, family history, genetic diseases such as down syndrome, smoking, exposure to radiation and/or pesticides and chemotherapy.
Sign and symptoms
Early signs of leukemia include being tired, weight loss, fever or chills, frequent infection, loss of appetite, bone/joint pain and headache (Cancer Treatment Center of America, 2015)
Treatment
Treatments for leukemia include Chemotherapy to kill the leukemia cells, use of radiation therapy, transplantation of stem cell and targeted therapy where a targeted medicine like imatinib commonly used against chronic myelogenous leukemia (Chun, 2017). One of the studies shows that Bafetinib is also helpful to treat leukemia (Santos, 2010).
Arthritis is a common disease in older people. There more than hundred types of arthritis identified, some of them are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile arthritis, spondylarthritides and psoriatic arthritis (WebMD, 2018). Arthritis is affecting people all over the world. According to Charles et al. (20080 nearly 21 percent (46 million) adults are affected with arthritis in the United States Causes & risk factors of arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis affects nearly 1.3 million adults and around 295000 children’s are affected by juvenile arthritis.
Causes of arthritis disorder include injury, the abnormal metabolism, infections, and hyperactive immune system. Risk factors associated with this disease of skeleton systems are age, genetics, gender (common in females) and obesity.
Sign & symptoms
Sign and symptoms associated with arthritis are pain and inflammation in joints, tenderness of inflamed joints, deformity, fever, weight loss, and fatigue.
Treatments
For the pain occurs due to arthritis can be treated with some medicines such as acetaminophen. The physical treatment includes splinting, cold pack application, anti-inflammatory drugs, paraffin wax dips and surgical operation (Shiel, 2018). A study conducted by Genovese et al. (2010) the humanized anti-interleukin 17 mAbs may be beneficial to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Other bone related diseases are rickets, osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, hip dysplasia, achondroplasia, Paget disease of bone, osteomalacia, Ewing tumor of bone, avascular necrosis, marble bone disease, stress fracture, cleidocranial dysostosis, osteoma, bone cyst, cellus, Caffey syndrome and mandibulofacial dysostosis.
Conclusion
Skeleton system provides support, protection, blood cells and movement to the human body. There are various diseases are associated with skeleton system such an osteoporosis, arthritis and leukemia. Each of the disorder possesses symptoms such a fatigue, pain, fever, weight loss, tenderness of joints, inflammation and bone deformity. Risk factors for bone disease are age, gender, and exposure to chemicals, cigarettes, alcohol and other factors. The treatment of bone diseases is surgery, bone marrow transplantation, using medicine such as imatinib, bafitinib and acetaminophen, chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation and corticosteroids.
References
Bartl, R. and Frisch, B. (2009). Osteoporosis: diagnosis, prevention, therapy. (2nd ed). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
Cancer Treatment Centre of America (2015). Leukemia. Retrieved from:
Genovese, M.C., Van den Bosch, F., Roberson, S.A., Bojin, S., Biagini, I.M., Ryan, P. and Sloan-Lancaster, J. (2010). LY2439821, a humanized anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof of concept study. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 62(4), 929-939.
Helmick, C.G., Felson, D.T., Lawrence, R.C., Gabriel, S., Hirsch, R., Kwoh, C.K., Liang, M.H., Kremers, H.M., Mayes, M.D., Merkel, P.A. and Pillemer, S.R. (2008). Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part I. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 58(1), 15-25.
National Cancer Institute (2018). Cancer stat facts: Leukaemia. Retrieved from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html
Pessler, F. (2018). osteoporosis. Retrieved from:
Santos, F.P., Kantarjian, H., Cortes, J. and Quintas-Cardama, A. (2010). Bafetinib, a dual Bcr-Abl/Lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the potential treatment of leukemia. Current opinion in investigational drugs, 11(12), 1450-1465.
Stoppler, M. C. (2017). Leukemia. Retrieved from:
WebMD (2018). 5 common types of arthritis. Retrieved from:
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