Describe about the Research Paper on SCADA architecture in OIl Rig?
What Is Oil Rig?
Oil rig is also known as offshore platform or oil platform. Oil rig is a huge structure developed to drill wells with all the facilities in order to extract oil and process oil and also natural gas. Sometimes, it is used to store the natural gas or oil temporarily before the product is brought for further processes called refining and marketing. Most often, the oil rigs platforms are equipped with the facilities that can house the workforce, if needed. The oil rig may be fixed on the floor of the ocean, may float on the water or may have an artificial island. Subsea wells at remote locations can be connected to these platforms with the help of the umbilical connections and flow lines.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system is a widely used system for monitoring and controlling the oil rigs from the oil and gas industry. The reliability of the entire oil rig in the oil and gas industry is estimated with the system architecture. SCADA operates through communication between the site and remote control area by means of coded signals. Usually, one communication channel is used for one remote station.
SCADA is a similar to that of the Industrial Control System (ICS) that combine the control system as well as the data acquisition system and the combination is performed through the usage of the coded signals that are transferred through the communication channels. The ICS is a real time computer based system that is used for monitoring the industrial processes as well as to control them. However, the major distinguishing factor of SCADA with the ICS is that the SCADA deals with the large-scale processes, which would include facility based processes.
SCADA system for oil rig processes is considered as supervisory level system and control can be established at the supervisory levels. SCADA system is vital system used as integral part of the oil rig system, as the system are used in well monitoring and control, production monitoring, production control, process monitoring, process control, pipeline systems, unmanned platform monitoring, unmanned platform control and most importantly, for drilling oil and gas in offshore in the oil and gas industry.
The offshore production system is a vital process and system, which includes production of the oil or production of gas wells, which stands as a central production facility. And it is a means to transport the oil or gas towards the land area, the shore. When the shallower water, which is less than 1000 ft is considered, these are located on the platform of a conventional steel production. Then the oil or gas is transported to the shore using a pipeline. And the deeper shallower, where the water depths is more than 1000 ft., these oil wells are located on certain arranged templates, which rest on the floor of the sea. These systems are called as subsea systems.
The subsea wells also include risers, flow lines and control systems that are used to connect various components. The subsea systems are tied back towards the facility for central production. The central production facility is usually of conventional steel platform, which can also possibly a floating or compliant structure, like guyed tower, tension leg platform or FPSO or Floating Production Storage and Offloading Facility.
Pipelines are the important channels, which have the function as major turnklines that are used for connecting the platforms at the offshore to the terminals located on the land. And the pipelines also connect the processing facilities that are land based with the refineries or similarly other distribution networks.
Petrol production system usually produces and gives multiple liquids, like oil, water gas. And these liquids are passed through the tree systems, wellbores, wellheads though the flow lines and then towards the production manifold. The central facility of any offshore production system is the control of production. Significant parameters, like temperatures, injection rages, flow rates, gas leaks, sand contents, pressure are to be continuously or intermittently recorded for the monitoring purpose of the wells.
The monitoring function and controlling functions in the processing of oil and gas are classified as
Initially, SCADA systems were used for the offshore platforms that include multiple modules required for the monitoring and control of the production. However, the modern SCADA systems are able to interface with a multitude of both the inputs as well the output points.
The present SCADA systems are more reliable, which indirectly ensures the safety of the production system. The system is developed and implemented, by taking the human life safety as the primary objective. Eventually, the effective and accurate monitoring and control system of SCADA can reduce the risk of human life loss as well as the parallel risks, like polluted environment. With effective and accurate SCADA systems, oil spill, personnel injury or any such undesirable events can be prevented.
SCADA system is employed with the oil rig systems for achieving the objectives of gathering the necessary data from oil or gas well, which is located remotely, majorly. In addition, platform it through the help and support of the field transmitters and finally able to send it the point, where data gathering and analysis are done.
Figure: SCADA Overview
Figure: Communication between well platform and process platform
Figure: SCADA Methodology
Figure: SCADA System Schematic Diagram
The SCADA system is developed to integrate the telemetry and data acquisition. The system does collect the information of many parameters, like temperature, pressure with the help of the sensors, during the process of monitoring. All these parameters are collected through the sensors, which collect and gather the information in the form of analog. And the data present in the analog has to be converted to the digital using RTU and the digitized data is to be transferred toward the data gathering station. The data gathering station is usually the processing platform of the oil production. So, the SCADA system collects the information, transfer the information towards the central site back.
The data that is gathered at the gathering station is then transferred to the further stages to interpret and analyse the data. The interpretation and analysis of the data is the key point for any of the systems to perform the appropriate controlling tasks to the oil rig processes. This way, the SCADA system is used for both monitoring and controlling the equipment of plant of the oil rig system.
Figure: Typical SCADA Component Architecture
The major and essential components of the SCADA system are communication server, company network and majorly, HMI or Human Machine Interface and PLCs. Initially, the remote station is set up and installed at the plant at the remote stations. The equipment is being monitored as well as controlled by the central host computer. The remote station here is considered as either PLC or Programmable Logic Controller or RTU or Remote Terminal Unit. The communication network and the communication server acts as a medium to transfer the data from one location to another location. The workstation here is considered as the location of the hot computer or master computer.
The most important architecture of SCADA system that is employed the platform on the offshore is known as distributed PLC. Here in this report, we consider larger conventional platform and its distributed PLC architecture.
Figure: Distributed PLC Architecture
In the distributed PLC architecture, which is a typical SCADA system for the oil offshore platform, there are major units, where various processed are done for the production. And each of these major units over the platform would be controlled through PLC exclusively. The PLCs and the respective computers that are used for the purpose of HMI are connected by the platform communication network. The objective of the communication network is to send the necessary commands to the respective PLCs and then also to receive the data or information from the respective PLCs. The platform communication network is essentially a redundant system for more accurate operations. It is essential, because in the case of the failure of the operation of the primary network, the communication will get switched towards the secondary network.
Usually, there will be very small or limited information passes among the PLCs. It is because, each of the major unit is usually engaged by a local operator panel, so that the respective personnel is allowed to interact only with that unit. In general, the safety system of the oil rig is handled usually, by only one single PLC, among all the others. The platform would get monitored from the office at onshore through a satellite or radio or microwave link or communication. Most often, the onshore office operates limited control functions. The onshore office usually operates these limited controls, usually in certain instances, like bad weather, etc.
There are multiple PLCs installed and operated for each of the major units on the platform. Each of these PLCs do work autonomously among the other PLCs. These PLCs usually establish the control of the system, even if the PLCs lose the communication from onshore. Though the communication is lost, though it is very rarely possible, for a significant time, the PLC takes the control of the unit and then shuts down the unit.
Conclusions
SCADA systems are vital in the oil rig platforms to minimize and in fact prevent the risk of human life and increase the production of the oil and natural gas products, through effective management by means of effective and accurate monitoring and control of the oil rig processes. Oil rig is an offshore platform, where a huge structure is set up to drill the wells deep in the ocean, either by making it fix on the ocean bed or making it float or by setting up an artificial island for temporary fixture. SCADA systems are employed in the oil rigs, with necessary redundant systems, to ensure that the huge structures are operated safely and effectively and to ensure to minimize any kinds of losses during the extraction and transfer of the product to the onshore storage site. Though SCADA is similar to the ICS, it stands special for the lager structures, like oil rigs, etc.
SCADA for oil rig processes are established and developed to act as supervisory level systems and perform certain control operations. The offshore production system is a huge structure with major equipment for drilling and may also include the facilities to house the workforce. Pipelines are also connected to the oil rigs from the onshore to work as the channels to transfer the oil. SCADA system in the oil rig has various kinds of monitoring and controlling functions during the processing of the products, oil and natural gas and the system is a proven reliable system acting as the best monitoring and controlling management. The benefits of the SCADA system are discussed. A detailed architecture is presented and discussed for oil rig. A detailed SCADA methodology and detailed schematic are discussed with the respective figures. Components in typical SCADA system are presented along with the communication and coordination among them. Finally, the detailed SCADA architecture for the oil rig is presented and discussed in the name of the distributed PLC.
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