John von Neumann is an American mathematician and also the inventor of basic premise of computer designs on which most of the modern day computing systems works. The basic premise is that both the program and data will be stored together on a slow to access memory called hard disk memory and will be transferred to faster memory called RAM whenever processing is needed. This basic principle has been known as “von Neumann architecture however it is not frequently sued as of now. When this idea was proposed in 1945, it was a disruptive idea. In 1945, Von Neumann proposed his premise of stored program in report on EDVAC which is one of the successor machine to first American Computer. After that, there is lot of research in this area. His principle have certain drawbacks like they work in a simple linear fashion and lot of time waste on receiving inputs. Concepts like Parallel.
processing and interrupts have been developed to strengthen the Von Neumann principle.
I selected this source as this source as this source provides detailed information about the modern computing.
The text discusses the components and activities of operating systems however is largely silent on the individuals who played a role in their development. Find and summarise a resource that describes ONE such individual. The individual should have had a significant influence on the writing or development of operating systems.
This article very rightly summarized that if someone asks who develops operating systems, Bill gates will be the first name. But the reality is different. Bill gates is the one who develop windows operating system but not the one who develops operating system. Gary Kindall, (1942-1994) will be the right person for giving the credit for invention of first operating system called CP/M. His insight was that if operating systems are separated from the hardware, then the application can be run on the computers by different manufacturers. There is a huge demand for this operating system and IBM approached bill gates. But Bill gates was unable to supply and directed them to Kindall. Kindall met IBM and together they developed an operating system called QDOS similar to CP/M and Bill gates was not aware about this operating system. Expecting a huge business opportunity, Bill gates buy this operating system and call it DOS after making some improvements and rest is the history. Bill Gates is not an inventor but a businessmen dealing with business of operating systems.
Leonard Kleinrock has developed some very important protocols that lays the groundwork for what we today call internet. He has authored a paper on predecessor of Internet which is ARPANET. During the early days of commuting history, U.S. Defence Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) has funded the research for the world wide web and studying internet communications. Many of the protocols that are used by the internet even today are developed during this research. In 1973, Global networking become possible and the term internet is coined. Next years in 1974, commercial version of ARPANET is launched by first Internet service provider (ISP) called Telco. Then there were developments in TCP/IP protocol and DNS systems and all these concepts have given rise to modern ay concept of Internet. In 1998, IP6 was launched to cater to the future growth of internet. However we are still using IP4. Currently, this is an era of internet of things and once IOT becomes revolutionised, perhaps IP6 will come into picture.
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) is a network monitoring protocol that operates at data link layer and connects the physical media to ULP( Upper layer protocols). It was developed by the Cisco systems and used for sharing information with other Cisco or devices that supports CDP. It is important to note that CDP neighbours are cisco devices which are connected physically and share the same connecting segment i.e. cable. Its mechanism is very simple. Cisco devices sends CDP announcements to multicast address on every interface. These packets will be understood only by the devices that supports CDP like VDP. Every time information is received, it will be hold for the hold time until the new announcement is made. Hold time can be changed but generally set to 180 seconds. This information can been seen using show cdp neighbours command. CDP knows the device identifiers, platform, and capability list, address list and port identifier for each CDP neighbour device.
Kevin Mitnick is one of the world’s most famous hacker. He earned this title in 1990s when people were just figuring how to use internet. At one point of time, he was one of the most wanted criminal. In 1999, he was found to be guilty of computer fraud and illegally intercepting commination. As a result, he spent 5 years in federal prison including 8 months in solitary confinement. After he is released from the prison, He is now turned into ethical hacker and run his own consulting company. He never believes earlier that his skills can earn him a living and presently he serves as security consultant to top firms like IBM, Toshiba, and FedEx. He also accepted that during his earlier days, he hacked systems of Nokia, Motorola and sun but not for earning profit or doing anything wrong but just for adventure and knowledge. Currently, he do a penetration testing for big companies and advice them how they can improve their security to protect access from malicious users.
Tesco is the world’s 2nd largest retailer by profit after Walmart. Its M&A strategy is led by Michael Holmes. As per the author, data has always plays an important role in Tesco and the main reason for the success of Tesco is its ability to use the data for gaining deeper understanding of their customer patterns and creating targeted marketing of its customers. Its loyalty club card program is also a huge hit among its customers. Tesco has acquired the Dunnhumby which is the world’s leading organization in retail data-mining business. As per Michael, ability to collect data does not give any competitive advantage to an organization but ability to use the collected data to their advantage gives competitive advantage to the company. Tesco believed that their relationship with Dunnhumby will put them ahead of the curve because their partner is known for its disruptive data mining and analytics techniques which will eventually help the company.I selected this source as this source as this source provides a lot of information on agile computing. Agile method is to way for organizations to move forward.
emple run has been downloaded over 170 million times since the time it is launched in April, 2011. This game was developed by Imangi studios which is run by Husband and wife team, Keith Shepherd and partner Natalia Luckyanova.Shepher believes that their strength lies in small size of team and as they are programmers by heart, they are passionate about deveining game and completed the entire development and testing in just 5 months along with 1 freelance artists. As the game become more popular, it has been make available on Android operating system also. This team loves to work from their bedroom. Also, as the market for this game increases, there is a need for more staff. Imangi hired customer support, media but they keep the control of core work of development by themselves. As this game generated 1 million USD revenue, this was made free for people and they have to pay only when purchase characters. Imangi is at a rapid growth and focusing on developing some more games in a future.
As per this article, constant notification, buzz sound, messaging sound and numerous other distractions have eroded the capability of human to concentrate and children who are growing are the worst victims because some of their capabilities are still growing. Websites like twitter, facebook, candy crush game keep everyone engaged constantly which is quite detriment for their work and people end up spending much more efforts in completing a task than required. One of professor from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who have coined the idea of ‘flow’. Flow is a state in which person is unaware about presence of his surroundings and keep mind in a focused state. Now a days, leave about technology even listening to music at Pandora will distract you for a moment and that is sufficient to break your concentration. Towards the end of the article, author suggested how technology can cure technology and suggested some Apps like OneFocus, FocusMask which can temporality disabled the distracting apps.
References
Hardy, I. (2015, May 08). Losing focus: Why tech is getting in the way of work. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-32628753.
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